II. The development of employment and manpower policy in the United A. Definitions of employment and manpower policy- B. History of employment and manpower policy in the United III. The manpower revolution.. A. Impact of technological change... 1. Technological change and automation: Some defi- 2. Measuring the impact of technological change_ B. The labor force: Its size and composition_.. C. Changing demands for labor... D. The causes of unemployment__ E. Consequences of the manpower revolution_ 2. Unemployment: Its costs and impact. 3. Poverty and the manpower revolution.......... 4. Consequences for labor-management relations. 5. Consequences for race relations_ 6. Shortages of high-talent manpower.. IV. Toward a comprehensive employment and manpower policy: Ap praisal and recommendation____ A. Employment and manpower policy: The policy-making 2. Making manpower policy-- 3. The integration of employment and manpower policy__ B. Monetary and fiscal policies for full employment.. 1. Toward a more flexible tax policy... 2. The Presidential role in monetary policy. 3. Expenditure policy for full employment.. (b) Area redevelopment. - (c) Other expenditure programs. (d) A special direct employment program for dis- 4. The employment impact of the defense and space efforts... (a) Reductions and shifts in defense expenditures_ 5. Income maintenance through unemployment compen sation_ 6. Special groups. employment problems of disadvantaged. (a) Youth... (b) Older workers.. (c) Minority workers.. (d) Public assistance recipients.. (e) The handicapped__.. Pai IV. Toward a comprehensive employment, etc.—Continued C. Developing our manpower for full employment.- 3. Availability of higher education. 4. Vocational and technical education... 5. Apprenticeship and on-the-job training 6. Adult education___ 7. Retraining the unemployed: MDTA and ARA. D. Matching men and jobs in a changing labor market.........- 2. Labor mobility.. 3. Manpower statistical and research needs... V. Private manpower adjustment efforts. 1 VI. Conclusion: A comprehensive employment and manpower policy.. MINORITY VIEWS I. Summary of recommendations_. II. Introduction_... III. Adjustment to technological change: A key to more jobs- Page 76 77 79 81 83 84 86 87 92 92 97 98 101 103 Making the Manpower Development and Training Act a The dropout problem: Help through guidance and coun- The dropout problem: Help through private enterprise_- tunity D. The U.S. Employment Service: Matching men with jobs. IV. Alleviating the impact of joblessness: The road back to employment. A. Installment debt assistance for unemployed workers... B. Establishment of a system of mortgage unemployment insurance for the purpose of preventing home foreclosures resulting from extended unemployment-- 105 113 117 117 118 119 120 120 121 122 123 124 124 127 127 127 C. Allowing for Federal income tax purposes a deduction for loss B. Recommendation that social security benefits be made avail- G. Better schools and teachers for poverty impacted areas. VI. Special group problems.... Separate views of Senator Jacob K. Javits--. 140 141 143 145 FOREWORD "THE MANPOWER REVOLUTION" A complex revolution is underway in the kind of labor force needed to man the American economy. It has profound implications for future national social and economic policy. In general terms, the revolution may be characterized as a shift from a blue collar to a white collar work force. Innovation, systematic invention of new products, new materials, new production techniques are the hallmarks of today's American economy. Repetitive labor is steadily being relegated to machines and computers. Employment once concentrated in mill, mine, and farm is now increasingly to be found in the office, service establishment, retail store, and laboratory. The unskilled occupations, the pick-and-shovel jobs, are fast disappearing. This revolution has, of course, been underway for several decades. In many respects, the shifts now occurring have been evolutionary, not revolutionary, the logical end results of forces set in motion by the industrial revolution in the 19th century. This "second" industrial revolution has brought great benefit to most Americans. It has generated the highest levels of mass affluence in human history. It has made sweatshop labor obsolete. It has made possible the transfer of human labor from repetitive work to more challenging fields of human endeavour. Within it are the seeds of a better society. SYMPTOM OF OUR FAILURE: UNEMPLOYMENT But, in making the transition, the American economy has left many problems unsolved. While technology has moved forward, our economic, social, and political policies have not. The mismatch between our economic policies and the peculiar demands of our highly technological economy has caused a needless waste of manpower and productive resources. The most serious symptom of this failure has been unnecessarily chronic and persistent high unemployment throughout the ups and downs of the business cycle ever since 1953. TECHNOLOGICAL DISPLACEMENT Modern productive enterprise is characterized by its emphasis upon systematic invention and innovation, the constant search for new products and new ways to make old ones. The thriving plant or valuable skill of today can become obsolete tomorrow under the pressures of innovating competition. Technological advance is partly a search for laborsaving techniques which cut labor costs, increase efficiency, and release human work to less repetitive forms of labor. |