shall elect one of its members as speaker. Each house shall choose its other officers, and shall judge of the election and qualification of its members.

SEC. 11. A majority of each house shall constitute a quorum, but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and compel the attendance of absent members.

SEC. 12. Each house shall have power to determine the rules of its proceedings, and punish its members or other persons for contempt or disorderly behavior in its presence; to enforce obedience to its process; to protect its members against violence, or offers of bribes, or private solicitation, and, with the concurrence of two-thirds, to expel a member, but not a second time for the same cause; and shall have all other powers necessary for the legislature of a free State. A member, expelled for corruption, shall not thereafter be eligible to either house of the same general assembly, and punishment for contempt or disorderly behavior shall not bar an indictment for the same offence.

SEC. 13. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and may in its discretion, from time to time, publish the same, except such parts as require secrecy, and the ayes and noes on any question shall, at the desire of any two members, be entered on the journal.

SEC. 14. The sessions of each house, and of the committees of the whole, shall be open, unless when the business is such as ought to be kept secret.

SEC. 15. Neither house shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two houses shall be sitting.

SEC. 16. The members of the general assembly shall, in all cases except treason, felony, violation of their oath of office, and breach or surety of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the sessions of their respective houses, and in going to and returning from the same; and for any speech or debate in either house they shall not be questioned in any other place.

SEC. 17. No law shall be passed except by bill, and no bill shall be so altered or amended on its passage through either house as to change its original purpose.

SEC. 18. The style of the laws of this State shall be: "Be it enacted by the general assembly of the State of Colorado.”

SEC. 19. No act of the general assembly shall take effect until ninety days after its passage, unless in case of emergency, (which shall be expressed in the preamble or body of the act,) the general assembly shall, by a vote of two-thirds of all the members elected to each house, otherwise direct. No bill except the general appropriation for the expenses of the government only, introduced in either house of the general assembly after the first twenty-five days of the session shall become a law.

SEC. 20. No bill shall be considered or become a law unless referred to a committee, returned therefrom, and printed for the use of the members.

SEC. 21. No bill, except general appropriation bills, shall be passed containing more than one subject, which shall be clearly expressed in its title; but if any subject shall be embraced in any act which shall not be expressed in the title, such act shall be void only as to so much thereof as shall not be so expressed.

SEC. 22. Every bill shall be read at length, on three different days, in each house; all substantial amendments made thereto shall be printed for the use of the members, before the final vote is taken on the bill; and no bill shall become a law except by vote of a majority of all the members elected to each house, nor unless on its final passage the vote be taken by ayes and noes, and the names of those voting be entered on the journal.

SEC. 23. No amendment to any bill by one house shall be concurred in by the other, nor shall the report of any committee of conference be adopted in either house, except by a vote of a majority of the members elected thereto, taken by ayes and noes, and the names of those voting recorded upon the journal thereof.

SEC. 24. No law shall be revived, or amended, or the provisions thereof extended or conferred by reference to its title only, but so much thereof as is revived, amended, extended, or conferred shall be re-enacted and published at length.

SEC. 25. The general assembly shall not pass local or special laws in any of the following enumerated cases, that is to say: For granting divorces; laying out, opening, altering, or working roads or highways; vacating roads, town-plats, streets, alleys, and public grounds; locating or changing county-seats; regulating county or township affairs; regulating the practice in courts of justice; regulating the jurisdiction and duties of justices of the peace, police magistrates and constables; changing the rules of evidence in any trial or inquiry; providing for changes of venue in civil or criminal cases; declaring any person of age; for limitation of civil actions or giving effect to informal or invalid deeds; summoning or impanelling grand or petit juries; providing for the management of common schools; regulating the rate of interest on money; the opening or conducting of any election, or designating the place of voting; the sale or mortgage of real estate belonging to minors or others under disability; the protection of game or fish; chartering or licensing ferries or tollbridges; remitting fines, penalties, or forfeitures; creating, increasing, or decreasing fees, percentage, or allowances of public officers; changing the law of descent; granting to any corporation, association, or individual the right to lay down railroad-tracks; granting to any corporation, association, or individual any special or exclusive privilege, immunity, or franchise whatever. In all other cases, where a general law can be made applicable, no special law shall be enacted.

SEC. 26. The presiding officer of each house shall, in the presence of the house over which he presides, sign all bills and joint resolutions passed by the general assembly, after their titles shall have been publicly read, immediately before signing; and the fact of signing shall be entered on the journal.

SEC. 27. The general assembly shall prescribe by law the number, duties, and compensation of the officers and employés of each house; and no payment shall be made from the State treasury, or be in any way authorized to any person, except to an acting officer or employé elected or appointed in pursuance of law.

SEC. 28. No bill shall be passed giving any extra compensation to any public officer, servant or employé, agent or contractor, after services shall have been rendered or contract made, nor providing for the payment of any claim made against the State without previous authority of law.

SEC. 29. All stationery, printing, paper, and fuel used in the legislative and other departments of government, shall be furnished; and the printing and binding and distributing of the laws, journals, department reports, and other printing and binding; and the repairing and furnishing the halls and rooms used for the meeting of the general assembly and its committees, shall be performed under contract, to be given to the lowest responsible bidder, below such maximum price and under such regulations as may be prescribed by law. No member or officer of any department of the government shall be in any way interested in any such contract; and all such contracts shall be subject to the approval of the governor and State treasurer.

SEC. 30. Except as otherwise provided in this constitution, no law shall extend the term of any public officer, or increase or diminish his salary or emoluments after his election or appointment: Provided, This shall not be construed to forbid the general assembly to fix the salary or emoluments of those first elected or appointed under this constitution.

SEC. 31. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the house of representatives; but the senate may propose amendments, as in case of other bills.

SEC. 32. The general appropriation bill shall embrace nothing but appropriations for the ordinary expenses of the executive, legislative, and judicial departments of the State, interest on the public debt, and for public schools. All other appropriations shall be made by separate bills, each embracing but one subject.

SEC. 33. No money shall be paid out of the treasury except upon appropriations made by law, and on warrant drawn by the proper officer in pursuance thereof.

SEC. 34. No appropriation shall be made for charitable, industrial, educational, or benevolent purposes to any person, corporation, or community not under the absolute control of the State, nor to any denominational or sectarian institution or association.

SEC. 35. The general assembly shall not delegate to any special commission, private corporation, or association any power to make, supervise, or interfere with any municipal improvement, money, property, or effects, whether held in trust or otherwise, or to levy taxes, or to perform any municipal function whatever.

SEC. 36. No act of the general assembly shall authorize the investment of trust-funds by executors, administrators, guardians, or other trustees in the bonds or stock of any private corporation.

SEC. 37. The power to change the venue in civil and criminal cases shall be vested in the courts, to be exercised in such a manner as shall be provided by law.

SEC. 38. No obligation or liability of any person, association, or corporation, held or owned by the State, or any municipal corporation therein, shall ever be exchanged, transferred, remitted, released, or postponed, or in any way diminished by the general assembly, nor shall such liability or obligation be extinguished except by payment thereof into the proper treasury.

SEC. 39. Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of both houses may be necessary, except on the question of adjournment, or relating solely to the transaction of business of the two houses, shall be presented to the governor, and before it shall take effect, be approved by him, or being disapproved, shall be repassed

by two-thirds of both houses, according to the rules and limitations. prescribed in case of a bill.

SEC. 40. If any person elected to either house of the general assembly shall offer or promise to give his vote or influence in favor of or against any measure or proposition, pending or proposed to be introduced into the general assembly, in consideration or upon condition that any other person elected to the same general assembly will give or will promise or assent to give his vote or influence in favor of or against any other measure or proposition, pending or proposed to be introduced in such general assembly, the person making such offer or promise shall be deemed guilty of solicitation and bribery. If any member of the general asembly shall give his vote or influence for or against any measure or proposition pending in such general assembly. or offer, promise, or assent so to do, upon condition that any other member will give or will promise or assent to give his vote or influence in favor of or against any other measure or proposition pending or proposed to be introduced in such general assembly, or in consideration that any other member hath given his vote or influence for or against any other measure or proposition in such general assembly, he shall be deemed guilty of bribery; and any member of the general assembly, or person elected thereto, who shall be guilty of either of such offences shall be expelled, and shall not be thereafter eligible to the same general assembly; and, on the conviction thereof in the civil courts, shall be liable to such further penalty as may be prescribed by law."

SEC. 41. Any person who shall, directly or indirectly, offer, give, or promise any money or thing of value, testimonial, privilege, or personal advantage to any executive or judicial officer or member of the general assembly to influence him in the performance of any of his public or official duties, shall be deemed guilty of bribery, and be punished in such manner as shall be provided by law.

SEC. 42. The offence of corrupt solicitation of members of the general assembly, or of public officers of the State, or of any municipal division thereof, and any occupation or practice of solicitation of such members or officers to influence their official action, shall be defined by law, and shall be punished by fine and imprisonment.

SEC. 43. A member who has a personal or private interest in any measure or bill proposed or pending before the general assembly, shall disclose the fact to the house of which he is a member, and shall not vote thereon.

CONGRESSIONAL AND LEGISLATIVE APPORTIONMENT

SEC. 44. One Representative in the Congress of the United States shall be elected from the State at large at the first election under this constitution, and thereafter at such times and places and in such manner as may be prescribed by law. When a new apportionment shall be made by Congress, the general assembly shall divide the State into congressional districts accordingly.

SEC. 45. The general assembly shall provide by law for an enumeration of the inhabitants of the State in the year of our Lord 1885, and every tenth year thereafter; and at the session next following such enumeration, and also at the session next following an enumera

tion made by the authority of the United States, shall revise and adjust the apportionment for senators and representatives on the basis of such enumeration, according to ratios to be fixed by law.

SEC. 46. The senate shall consist of twenty-six, and the house of representatives of forty-nine members, which number shall not be increased until the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and ninety, after which time the general assembly may increase the number of senators and representatives, preserving, as near as may be, the present proportion as to the number in each house: Provided, That the aggregate number of senators and representatives shall never exceed one hundred.

SEC. 47. Senatorial and representative districts may be altered from time to time, as public convenience may require. When a senatorial or representative district shall be composed of two or more counties, they shall be contiguous, and the district as compact as may be. No county shall be divided in the formation of a senatorial or representative district.

SEC. 48. Until the State shall be divided into senatorial districts, in accordance with the provisions of this article, said districts shall be constituted and numbered as follows:

The county of Weld shall constitute the first district, and be entitled to one senator.

The county of Larimer shall constitute the second district, and be entitled to one senator.

The county of Boulder shall constitute the third district, and be entitled to two senators.

The county of Gilpin shall constitute the fourth district, and be entitled to one senator.

The counties of Gilpin, Summit, and Grand shall constitute the fifth district, and be entitled to one senator.

The county of Clear Creek shall constitute the sixth district, and be entitled to two senators.

The county of Jefferson shall constitute the seventh district, and be entitled to one senator.

The county of Arapahoe shall constitute the eighth district, and be entitled to four senators.

The counties of Elbert and Bent shall constitute the ninth district, and be entitled to one senator.

The county of El Paso shall constitute the tenth district, and be entitled to one senator.

The county of Douglas shall constitute the eleventh district, and be entitled to one senator.

The county of Park shall constitute the twelfth district, and be entitled to one senator.

The counties of Lake and Saguache shall constitute the thirteenth district, and be entitled to one senator.

The county of Fremont shall constitute the fourteenth district, and be entitled to one senator.

The county of Pueblo shall constitute the fifteenth district, and be entitled to one senator.

The county of Huerfano shall constitute the sixteenth district, and be entitled to one senator.

The county of Las Animas shall constitute the seventeenth district, and be entitled to two senators.