33; 10, on the pressure of the sea at great depths, and on

the structure of the eyes of fishes in order to resist that

pressure, 39; 11, referring to the Appendix for observations

on the structure of the eyes of fishes, 44; 12, on the mem-

brana nictitans, 47; 13, referring to Appendix for observations

on the limits which the Deity seems to have prescribed to

his own power, 50; 14, referring to the Appendix, and on

the structure of the ear, 52; 15, on the chain of bones in

57.

the ear,

CHAPTER IV.

OF THE SUCCESSION OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS.

No account hereby of contrivance, 63; plants, ib.; oviparous

animals, 64; viviparous-rational animals, 66; instance

from Gardener, 67.

Note 16, on the limits of the term of existence, and on reproduc-

tion, 68.

CHAPTER V.

APPLICATION OF THE ARGUMENT CONTINUED.

Tepetition from Chapter I., 72; imperfection, ib.; superfluous

parts, 74; atheistic argument, 77; remains of possible forms,

82; use arising out of the parts, 86; a principle of order, 91;

of our ignorance, 92.

Note 17, on the suspension of respiration, 74; 18, on parts of

animals said to be superfluous, 76; 19, on results supposed

to arise from chance, 80; 20, on the supposition of animals

having been produced by chance, 84; 21, on the dexterity

which man acquires by practice as distinguishing him from

other animals, 89.

CHAPTER VI.

THE ARGUMENT CUMULATIVE.

CHAPTER VII.

THE MECHANICAL AND IMMECHANICAL PARTS AND FUNCTIONS OF

ANIMALS AND VEGETABLES.

Imperfection of knowledge no proof of want of contrivance, 99;

on chemistry, 105; secretion, 107.

Note 22, on the perfection of the immechanical parts of animals,

99; 23, on the gastric juice as not acting upon the stomach

of the living animal, 107.

CHAPTER VIII.

MECHANICAL ARRANGEMENT IN THE HUMAN FRAME.

Of bones, 116; neck, ib.; fore-arm, 119; spine, 123; chest, 133;
knee-pan, 134; shoulder-blade, 136; joints, 137; ball and
socket, 139; gynglymus, 141; knee, 142; ankle, ib.;
shoulder, 143; passage of blood-vessels, 145; gristle, 146;
moveable cartilages, 148; synovia, 150; how well the joints
wear, 151; immoveable joints, 152.

Note 24, on the meaning of the terms tenon and mortice, 118;

26, on variations of structure to suit the peculiar condition

or necessities of different animals, 130; 27, referring to

Appendix for further proofs of adaptation of structure to

habits and condition of animals, 134; 28, on the shoulder-

blade aud collar-bone, 136; 29, on the absence, in the oran-

outang, of the ligament in the head of the thigh-bone, 141;

30, on the ankle-joint, 143; 31, on the cartilage which

covers the ends of the bones, 147; 32, on the manner in

which the thigh-bone rests upon the shin-bone, and the use

of the cartilage between them, 149; 33, on absorption, in a

case of inflammation of a joint, 151.

CHAPTER IX.

OF THE MUSCLES.

Suitableness to the joints, 154; antagonist muscles, 158; not ob-
structing one another, 159; action wanted where their

situation would be inconvenient, 160; variety of figure, 161;

how many things must be right for health, 163; variety,

quickness, and precision of muscular motion, 165; tongue,

ib.; mouth, 166; nose, 169; music—writing, 171; sphinc-

ters, 172; combination of muscles, 173; delicacy of small

muscles, 174; mechanical disadvantages, ib.; single

muscles, 176; lower jaw, ib.; slit tendons, 178; bandage

at the ankles, ib.; hypothesis from appetency repelled, 179;

Keill's enumeration of muscles, 180; why mechanism is not

more striking, 181; description inferior to inspection, ib.;

quotation from Steno, 182.

Note 34, on the balance of action between the antagonist muscles,
157; 35, on the sacrifice of power in certain muscles, in order
to acquire velocity, 163; 36, on the complexity of structure
in the tongue, 170.

CHAPTER X.

OF THE VESSELS OF ANIMAL BODIES.

i. The circulation of the blood, 184; disposition of the blood-

vessels, 185; arteries and veins, 186; ii. heart, as receiving

and returning the blood, 188; heart, as referable to the

lungs, 191; valves of the heart, 199; vital motions invo-

luntary, 205; pericardium, ib.; iii. alimentary system,

207; passage of the food through the stomach to the intes-

tines, ib.; passage of the chyle through the lacteals and

thoracic duct to the blood, 208; length of intestines, 209;

peristaltic motion, 210; tenuity of the lacteals, ib.; valves

of the thoracic duct, 211; entrance at the neck, ib.; diges-

tion, 212; iv. gall bladder, 216; oblique insertion of the

biliary duct into the intestines, 217; v. parotid gland, 218;

vi. larynx, 219; trachea―gullet-epiglottis, 219, 220; rings

of the trachea, 221; sensibility, 222; musical instrument,

224; lifting the hand to the head, 225.

Note 37, referring to the Appendix for a dissertation on the circu

lation of the blood and its uses, 185; 38, on the composition

of the atmosphere, 191; 39, on the necessity of exposing

the venous blood to the air, 192; 40, on the valves of the

veins and arteries, 201; 41, on the germination of seeds

which have passed unbroken through the stomachs of animals,

214; 42, referring to Appendix on the stomach of the horse,

217; 43, on the necessity of certain sensibilities in the

body, 223; 44, referring to Appendix for observations on the

lungs, 225.

CHAPTER XI.

OF THE ANIMAL STRUCTURE REGARDED AS A MASS.

i. Correspondence of sides, 228; not belonging to the separate

limbs, 230; nor to the internal contents, 231; nor to the

feeding vessels, 232; ii. package, 233; heart, 235; lungs,

ib.; liver, ib.; bladder, 236; kidneys, ib.; pancreas, ib.;

spleen, ib.; omentum, 237; septa of the brain, 238; guts, ib.;

iii. beauty, 240; in animals, 241; in flowers, 242; whether

any natural sense of beauty, 243; iv. concealment, 245;

v. standing, 246; vi. interrupted analogies, 250; periosteum

at the teeth, 251; early skin at the nails, 252; soft integu-

ments at the skull, 253.

Note 45, on the spleen, 237; 46, on the sensibility by which we

are enabled to balance the body, 249; 47, referring to the

Appendix for a dissertation on the teeth, 250; 48, on the

use of the nails of the fingers, 252; 49, referring to the

Appendix for a note ou the form of the skull, 253.

CHAPTER XII.

COMPARATIVE ANATOMY.

i. Covering of animals, 257; of man, ib.; of birds, 258; struc

ture of feathers, 260; black down, 264; ii. mouths of

animals, 265; bills of birds, 267; serrated bills, 270;

affinity of mouths, 273; iii. gullets of animals, 274; iv.

intestines of animals, 275; valves or plates, ib.; length,

276; v. bones of animals, 277; bones of birds, ib.; vi. lungs

of animals, 278; lungs of birds, ib. ; vii. birds oviparous, ib.;

viii. instruments of motion, 279; wings of birds, ib.; fins of

fish, 282; web-feet of water-fowl, 287; ix. senses of ani-

mals, 288.

Note 50, on the coverings of birds and other animals with refer-

ence to warmth, 264; 51, on the adaptation of the bills of

birds to the habits of each kind, 268; 52, on the connexion

of the fifth nerve of the brain with the organ of touch, 272;

53, referring to the Appendix for observations on the rela-

tion of the bodies of birds to the atmosphere, 278; 54, on

the necessity of birds being oviparous in order to retain the

power of flying, 279; 55, on the similarity of the system of

bones in all vertebrated animals, 282; 56, on the uses and

muscular power of the fins of fishes, 285.

CHAPTER XIII.

PECULIAR ORGANIZATIONS.

Pax-wax of quadrupeds, 292; oil of birds, 293; air-bladder of

fish, 294; fang of viper, 297; bag of opossum, 298; claw

of heron, 299; stomach of camel, 300; tongue of wood-

pecker, 301; babyroussa, 306.

Note 57, on the ligaments of the neck, 292; 58, on the air-bladder

of fishes, 296; 59, on the habits and tongue of the wood-

pecker, 302; 60, on the erroneous notion of the babyroussa

sleeping standing, 307.

CHAPTER XIV.

PROSPECTIVE CONTRIVANCES.

Teeth, 308; milk, 311; eye of the foetus, 314; lungs of the

foetus-foramen ovale, &c. &c., 315.