Molecular Evolutionary Genetics

A₁ allele frequencies amino acid sequences amino acid substitution average heterozygosity branch lengths chapter chimpanzee chromosome codon computed consider divergence DNA sequences Drosophila electrophoretic equation equilibrium estimate eukaryotic evolutionary change figure fixation functional gene diversity gene frequency gene substitution genetic distance genetic drift genetic variability genome genotype given haplotypes hemoglobin heterozygosity homozygotes introns Kimura large number linkage disequilibrium locus mating measure melanogaster method molecular evolution morphological mtDNA mutation rate natural selection neutral mutations nonsynonymous nucleotide differences nucleotide sequences nucleotide substitution number of amino number of genes number of loci number of nucleotide number of substitutions observed obtained occurs organisms OTUs overdominant pair phylogenetic tree polypeptide probability proportion protein protein polymorphism pseudogenes random rate of amino rate of gene rate of nucleotide relationship restriction enzyme restriction sites sample species studied subpopulations synonymous synonymous substitutions theory tion topology total number unequal crossover UPGMA variance variation x₁