ton Norris, the Rev. Edwin Hatch, D. D., and Prebendary Ainslie; "On the Results of Recent Historical Research upon the Old and New Testament Scriptures," by the Bishop of Durham; on "Recently Discovered Inscriptions and Documents of the Early Christian Church"; by Captain Condor on "The Survey of Moab, Gilead, and Bashan"; and by Canon Tristram, on "The Bearing of Geographical and Archeological Exploration on the Old Testament"; on "Lay Ministration in Churches, in other Buildings, and in the Parish generally," by Mr. C. Mackeson, followed by an oral discussion, "On Foreign Chaplaincies, their Episcopal Supervision, and the Relation of English and American Congregations," by the Rev. Dr. Nevin, of Rome, Mr. Hallam Murphy, and Bishop Titcomb; "On Music as an Aid to Worship and Work," by Mr. W. Parratt, the Rev. S. A. Barnett, and the Rev. C. Hylton Stewart. A men's meeting in the evening was addressed by the Archbishop of York and other speakers. On the third day papers were read: "On Parochial Missions, in the Stages of Preparation, Conduct, and Sequel," by the Rev. Dr. Pigou, Mr. C. Powell, General Secretary of the Church of England Workingmen's Society, the Rev. W. H. Aitken, and Canon Lloyd; "On the Religious Side of Elementary Education in Church Schools and in Board Schools," by the Rev. J. Nunn, Lord Norton, and others; "On Foreign Missions, with Reference to Societies, Special Missions, and Mission Boards,” by the Rev. M. H. Tucker, Mr. P. V. Smith, and the Rev. L. Rivington; "On the Best Means of raising the Standard of Public Morality," by the Rev. E. Thring, Capt. Seton Churchill, the Rev. Dr. Griffiths, and the Rev. G. F. Browne; "On England's Religious Duties toward Egypt," by Maj.-Gen. Sir F. J. Goldsmid, Dean Butcher, and the Rev. G. B. Howard; and "On the Influence of the Reformation upon England, with Special Reference to the Work and Writings of John Wycliffe," by Prof. Montagu Burrows, Prof. Creighton, and Canon Dixon. The morning of the last day's session was devoted to the consideration of "Some of the Aids to Holiness, including the Study of the Lives of Holy Men and Women, Active and Self-denying Charity, and Worship and Holy Communion," on which papers were read by the Rev. Sir Emilius Bayley, the Rev. E. H. Bickersteth, Mr. Titus Salt, M. P., the Rev. R. W. Randall, the Rev. D. Bardsley, and Canon Burroughs. Other subjects were "The Advantages of an Established Church," with papers by the Earl of Carnarvon, the Bishop of Winchester, Mr. Albert Grey, M. P., the Rev. T. Moore, Mr. S. Leighton, M. P., and others, and "The Duty of the Christian Teacher with regard to National Politics"; papers by the Rev. J. Llewellyn Davies, the Rev. F. F. Goe, Mr. George Harwood, and the Dean of Manchester. ANTIPYRUM. ANTISEPTICS.

See DRUGS, NEW. See SURGERY.

ARCHEOLOGICAL DISCOVERIES. American Shell-Heaps and Aboriginal Mounds.-Investigation of aboriginal relics in the United States is conducted under the auspices of local societies, and encouraged by the Peabody Museum of American Archæology and Ethnology. Extensive shell-heaps have been found on the coast of Maine, the more important ones having been remarked at Keene's Point on Muscongus Sound, and on the Damariscotta river. The shell-heap at Keene's Point, although the larger and older part of it has probably been washed away by the sea, still extends about eighty feet inland, and stretches for more than two hundred feet along the shore. It consists chiefly of clam-shells, with smaller proportions of other species, and was found to contain bones of deer, moose, bear, fox, otter, skunk, beaver, of large birds, principally herons and ducks, fishes, and turtles. The deposit was particularly rich in fragments of cord-marked and incised pottery. An unusually large number of stone implements were found, including rude hammer-stones, chipped stone points, and one polished celt, with bone points of various kinds. A few articles of iron, and English clay pipes, found just below the surface, indicated that the deposit had been added to after contact with the whites, "though there can be no doubt that it was commenced long before that time." Several mounds near Brentwood, Williamson County, Tennessee, were explored in 1882. From Hunt's mound, which is now, after a long period of cultivation, ten feet high and ninety-five feet in diameter, a red-elm tree, three and a half feet in diameter, was cut in 1875. Leading from the mound to a large boiling spring a furlong away, is a deeply worn trail, which can still be distinctly traced through the woods, where it is, in places, three feet deep and four feet wide. Nothing was found in the mound to indicate distinctly that it had been used for burial, or for cremation, but there were many stone graves in the immediate vicinity. This, with the fact that another and much larger mound twenty miles away is similarly surrounded by stone graves, suggested that mounds of this class inay mark the sites of ancient cemeteries.

At about a mile from this mound are the remains of a cemetery that formerly covered sev eral acres, of which eighty graves, previously undisturbed, were opened. They were of the same character as those of which Mr. Putnam, the curator of the Peabody Museum and the present explorer, and Mr. Curtis, had previously explored several thousands in the Cumberland Valley. They were made of large slabs of stone placed edgewise, to form the sides and ends, on which other flat stones rested, forming the tops of the graves. The bottoms of the cists were sometimes lined with small stones, but oftener with large potsherds, and, in some instances, probably with bark. In several of the graves, two or three, and in one instance five, bodies were buried. Considerable well

made pottery, of an ornamental character, resembling in type that of the Missouri graves, but of better finish; stone implements, not in large numbers, but including some very fine and interesting chipped and polished specimens; implements and ornaments made of bone; terra-cotta and shell beads, and a clay pipe with an ornamental bowl, and an elaborately carved stone pipe, representing a man holding a cooking-pot, which formed its bowl, were found in the graves. At one point in the cemetery, vestiges were found of the log-floor of a building that had been destroyed by fire, under circumstances indicating that it was of the period of the stone graves. Similar mounds have been opened under the direction of the Bureau of Ethnology in Caldwell County, N. C. The "Nelson Mound," which is on the farm of

it from the bottom of the hole, converging, after a height of four feet was reached, so as to be covered at the top by a single soapstone rock of moderate size. On the top of the head of the skeleton were found several plates of silver mica, which had evidently been cut with some rude implement. The closeness of the dirt around the bones indicated that the flesh had been removed before burial, and the vault filled up with dirt as it was built up. Other skeletons, the positions of which are marked in the engraving, some in a sitting or squatting position, some lying horizontally, some inclosed with a wall, some uninclosed, were found in the mound. The faces of all the squatting skeletons were turned away from the standing central one. At one point was found a quantity of black paint in little lumps, which ap

the Rev. T. F. Nelson, near the Yadkin river, was almost a true circle in outline, thirty-eight feet in diameter, but not at any point exceeding eighteen inches in height. The builders of the mound had first dug a circular pit, with perpendicular margin and of the full diameter of the mound, then deposited their dead, and afterward covered them over, raising a slight mound over the pit. The central figure in the eut is a stone grave or vault standing exactly in the center of the pit. A circular hole, a little more than three feet in diameter, extending down three feet below the bottom of the large pit, had been dug; in it the body or skeleton had been placed perpendicularly upon its feet, and the wall had been built up around

peared to have been molded in the hull of a nut; at another point a cubical mass of waterworn bowlders, but with no bones, specimens of art, coal, ashes, or indications of fire on or around it.

But some of the stones of the vaults and the earth immediately around them, and some of the bones of the inclosed skeletons, were fire marked. Mr. Putnam and his co-laborers have recovered large quantities of interesting relics from the mounds and aboriginal works near Madisonville, and on the Little Miami river, in Ohio. At Madisonville, where are the remains of a large cemetery, finger-rings of copper were discovered, still on the finger-bones. The Turner group of thirteen mounds and two earth circles, inclosed by two

circular embankments, in Anderson township, Hamilton County, Ohio, has been carefully and thoroughly explored, with the earth examined shovelful by shovelful. Thousands of objects have been recovered, and valuable facts regarding the structure of the mounds have been obtained from them. Several of the mounds had within them "altars," or basins of burned clay, one of which contained about two bushels of ornaments made of stone, copper, shells, teeth, and thousands of pearls. Several of the copper ornaments were covered with native silver, which had been hammered out into thin sheets and folded over the copper; and one copper pendant seems to have been covered with a thin sheet of gold-the first instance in which native gold has been found in the mounds. The ornaments, cut out of copper and mica, are of many forms, some of them peculiar-scrolls, scalloped circles, and oval pendants of copper; circles and bands, and heads of animals in mica, the features of the animals being emphasized by a red color; and a grotesque human profile in mica. Several masses of meteoric iron and ornaments made from it were found on this altar. All of the metallic ornaments were manufactured by hammering. On another altar were found several terra-cotta figurines of a character heretofore unknown from the mounds. The peculiar manner of wearing the hair, and the peculiar head-dresses and large, button-like ornaments shown by the human figures, were of particular interest; and with them were found two dishes, carved from stone, in the form of animals; a serpent cut out of mica; several hundred small quartz pebbles; nearly three hundred astragali of deer and elk; and ornaments of copper, shells, etc. The larger of two mounds within the earthwork on the hill contained a small central tumulus, surrounded by a carefully built stone wall, and covered in by a platform of stones, over which was a mass of clay. On this wall were two depressions, in each of which a body had been laid, and outside the wall in the surrounding clay were found several skeletons, one of them lying upon a platform of stones. With these skeletons were found a copper celt, ornaments made of copper and shell, and two large seashells; and with each of them a pair of spoolshaped ear-ornaments of copper. The thirteen mounds differ much in their structure. Under one of the large altar-mounds was a large ashpit, six feet deep, similar to the ash-pits of which a thousand had been discovered in the cemetery at Madisonville, the object of which had not been explained. Mr. Putnam's accounts of these ash-pits have, however, suggested to Miss Alice C. Fletcher a similarity between them and the disused caches of the Omahas, who, after having abandoned them as caches, use them for ash-pits, and when they have been nearly filled up, cover them with earth. In other mounds, pits, or beds of ashes, containing bones, were found; in one, a copper celt, lying on the bones of a hand, with

casts of the papillæ of the fingers distinctly preserved in the carbonate of copper. One mound, stratified and of unusual structure, contained four circular pockets, or excavations, each ten inches deep and fourteen inches in diameter, about four inches apart. Three of them contained a dark, pasty substance that became hard on drying, and the other one fragments of stone, burned clay, and earth. A further examination of the larger of the altarmounds, made in 1883, showed it to be of a far more complicated structure than had been made evident by the work of the previous year. It was found to have been surrounded by a stone wall two feet high, below what had been supposed to be the natural level of the ground, at one place in which, higher and wider than the rest, was a cavity covered with stones erected in a dome-shape, containing the burned remains of a human skeleton, with articles, among which was a carved piece of a deer's antler. Within this wall was a bed of burned clay, and under that a series of pits about three feet in diameter, and from four to nine feet deep, connected with tunnels or tubes eight feet long and a foot in diameter, having a slight dip downward from the pit, and ending in a small vertical tube, which extended to the "concrete" or gravel layer, above the burned clay. The walls of the pits showed the effects of great heat, and at the bottoms were ashes containing fragments of burned bones. Two of the pits had dome-like coverings of clay, in one or two of which were two small holes. The investigation of this branch of the subject has only begun. Many other mounds were examined, all of which presented their several points of interest, the description of which would involve much detail. From one of them were recovered seventy-one skeletons, each of which had been surrounded with stone at the time of burial, and with the skeletons a large number of articles. Several of the mounds in this part of Ohio, and, in the Scioto Valley, which were described by Squier and Davis, and by Hildreth and Atwater, have been greatly worn away by the cultivation of the ground. Dr. Charles C. Abbott, who has recovered many thousand stone implements from the gravels of Trenton, N. J., has found among them two spear-heads of native copper, a worn fragment of a human tooth, in situ, about twelve feet from the surface and near it, two years later (April 18, 1884), the fragment of a jaw, which are regarded as undoubtedly of the same age as the gravel. These discoveries are considered important, as removing the doubts respecting the actual occurrence in the gravel of a large portion of a human skull that had been given Dr. Abbott, with a statement by the giver that he had found it there.

Mr. Bandelier's Investigations in New Mexico.— Mr. A. F. Bandelier has been engaged for a number of years, under the direction of the Archæological Institute of America, in examination of the ruins of the ancient Pueblos

and studies of the sedentary Indians of New Mexico. He has determined that the area occupied by the former abodes of the sedentary Indians is limited on the east by the region lying forty miles west of the river Pecos in New Mexico, and extending westwardly to within about one hundred miles of the Colorado, while to the north it stretched nearly to the fortieth degree of latitude. As for its southern limit, it is known that, at the time of their discovery, all the ruins of stone or adobe in central and southern Arizona, and in the south western part of New Mexico, and as far down the Rio Grande as San Marcial, had been abandoned prior to the coming of the Spaniards. The general disposition of these ancient remains is indicated by that of the permanent water-courses, with their timber and cultivated soil; while the particular location is frequently determined by the strength of the position. In the course of his work, during 1883, he examined a considerable number of pueblos and villages of "small houses," including some whose names are associated with the history of the Spanish conquest, and others which had a traditional fame. As the conclusion of his architectural studies among these ruins, Mr. Bandelier finds a well-defined system of growth from the temporary Indian lodge to the pueblo house of to-day. The winter houses of the northern tribes, with their chimneys, are paralleled in everything but material by the "small houses" of New Mexico and Arizona. Among the tribe called Hava-supay, cognates of the Moquis, dwelling in the cañons of the Colorado, the house built of wood and mud is

proved to be not an exotic, but the result of natural growth. In Mr. Bandelier's judgment, the great number of ruins scattered through New Mexico and the neighboring Territories is by no means an evidence of a large population at any one time. His opinion, confirmed by the traditions of the Zuñis and the Pimas, is that a large number of ruined buildings were successively and not simultaneously occupied by the same people. While the variety in the architectural shapes, he continues, "is evidence that the population has fluctuated back and forth, and while it is hardly to be doubted that most of the different classes of houses were simultaneously occupied in sections distant from each other, it is scarcely probable that two or more kinds were inhabited at the same time in one and the same district. These variations indicate, therefore, the successive changes in population, and are the elementary guides to the local history of a pre-documentary past." In a report of the progress of his work in January, 1884, Mr. Bandelier mentions observations of dwellings in caves and "cave villages" on the head-waters of the Sapillo, a tributary of the Gila river, and on the Gila itself. In connection with these peculiar structures, which "are perhaps larger than the open-air ruins, compactness compensating for the limitation in space," it is said that wherever the topography permits, villages were erected in open spaces. A report has been published, through the Archæological Institute, of an archæological tour that Mr. Bandelier made in Mexico in 1881. It contains accounts of the explorer's observations of the mounds of Cholula and of

incloses some pattern or figure. In the center is the face of the sun-god surrounded by emblems of chronometry. The "Sacrificial Stone has been the object of considerable controversy. It is a cylindrical disk of porphyry, three feet seven inches thick, and about twenty-eight feet in circumference. The top is convex, with designs in relief, but having a basin in the center, from which a deep channel is cut to the edge of the block. Around the cylinder are sculptured fifteen identical groups, each representing a warrior offering gifts to another, who accepts them. Mr. Bandelier finds that the block is not an accurate cylinder, and observes that the sculptors did not have means to correct the shape of the stone, but did the best they could with it without attempting to shape it nicely.

Edited Assyrian and Babylonian Inscriptions. The second part of the fifth volume of "Assyrian and Babylonian Inscriptions," published in 1884 by Sir H. Rawlinson, contains a number of valuable historical texts. The most important of them is probably the three-column terra-cotta cylinder of Nabonidus, 550 B. C., which, besides recording the battles of that sovereign, in describing his excavations and restorations of the temples, gives the date of repairs that were made upon the temple of the sun-god at Sippara, by Naramsin, the son

of Sargon, as about 3750 B. c. This is the earliest date yet established in ancient history. A text from a Babylonian terminus, or boundarystone, contains the charter of freedom granted

to the city of Bit Karziyabku in return for the aid rendered by its ruler, Ritti Merodach, to the Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar I (B. c. 1120). Another tablet records how Nebobaladan, B. c. 900, set aside the revenues of certain royal fanes for the restoration of the temple of the sun-god at Sippara, which had been destroyed by the Sutû, and for its maintenance forever. This tablet contains important information respecting the services, sacrifices, and festivals of Babylonian sunworship. An inscription of Assur-nasir-pal, King of Assyria, B. c. 860, is remarkable for the insertion of straight lines between the sign that finishes one word and that which begins the next. Among other documents are a Babylonian calendar containing examples of the superstitions respecting lucky and unlucky days, etc., which prevailed among the people; letters, petitions, and dispatches, and business papers. Contrary to the impression that has prevailed that the old Babylonian libraries were destroyed by the Assyrian invaders after they had copied the tablets and carried them to Nineveh, the discoveries made by Mr. Rassam show that the libraries survived the invasion, and that the cuneiform literature endured and was vital till a

comparatively late period. The newly published volume contains the proofs that learning was revived in Chaldea after the fall of Assyria; that the study of the sacred texts, legends, and poems was continued during the period of the Persian kings, and under Greek and even Roman rule, and that distinct schools existed in the temples. Among the inscriptions published are some grammatical and lexicographical tablets from the temple school attached to the shrine of the great god of learning, Nebo of Borsippa, which are dated in the reigns of Cyrus and Artaxerxes; a cylinder of Antiochus Theos, of B. c. 280, and some tablets that bear dates proving them to have been written as late as B. C. 29.

Inscriptions of Nebuchadnezzar.-Two inscriptions, of little historical importance, of Nebuchadnezzar, have been found in the northern part of the eastern range of Mount Lebanon, at about two hours' distance from the village of Herme, on the river Orontes. They are en