characteristics of any variety, considered from the point of view of the grape grower. In some sections, more especially in California and in Europe, the insect known as the phylloxera is a perennial menace to the grapegrowing industry, and in such localities one of the most critical qualities which a vine can have is immunity from the ravages of this insect. Different species, and even different varieties of the same species, differ greatly in this respect, and these degrees of immunity or susceptibility are particularly worthy of

note.

The foliage should be described as to vigor and abundance. The individual leaves should be described with respect to size, form, thickness, and surface. The surface is often downy or tomentose in various degrees, especially on the lower sides of the leaves. Unfortunately the description blank for grapes shown in the engraving does not give a special caption to the foliage nor to the leaf. It also omits any printed suggestion of general notes. In these respects it is seriously inadequate.

X

THE REQUIREMENTS OF NOMENCLATURE

THE term nomenclature is used with two different meanings. Used in one sense it may be defined as the science of names; that is, it comprises those rules by which we determine the correct names of things. It is with this meaning that the word is used in this book.

may

However, the word "nomenclature mean also simply a system of names. Thus, golf has a certain nomenclature made up of such terms as "niblick," "lofter," " driver," "caddie," "foursome," "stimmie," etc. These terms have special or technical meanings in connection with golf, and, taken altogether, with the others of their kind, they make up the nomenclature of that popular game. Similarly there is a special nomenclature for theology, including such terms as “trinitarianism," "original sin," "apochryphal," "predestination," "transsubstantiation," etc. And for every science, sport, or calling there is likewise some specialized set of words which

constitute its nomenclature. One of the poets somewhere speaks of "the sweet nomenclature of love," which is not so unscientific either.

In objective science, however, the term "nomenclature usually refers to a set of names given to a particular group of objects. Thus, Mr. Sudworth prepared a book which he called "Nomenclature of the Arborescent Flora of North America," in which he gave simply a list of those botanical and vulgar names which have been applied to the trees and shrubs of North America. When we say that the nomenclature of the Russian apples is badly mixed we mean only that their names are mixed.

In this chapter we shall not try to determine the correct names of any fruits, but shall study only the rules and principles by which we are to determine which are the correct names; that is, we shall be investigating nomenclature in the sense first defined above.

The first requisite to the study of any science or art is a satisfactory nomenclature, using the word in either of the senses already mentioned. This is a widely recognized principle. The students of such sciences as

physics, astronomy, and botany have spent a great deal of time and effort in selecting and defining most minutely the terms necessary to their descriptions and discussions. And whether it be cause or effect, the present undeniable crudity of horticultural nomenclature is evidence that pomology, vegetable culture, and floriculture still fall measurably short of being sciences. Science is said to be classified knowledge; but before we can classify our knowledge of horticultural varieties, we must have those varieties unequivocally named and accurately described. We are fond of saying that horticulture is coming to be a science; but it certainly falls far short, in this respect, of what it ought to be.

A reasonable nomenclature assigns to each entity, be it object, process, species, or variety, a separate and distinctive name. In horticulture our attention is fixed chiefly on varieties, and varieties are hard to define; but each one, as we know and describe it, ought to have one name and one only. In other words, one variety must not pass under several names; nor must one name stand for two or more distinct varieties. It would be easy to mention examples of both mistakes. The well-known