respectable Shakespeare, and critic of Pope's edition of the dramatist: therefore made hero of The Dunciad.

Tibbald. See Theobald.

Tickell, Thomas. A member of Addison's coterie, and author of numerous papers in the Spectator and Guardian; notably the papers on English Pastoral which provoked Pope's enmity.

Tonson, Jacob. A leading bookseller in Pope's day, and publisher of much of his work. Trumbull, or Trumbal, Sir William. See Biographical Sketch in this edition, p. xiii.

Vanbrugh, John, Sir (1666-1726). Architect and writer of comedies. Designer of Castle Howard and Blenheim, and author of The Provoked Wife and The Relapse.

Villiers, George, Duke of Buckingham. See Buckingham.

Walpole, Sir Robert. For twenty years Whig Prime Minister of England, and originator of the present Cabinet system of gov

ernment.

Walter, Peter. A London capitalist whom Pope frequently mentions (under the name of Peter) as an example of extreme rapacity.

Warwick, Lord. Son of the Countess of Warwick, whom Addison married.

Wasse, Joseph. Fellow of Queen's College, Cambridge, and coeditor with Jebb of the Bibliotheca Literaria.

Welsted, Leonard. Journalist and Whig pamphleteer; author of some satirical verses on Pope.

Wharton, Philip, Duke of. Son of Addison's patron. A man of ability who died an exile, after a life of wild dissipation.

Withers, General Henry. A distinguished soldier. In his old age the friend of Pope and Gay.

Wortley, Lady Mary Wortley Montagu. See Montagu.

Wycherley, William (1640-1715). Dramatist and one of Pope's earliest friends.

Yonge, Sir William. A fop and small poet several times alluded to by Pope as 'Sir Will' and 'Sir Billy.'

B. NOTES AND ILLUSTRATIONS.

Page 2. TO THE AUTHOR OF A POEM ENTITLED SUCCESSIO.

Lines 19, 20. Bavius, Mævius, Chærilus, Codrus. Minor Latin poets. See The Dunciad, Book III. 24; and note.

Page 2. THE FIRST BOOK OF STATIUS'S THEBAIS.

Line 24. The mighty Cæsar here referred to is Domitian, to whom Juvenal as well as Statius awarded divine honors.

Line 62. The prophet. Amphiaraus. Line 65. The youth. Parthenopaus. Line 399. Such sons. Eteocles and Polynices.

Line 470. Scyron. Pope evidently confounds the island of Scyros in the Egean with the rocks between Megaris and Attica infested by the robber Sciron whom Theseus slew. See Ovid, Metam. vii. 444. (Ward.)

Page 15. SPENSER: THE ALLEY.

Stanza vi., line 5. Jo-n. Old Mr. Johnston, the retired Scotch Secretary of State, who lived at Twickenham. (Carruthers.)

Page 21. SPRING: OH, DAMON.

Line 86. A wondrous tree, etc. An allusion to the Royal Oak, in which Charles II. had been hid from the pursuit after the battle of Worcester. (Pope.)

Line 90. The thistle springs, to which the lily yields. Alludes to the device of the Scots monarchs, the thistle worn by Queen Anne; and to the arms of France, the fleur de lys. (Pope.)

Page 24. AUTUMN; OR, HYLAS AND EGON. Line 7. Thou, whom the Nine, etc. Mr. Wycherley, a famous author of comedies; of which the most celebrated were The Plain-Dealer and The Country Wife. He was a writer of infinite spirit, satire, and wit. The only objection made to him was that he had too much. However, he was followed, in the same way, by Mr. Congreve, though with a little more correctness. (Pope.)

Page 26. WINTER; OR, DAPHNE.

Mrs. Tempest. This lady was of an an. cient family in Yorkshire, and particularly admired by the author's friend, Mr. Walsh, who, having celebrated her in a pastoral elegy, desired his friend to do the same, as appears from one of his letters, dated Sept. 9, 1706: 'Your last eclogue being on the same subject with mine on Mrs. Tempest's death, I should take it very kindly in you to give it a little turn as if it were to the memory of the same lady.' Her death having happened on the night of the great storm in 1703, gave a propriety to this eclogue, which in its general turn alludes to it. The scene of the pastoral lies in a grove, the time at midnight. (Pope.) Lines 49, 50. The balmy zephyrs, etc. wish,' said Johnson, 'that his fondness had not overlooked a line in which the zephyrs are made to lament in silence.'

'I

Lines 89-92. These four last lines allude to the several subjects of the four pastorals, and to the several scenes of them, particularized before in each. (Pope.)

Page 28. WINDSOR FOREST.

Line 65. The fields are ravish'd, etc. Alluding to the destruction made in the New Forest, and the tyrannies exercised there by William I. (Pope.)

Line 80. Himself denied a grave. The place of his interment at Caen in Normandy was claimed by a gentleman as his inheritance, the moment his servants were going to put him in his tomb; so that they were obliged to com.

pound with the owner before they could perform the king's obsequies. (Warburton.)

Line 81. His second hope. Richard, Duke of Bernay, said to have been killed by a stag in the New Forest. (Ward.)

Line 207. The river Loddon.

Lines 211-216. These six lines were added after the first writing of this poem. (Pope.)

Line 355-368. The allusions are of course to the expected peace, for which the conferences were opened in 1711 at Utrecht; to the previous campaigns in Spain and Germany; to the war between Peter the Great and Charles XII.; and to the early difficulties of our East Indian settlements. (Ward.)

Line 398. Unbounded Thames shall flow, etc. A wish that London may be made a free port. (Pope.)

Page 52. THE TEMPLE OF FAME.

Line 1. In that soft season, etc. This poem is introduced in the manner of the Provençal poets, whose works were for the most part visions, or pieces of imagination, and constantly descriptive. From these, Petrarch and Chaucer frequently borrowed the idea of their poems. See the Trionfi of the former, and Dream, Flower and the Leaf, etc., of the latter. The author of this, therefore, chose the same sort of exordium. (Pope.)

Line 66. Four faces had the dome, etc. The Temple is described to be square, the four fronts with open gates facing the different quarters of the world, as an intimation that all nations of the earth may alike be received into it. The western front is of Grecian architecture; the Doric order was peculiarly sacred to Heroes and Worthies. Those whose statues are after mentioned were the first names of old Greece in arms and arts. (Pope.)

Line 81. There great Alcides, etc. This figure of Hercules is drawn with an eye to the position of the famous statue of Farnese. (Pope.)

Line 96. And the great founder of the Persian name. Cyrus was the beginning of the Persian, as Minas was of the Assyrian monarchy. The Magi and Chaldæans (the chief of whom was Zoroaster) employed their studies upon magic and astrology, which was in a manner almost the learning of the ancient Asian people. We have scarce any account of a moral philosopher except Confucius, the great law-giver of the Chinese, who lived about two thousand years ago. (Pope.)

Line 111. The learning of the old Egyptian priests consisted for the most part in geometry and astronomy; they also preserved the history of their nation. Their greatest hero upon record is Sesostris, whose actions and conquests may be seen at large in Diodorus, etc. (Pope.)

Line 152. The youth that all things, etc. Alexander the Great. The tiara was the crown peculiar to the Asian princes. His desire to be thought the son of Jupiter Ammon caused him to wear the horns of that God, and to represent the same upon his coins, which was continued by several of his successors. (Pope.)

Line 162. Timoleon, glorious in his brother's blood. Timoleon had saved the life of his brother Timophanes in the battle between the Argives and the Corinthians; but afterwards killed him when he affected the tyranny, preferring his duty to his country to all obligations of blood. (Pope.)

Line 172. He whom ungrateful Athens, etc. Aristides, who for his great integrity was distinguished by the appellation of The Just. When his countrymen would have banished him by the ostracism, where it was the custom for every man to sign the name of the person he voted to exile in an oyster-shell, a peasant, who could not write, came to Aristides to do it for him, who readily signed his own name. (Pope.)

Line 206. Eliza. El sa (Dido).

Line 507. While thus I stood, etc. The hint is taken from a passage in another part of the third book, but here more naturally made the conclusion, with the addition of a moral to the whole. (Pope.)

Page 63. THE FABLE OF DRYOPE. Upon occasion of the death of Hercules, his mother Alcmena recounts her misfortunes to Iole, who answers with a relation of those of her own family, in particular the transformation of her sister Dryope, which is the subject of the ensuing Fable. (Pope.)

Page 67. AN ESSAY ON CRITICISM. Part I. Line 15. Let such teach others, etc. * Qui scribit artificiose, ab aliis commode scripta facile intelligere poterit.' Cic. ad Herenn. lib. iv. De pictore, sculptore, fictore, nisi artifex, judicare non potest.' Pliny. (Pope.)

Line 20. Most have the seeds of judgment, etc. 'Omnes tacito quodam sensu, sine ulla arte, aut ratione, quae sint in artibus ac rationibus recta et prava dijudicant.' Cic. de Orat. lib. iii. (Pope.)

Plus

Line 25. So by false learning, etc. sine doctrina prudentia, quam sine prudentia valet doctrina.' Quintilian. (Pope.)

Line 98. Just precepts, etc. Nec enim artibus editis factum est ut argumenta inveniremus, sed dicta sunt omnia antequam praeciperentur; mox ea scriptoris observata et collecta ediderunt.' Quintilian. (Pope.)

Line 180. Nor is it Homer nods, etc. Modesto ac circumspecto judicio de tantis viris pronunciandum est, ne quod (quod plerisque accidit) damnent quod non intelligunt.' Quintilian. (Pope.)

Part II. Line 124. Some by old words, etc. 'Abolita et abrogata retinere, insolentiae en jusdam est, et frivolae in parvis jactantiae.' Quintilian. (Pope.)

Line 128. Fungoso in the play. In Ben Jonson's Every Man out of his Humour.

He

Lines 147, 148. While expletives, etc. creeps along with ten little words in every line, and helps out his numbers with for, to, and unto, and all the pretty expletives he can find, while the sense is left half tired behind it.' Dryden, Essay on Dramatic Poetry,

Line 245. Duck-lane. A place where old and

second-hand books were sold formerly, near Smithfield. (Pope.)

Part III. Line 27. And stares tremendous, etc. This picture was taken to himself by John Dennis, a furious old critic by profession, who, upon no other provocation, wrote against this essay and its author, in a manner perfectly lunatic; for, as to the mention made of him in v. 270 (Part I.), he took it as a compliment, and said it was treacherously meant to cause him to overlook this abuse of his person. (Pope.) Dennis's unsuccessful play, Appius and Virginia, appeared in 1709. Tremendous was a favorite word of his.

Line 60. Garth did not write, etc. A common slander at that time in prejudice of that deserving author. Our poet did him this justice when that slander most prevailed, and it is now (perhaps the sooner for this very verse) dead and forgotten. (Pope.)

St. Paul's

Line 64. Paul's churchyard. Churchyard was long the headquarters of the booksellers.

Line 157. Roscommon. Wentworth Dillon, Earl of Roscommon (1632-1684). A comparatively chaste poet of the Restoration, and projector of an English Academy of letters. Page 82. EPISTLE TO MR. JERVAS.

Line 40. This small well polish'd Gem, the work of years. Fresnoy employed above twenty years in finishing his poem. (Pope.)

Line 60. Worsley's eyes. Frances, Lady Worsley. The name,' says Carruthers, originally stood Wortley, but the compliment was transferred from her [Lady Mary Wortley Montagu] after her quarrel with Pope, by the alteration of a single letter.'

Page 88. THE RAPE OF THE LOCK. Canto I. Lines 1-4. Before Pope's successes in verse admitted him to the best society in England, he had moved in a small circle of Roman Catholic families in the immediate neighborhood of Windsor. To one of these families belonged Miss Arabella Fermor, the Belinda of The Rape of the Lock; to another, Lord Petre, called in the poem simply the Baron, the hero- -or villain of the story; and to a third belonged John Caryll. Lord Petre really stole a lock of Miss Fermor's hair, and some unpleasantness arose between the families in consequence. Caryll suggested to Pope that a humorous treatment of the incident in verse might help matters.

Line 23. Birthnight Beau. A fine gentleman such as might be seen at the state ball given on the anniversary of the royal birthday. (Hales.)

Line 44. Box, at the opera. Ring, a circus, or circular promenade, like that in Hyde Park, London.

Lines 54-56. Succeeding vanities, etc.

Clé

Line 38. Twelve vast French romances. lie, one of the popular French romances of the period, appeared in ten volumes of 800 pages each. (Hales.)

Line 45. The Powers gave ear, etc. See Eneid, xi. 794, 795. (Pope.)

Line 74. Fays, Fairies, Genii, etc. This line obviously echoes Satan's address to his followers:

'Thrones, Dominations, Princedoms, Virtues, Powers!' Paradise Lost, v. 601.

Line 106. Or some frail China jar, etc. Pope repeats this anti-climax in Canto iii. 159, below.

Canto III. Line 27. Ombre and Piquet were the fashionable card games of Queen Anne's day. Ombre was a game of Spanish origin. The three principal trumps were called Matadores; these are, in the order of their rank, Spadillio, the ace of spades; Manillio, the deuce of clubs when trumps are black, the seven when they are red; and Basto, the ace of clubs.

Line 61. Mighty Pam. Pam, the knave of clubs, is the highest card in the game of Loo.

Line 92. Just in the jaws of ruin, and Codille. Each has won four tricks. If the Baron, who is defending the pool,' takes more tricks than Belinda, who is defending the game,' he will 'win the Codille.'

Line 107. Altars of Japan. Small japanned tables.

Line 123. Metam. viii.

Changed to a bird, etc. See Ovid, (Pope.)

Line 152. But airy substance soon unites again. Pope, in a note, refers us to the following pas sage:

'But the ethereal substance closed,
Not long divisible: and from the gash
A stream of nectarous humor issuing flowed
Sanguine, such as celestial spirits may bleed.'
Paradise Lost, vi. 330-334.

Lines 163-170.

'Dum juga montis aper, fluvios dum piscis amabit, Semper honos nomenque tuum, laudesque manebunt.' Virgil, Eclogues, v. 76-77.

Line 165. Atalantis. The new Atalantis, by Mrs. Manley; a book just then popular. Lines 176, 177. What wonder, then, etc.

'Quid faciant crines, cum ferro talia cedant.' Catullus, de Com. Berenice. (Ward.) Canto IV. Line 1. But anxious cares, etc.

'At regina gravi jamdudum saucia cura
Vulnus alit venis, et caeco carpitur igni.'
Eneid, iv. 1. (Pope.)

Line 24. Megrim. The 'megrims' and 'the

vapours were fashionable terms in Queen

Anne's day for what we call 'the blues.'

Line 51. Like Homer's tripod. See Iliad, xviii. 372-381.

Line 52. A Goose-pie talks. Alludes to a real fact; a lady of distinction imagined herself in this condition. (Pope.)

Line 69. Citron-waters. Spirits distilled from citron-rind.

Line 116. The sound of Bow. Within the sound of Bow-bells lay the least fashionable quarter, containing Grub Street, and other Bohemian haunts, as well as the dwellings of tradesmen.

Line 119. Sir Plume. Sir George Brown. He was the only one of the party who took the thing seriously. He was angry that the poet should make him talk nothing but nonsense. (Warburton.) Thalestris (line 87) was Mrs. Morley, Sir George's sister.

Canto V. Line 45. So when bold Homer, etc. See Homer, Iliad, xx. (Pope.)

Line 53. Umbriel, on a sconce's height. Minerva, in like manner, during the battle of Ulysses with the suitors, perches on a beam of the roof to behold it. (Pope.)

Line 65. Thus on Maander's flow'ry margin,

Line 71. Now Jove suspends his golden scales in air. See Homer, Iliad, viii., and Virgil, Eneid, xii. (Pope.)

Lines 89-96. The same, his ancient personage to deck, etc. In imitation of the progress of Agamemnon's sceptre in Homer, Iliad, ii. (Pope.)

Lines 137-138. A hidden star, etc.

'Flammiferumque trahens spatioso limite crinem
Stella micat.'

Ovid, Metam. xv. 849, 850. (Pope.)

Line 37. Partridge. John Partridge was a ridiculous star-gazer, who in his almanacks every year never failed to predict the downfall of the Pope and the King of France, then at war with the English. (Pope.) Partridge was the butt of Swift's famous hoax in 1707.

Page 102. MACER.

Line 8. Crowne, John, a dramatist and adapter of plays, died 1698.

Page 103. A FAREWELL TO LONDON.

Stanza ii. C-s is evidently Craggs; and H-k, as Carruthers interprets the hiatus, Lord Hinchinbrook, a young nobleman of spirit and fashion. (Ward.)

Stanza viii., lines 3 and 4. Most likely Miss Younger and Mrs. Bicknell, sisters, both actresses. (Carruthers.)

Page 104. THE BASSET-TABLE.

Line 99. The Groom-Porter was an officer in the King's household, who, under a provision exempting royalty from the laws against gambling, was enabled to provide a resort for London gamesters.

Line 100. Some dukes at Mary-bone. The reference is supposed to have been to the Duke

of Buckinghamshire, who frequented a bowling-alley in Marylebone parish.

Page 106. EPIGRAM ON THE TOASTS OF THE KIT-CAT CLUB.

The Kit-cat Club, named for Christopher Katt, a pastry-cook, numbered among its members most of the town wits, including Steele and Addison.

Page 110. ELOISA TO ABELARD.

Line 24. Forgot myself to stone. Forget thyself to marble.' Milton, Il Penseroso. The expression caverns shagg'd with horrid thorn,' and the epithets pale-eyed,'' twilight,' 'lowthoughted care,' and others, are first used in the smaller poems of Milton, which Pope seems to have been just reading. (Warton.) Line 74. Curse on all laws, etc.

'And own no laws but those which love ordains.' Dryden, Cinyras and Myrrha. (Pope.)

Line 212. Obedient slumbers, etc. This line Pope confesses to having borrowed from Crashaw.

Line 342. May one kind grave, etc. Abelard and Eloisa were interred in the same grave, or in monuments adjoining, in the Monastery of the Paraclete; he died in the year 1142, she in 1163. (Pope.)

Page 120. SANDYS' GHOST.

Stanza x. Carey. Probably John Carey. Stanza xi. Jacob. Jacob Tonson. Pembroke. The Earl of Pembroke.

Stanza xii. Tom Burnet. Son of Bishop Burnet.

Stanza xiii. Justice Philips. Ambrose Philips. Page 128. 1740: A POEM.

These verses are supposed to be a fragment found by Lord Bolingbroke among Pope's papers. There is much doubt about many of the persons referred to; the readings here suggested being merely a choice among many suggested by Bowles and Carruthers.

Page 137. AN ESSAY ON MAN. Epistle I. Line 1. St. John. Henry St. John, afterwards Lord Bolingbroke, was the most intimate friend of Pope's later years. The themes treated in the Essay on Man had been much discussed between them; it is, indeed, the shallow philosophy of Bolingbroke which supplies the substance of Pope's argument.

Line 6. A mighty maze, etc. The last verse, as it stood in the original editions, was

'A mighty maze of walks without a plan;* and perhaps this came nearer Pope's real opinion than the verse he substituted for it. (Lowell.)

Line 102. The solar walk. The sun's orbit. Pope cites in this connection 'the ancient opinion that the souls of the just went thither.'

Line 160. Young Ammon. Alexander the Great, who was saluted by the priests of the Libyan Jupiter Ammon as the son of their god.

Line 170. And passions are the elements of life. See this subject extended in Epistle II. from verse 100 to 122. (Pope.)

Line 213. The headlong lioness. The manner of the lion's hunting,' reads Pope's note, 'is this at their first going out in the night-time, they set up a loud roar, and then listen to the noise made by the beasts in their flight, pursuing them by the ear, and not by the nostril.'

Line 278. The rapt Seraph. Alluding to the name seraphim, signifying burners. (Warburton.)

Epistle II. Line 22. Correct old Time, etc. This alludes to Sir Isaac Newton's Grecian Chronology. (Warburton.)

Lines 71-74. Self-love still stronger, etc. Bowles quotes the following passage from Bacon: The affections carry ever an appetite to good, as reason doth. The difference is, that the affection holdeth merely the present; reason beholdeth the future and sum of time.'

Epistle III. Line 68. Favour'd man. Several of the ancients, and many of the orientals since, esteemed those who were struck by lightning as favoured persons, and the particular favourites of Heaven. (Pope.)

Line 104. Demoivre. A noted French mathematician, and a friend of Sir Isaac Newton's.

Epistle IV. Line 74. Mountains piled on mountains. Alluding to the Titans' attempt to scale Olympus. (Ward.)

Line 99. Lucius Cary, Lord Falkland (16101643), a brilliant young statesman and versifier, was killed in the battle of Newburg, at the age of thirty-three.

Lines 100-101. Henry, Vicomte de Turenne, and Sir Philip Sidney both fell in battle before their extraordinary powers had reached full maturity.

Line 104. The Hon. Robert Digby, third son of Lord Digby, was a personal friend and correspondent of Pope's. He died in 1726.

Line 107. M. de Belsance was made bishop of Marseilles in 1709. In the plague of that city, in the year 1720, he distinguished himself by his zeal and activity, being the pastor, the physician, and the magistrate of his flock whilst that horrid calamity prevailed. (Warburton.)

Line 110. Pope's mother died in 1733, shortly before this epistle was written, at the age of ninety-one.

Line 123. Shall burning Etna, etc. Alluding to the fate of those two great naturalists, Empedocles and Pliny, who both perished by too near an approach to Etna and Vesuvius, while they were exploring the cause of their eruptions. (Warburton.)

Line 126. Blameless Bethel. Hugh Bethel, to whom the Imitations of Horace are addressed.

Line 220. Macedonia's madman, etc. An epigrammatic expression will also tempt him into saying something without basis in truth; as where he ranks together Macedonia's madman and the Swede, and says that neither of them looked forward farther than his nose,' a slang phrase which may apply well enough to Charles XII., but certainly not to the pupil of Aristotle, who showed himself capable of a large political forethought. So, too [line 236],

the rhyme, if correct, is sufficient apology for want of propriety in phrase, as where he makes Socrates bleed." (Lowell.)

Line 278. Lord Umbra. Bubb Dodington, called Bubo in the Epistle to Arbuthnot (line 280), where Sir William Yonge's name is again coupled with his.

Lines 298-308. This passage evidently refers to the Duke of Marlborough.

Page 157. MORAL ESSAYS. Epistle I. Line 57. Manly. The hero of Wycherley's Plain-Dealer. The name was commonly applied to Wycherley.

Line 58. Umbra. Bubb Dodington. See note on Essay on Man, IV. 278.

Line 61. A Queen. Queen Caroline, whom Swift, alluded to in the succeeding line, had satirized.

Line 77. Catius. Charles Dartineuf, according to Carruthers. See Imitations of Horace, Bk. II. Ep. ii. 87, note.

Line 81. Patricio. Conjectured by Warburton to be Lord Godolphin. See Glossary.

Line 89. A perjur'd prince. Louis XI. of France wore in his hat a leaden image of the Virgin Mary, which when he swore by he feared to break his oath. (Pope.)

Line 90. A godless Regent tremble at a star. Philip, Duke of Orleans, Regent of France in the minority of Louis XV., superstitious in judicial astrology, though an unbeliever in all religion. (Warburton.)

Line 91. The throne, etc. Philip V. of Spain, who, after renouncing the throne for religion, resumed it to gratify his queen; and Victor Amadeus II., king of Sardinia, who resigned the crown, and trying to resume it, was imprisoned till his death. (Pope.)

Line 136. A saint in crape. That is, in the garb of the clergy.

Line 179. Wharton. Philip, Duke of Wharton. See Glossary.

Line 187. Wilmot. John Wilmot, Earl of Rochester, famous for his wit and extravagances in the time of Charles the Second. (Pope.)

Line 231. Lanesb'row. An ancient nobleman, who continued this practice long after his legs were disabled by the gout. (Pope.)

Line 247. Were the last words, etc. This story, like the others, is founded on fact, though the author had the goodness not to mention the names. Several attribute this in particular to a very celebrated actress who, in detestation of the thought of being buried in woollen, gave these her last orders with her dying breath. (Pope.) Warton says that the actress was Mr. Oldfield.

Epistle II. Of this Epistle, which was published in 1735, parts had been long before written and even printed. As originally published, it wanted the portraits of Philomede, Chloë, and Atossa. According to Warburton's statement, Pope communicated the character of Atossa to the Duchess of Marlborough as intended for the Duchess of Buckingham; according to Walpole he repeated the experiment vice versa. Immediately on the death of Pope,