The Radiation Belt and Magnetosphere

acceleration adiabatic adiabatic invariants Allen atmosphere auroral zone average B₁ boundary bow shock calculated charged particle cm² ster constant cosmic rays curves density detector diffusion dipole field distance drift Earth radii electric field electron flux electrons energetic energy spectrum Equation equatorial Explorer IV Explorer XII field lines flux Fokker-Planck equation gauss Geiger counter Geiger type geomagnetic field geomagnetic tail Geophys gm/cm² high-energy Injun instability interplanetary invariant ionosphere latitude longitude low-energy magnetic storm magnetometer magnetopause magnetosheath magnetosphere McIlwain measured mirror points motion neutral sheet neutron neutron decay observed orbit outer p-n junction particle flux particle's Phys pitch angle plane plasma precipitation produce proton flux protons radiation belt region satellite scattering Scintillator shown in Figure shows sin² solar wind space spectra Starfish trapped electrons trapped particles trapped protons values variations velocity wave whistler