168; Mfg. Co. v. Armstrong, 19 id. 147; The Railroad v. Brewer, 67 id. 295; Putnam v. Mellen, 34 N. H. 71, 79; K. P. Mills v. Slater, 12 R. I. 82; Adrian v. Lane, 13 S. C. 183; Hollis v. Chapman, 33 Tex. 1; Brokenburg v. Ward, 4 Rand. [Va.], 352; Malcomson v. Morton, 11 Ir. L. R. 230; Moore v. Waldo, 69 Mo. 277; Waldron v. Coal Co., 7 Ill. App. 542; Runkle v. Johnson, 30 Ill. 328; R. R. Co. v. Butts, 50 Cal. 574, 577; Southwell v. Beezly, 5 Oreg. 458; Hamilton v. Thrall, 7 Neb. 210; R. R. Co. v. Howard, 13 How. [U. S.] 307; 339; Pollock v. Electric Ass'n, 128 U. S. 447; Ashmann v. Penn. Co., 4 Dutch. [N. J.] 185.)

One general rule will solve many cases, however, if the thing conditioned is to happen or exist before the right accrues or estate vests, the condition is | precedent; if after, it is subsequent. (Nicoll v. R. R. Co.,12. N. Y. 121, 130; Towle v. Remsen, 70 id. 303, 311, 322.)

While the ruling upon and interpretation of one agreement will seldom aid in the construction of another, except as it may illustrate some general rule of interpretation applicable to both, the rules inferred from or arising under the authorities, for separating or distinguishing conditions are chiefly these:

1. Where the terms of the agreement or the nature of the case, requires the things to be done by one party to precede those by the other party, the former may not sue without actual or offered performance as a condition precedent to liability by the latter, while the former may be sued by the latter, although nothing has been done or offered to be done by him, because the former relied, not upon performance by the latter, but trusted to his remedy by action. (Paine v. Brown, 37 N. Y. 232, 233; Glaholm v. Hays, 2 M. & G. 257, 266, 268; Mattock v. Kinglake, 10 Ad. & E. 50, 55-57; Decker v. Jackson, 6 C. B. 103, 112; Grant v. Johnson, 5 N. Y. 247, 253; Acer v. Hotchkiss, 97 id. 395, 408; Eddy v. Davis, 116 id. 247, 252; | Kirtz v. Peck, 113 id. 222, 228; Byron v. Low, 109 id. 291, 294; Phelan v. The Mayor, 119 id. 86, 90; De Kay v. Bliss, 120 id. 91, 96; Smith v. Brady, 17 id. 173, 185, 187, 188, as modified in Woodward v. Fuller, 80 id. 312, 315; People's Bank v. Mitchell, 73 id. 406, 411, 415; Parke v. Trading Co., 120 id. 51, 56; Champion v. White, 5 Cow. [N. Y.] 509, 510, 511; M. D. Foundry v. Hovey, 38 Mass. 21 Pick.] 417, 438, 439; Knight v. Worsted Co., 56 id. [2 Cush. | 271, 286, 287; Cadwell v. Blake, 72 id. [6 Gray] 402; Gates v. Ryan, 115 id. 596; Allard v. Belfast, 40 Me. 369, 376; Connor v. Atwood, 57 id. 100, 115; Savage Mfg. Co. v. Armstrong, 19 id. 147, 149; Palmer v. Mellen, 34 N. H. 71, 79; Sumner v. Parker, 36 id. 449, 454; Kettle v. Harvey, 21 Vt. 301, 305; Rockwell v. Newton, 44

Conn. 333; Shereen v. Moses, 84 Ill. 448, 450, 451; | Barney v. Giles, 120 Ill. 154; Arnold v. Cons. Co., 35 Iowa, 99, 101; Cooper v. McKee, 53 id, 239; R. R. Co. v. Fort Scott, 15 Kans. 435; Sweeney v. U. S., 15 Ct. of. Cl. 400; Ex parte Koehler, 24 Fed. Rep. 107; Rives v. Baptiste, 25 Ala. 382.)

2. Where a definite time is either fixed by the contract or ascertainable from the circumstances for the payment of money, such time happening after the thing which is the consideration for the payment is to be performed, then the money is not owing or an action therefor maintainable without actual or tendered performance. (Paine v. Brown, 37 N. Y. 232, 233, and 2 Smith's L. C. [9th ed.], 1223, note 2; Glaholm v. Hays, 2 M. & G. 257, 266, 268; Grant v. Johnson, 5 N. Y. 247, 250, 254; Eddy v. Davis, 116 id. 247, 242, 255; People's Bank v. Mitchell, 73 id. 406, 411; Nolan v. Whitney, 88 id. 648, 649, 650; Bean v. Atwater, 4 Conn. 13, 15.)

3. Where each party is to do the things required at the same time, or concurrently, there arises dependent obligations, operating as mutual or concurrent conditions, whereby neither can default the other or maintain suit until there has been performance or offer to perform what was necessary or specified on his part. (Paine v. Brown, 37 N. Y. 232, 233; Callenonel v. Briggs, 1 Salk. 112; Goodson v. Munn, 4 T. R. 761; Glazebrook v. Woodrow, 8 id. 366; Kirtz v. Peck, 113 N. Y. 222, 228; Morris v. Sliter, 1 Den. [N. Y.] 59, 60; Williams v. Healy, 3 id. 363, 366; Morange v. Morris, 3 Keyes [N. Y.], 48, 50; Lester v. Jewett, 11 N. Y. 453, 457, 458; Eddy v. Davis, 116 id. 247, 252, 254; Nelson v. Fireproof Co., 55 id. 480, 484; Parker v. Parmlee, 20 Johns. [N. Y.] 130, 134; Hudson v. Swift, id. 24, 26; Champion v. White, 5 Cow. [N. Y.] 509, 510, 511; James v. Burchell, 82 N. Y. 108, 113; Hapgood v. Shaw, 105 Mass. 276, 278, 279; Smith v. R. R. Co., 88 id. 262, 272, 273; Knight v. Worsted Co., 56 id. [2 Cush.] 271, 286, 287; Kane v. Hood, 30 id. [13 Pick.] 281, 283, 284; Hunt v. Liverman, 22 id. [5 Pick.] 395, 397, 398; Dana v. King. 19 id. [2 Pick.] 155, 156, 157; Gardiner v. Corson, 15 id. 499, 503; Smith v. Lewis, 26 Conn. 109, 116, 117; Bean v. Atwater, 4 id. 13, 15; Stockton Soc. v. Hildreth, 53 Cal. 721, 723; Clark v. Weiss, 87 Ill. 438, 441; Hough v. Rawson, 17 id. 588. 591, 592; Simmons v. Sleeth, 45 Ind. 598, 599, 600; Moore v. Waldo, 69 Mo. 277, 280; Wyvell v. Jones, 37 Minn. 68, 69; Putnam v. Mellen, 34 N. H. 71, 80; Cobb v. Hall, 33 Vt. 233, 237, 238; Phelps v. Hubbard, 51 id. 489, 493, 494; Faulkner v. Hebard, 26 id. 452; Stokes v. Grant, 3 Grant Penn.] Cas. 241; Powell v. R. R. Co., 12 Oreg. 488; Powell v. R. R. Co., 14 id. 356; Dorland v. Greenwood, 1 McCrary [Cir. Ct. U. S.], 337; Fry v. Johnson, 22 How. Pr. [N. Y.] 316; Egbert v. Chew, 2 Gr.

(N. J.) 446; Biddle v. Coryell, 3 Har. [N. J.] 377; Courtright v. Deeds, 37 Iowa, 503; Bridge Co. v. Greene, 53 id. 562.)

4. Where the mutual promises, acts or covenants apply to the whole consideration on both sides they are mutual conditions precedent, whereby actual or offered performance must appear to cause default or authorize recovery. (Paine v. Brown, 37 N. Y. 232, 233; Havelock v. Geddes, 10 East, 555, 564; Ritchie v. Atkinson, id. 295, 306; Atkinson v. Smith, 14 M. & W. 695, 696; Stavers v. Curling, 3 Bing. [N. C.] 355, 368; Boon v. Eyre, 2 Wm. Black, 1312; Boon v. Eyre, 1 H. Black, 272, n.; Poussard V. Spiers, 1 Q. B. Div. 410; Tipton v. Feitner, 20 N. Y. 423, 430, 431; Baker v. Higgins, 21 id. 397, 399; Avery v. Nelson, 81 id. 341, 344, 347; Mount v. Lyon, 49 id. 552, 553, 554; Catlin v. Tobias, 26 id. 217, 222; Butler v. Butler, 77 id. 472, 474, 475; Nightingale v. Eiseman, 2 N. Y. Supp. 779, 780; Hazard v. Hoxie, 6 id. 295; Archer v. McDonald, 36 Hun, 194; Pepper v. Haight, 20 Barb. 429; Dox v. Day, 3 Wend. 356, 9 id. 129; Knight v. Worsted Co., 56 Mass. 271, 278, 279; M. D. Foundry v. Hovey, 38 id. 417, 439; Lord v. Belknap, 55 id. 279, 284; Clough v. Baker, 48 N. H. 254, 257; Butler v. Manning, 52 Mo. 497; Tilden v. Besley, 42 Mich. 100; Burchardt v. Burchardt, 36 Ohio St. 261; Newman L. Co. v. Purden, 41 id. 373; Scheland v. Orpelding, 6 Oreg. 258; Hartley v. Decker, 89 Penn. St. 470; Weichart v. Hook, 83 id. 434; Alcott v. Hynes, 105 id. 350; Barry v. Alsburg, 6 Litt. [Ky.] 151; Blackwell v. Foster, 1 Metc. [Ky.] 88; Stansberry v. Fringer, 11 Gill. & J. [Md.] 149; R. R. Co. v. Fort Scott, 15 Kans. 435.)

|

man v. Levy, 5 N. Y. Supp. 418, 419; Moree v. Taylor, 42 Hun, 45; Knight v. Worsted Co., 56 Mass. [2 Cush.] 271, 278, 279; Foundry Co. v. Hovey, 38 id. [21 Pick.] 417, 439; Lord v. Belknap, 55 id. 1 Cush.] 279, 284; Scott v. Coal Co., 89 Penn. St. 231; Leggett v. Smith, 3 Watts, 331; Quigley v. De Haas, 83 Penn. St. 267; Ins. Co. Appeal, id. 396; Rugg v. Moore, 110 id. 236; Allard v. Belfast, 40 Me. 369, 377; Connor v. Atwood, 57 id. 100, 105; Dibol v. Minot, 9 Iowa, 403; Veerkamp v. Drying Co., 58 Cal. 229; Speer v. Sneider, 29 Minn. 463; Baeder v. Currie, 44 N. J. L. 208; Canford v. Dist. of Col., 20 Ct. of Cl. 376.)

6. Conditions in grants are not favored in law, hence they must be clearly expressed, and are not sustained by mere inference or recital. In arriving at the meaning of the words used, that which is in form a condition, a breach of which forfeits all estate, is frequently construed as a covenant on which only the actual damages can be recovered. (Woodworth v. Payne, 74 N. Y. 196, 199; Craig v. Wells, 11 id. 315, 320; Lyon v. Hersey, 193 id. 264, 270; Nicoll v. R. R. Co., 12 id. 121, 130; Post v. Weill, 115 id. 361, 375; Avery v. R. R. Co., 106 id. 142, 155; Graves v. Deterling, 120 id. 447–455; R. R. Co. v. Butler, 50 Cal. 574; Hollis v. Chapman, 36 Tex. 1; Labere v. Carleton, 53 Me. 211; Emerson v. Sampson, 43 N. H. 475; Hadley v. Mfg. Co., 4 Mass. [4 Gray] 140, 145; Southard v. R. R. Co., 2 Dutch. [N. J.] 13; Thompson v. Thompson, 9 Ind. 323; Varis v. Renshaw, 49 Ill. 425.)

The intention of the parties must, therefore, be ascertained in every practicable way known to the law, and must, when ascertained, control adjudications. As the effect of conditions precedent has been ofttimes to prevent the courts from administering justice according to the equities of the case, it is not surprising to read so frequently that con

be encouraged, or that courts looking beyond the contract to its performance or the inequality of losses, have attempted to conform the rule of construction to the remedy invoked; or, interpolated some stipulation into the agreement or transaction from acts subsequent thereto, whereby the confusion, difficulty or perplexity experienced in the law of conditions has chiefly arisen.

5. Where the promises, acts or covenants apply only to part of the consideration on both sides, so that any breach or failure may be compensated in damages, they are probably independent obligations or covenants, not conditions, thereby allow-structions productive of such conditions should not ing recovery upon the original contract without complete performance, but subject to counter-claim for damages. (Paine v. Brown, 37 N. Y. 232, 233; Stavers v. Curling, 3 Bing. [N. C.] 355; Carpenter v Cresswell, 4 id. 409; Fishmongers Co. v. Robertson, 5 M. & G. 131, 197; Graves v. Legg, 9 Ex. 709, 715; Bettini v. Gye, 1 Q. B. D. 183; Campbell v. Jones, 6 T. R. 570; Seeger v. Duthie, 8 C. B. (N. S.) 45, 74; Ritchie v. Atkinson, 10 East, 295, 306; Havelock v. Geddes, id. 555, 564; Boon v. Eyre, 1 II. Black, 272, n.; Bogardus v. Ins. Co., 101 N. Y. 329, 340; Tipton v. Feitner, 20 id. 423, 430, 431; Grant v. Johnson, 5 id. 247, 250, 252; Paine v. Brown, 37 id. 232, 233; De Kay v. Bliss, 120 id. 91, 97; Tompkins v. Elliott, 5 Wend. 496, 499; Dey v. Dox, 9 id. 129, 133; Nolan v. Whitney, 88 N. Y. 648, 650; Cunningham v. Morell, 10 Johns. 203, 205; Bennett v. Pixley, 7 id. 249, 250; Azee

FRED'K M. EVARTS.

RAILROAD COMPANY -CONSTRUCTION OF ROAD IN STREET.-An abutting property owner is not estopped to sue on account of the construction of a railroad in a street by the fact that during its construction he knew thereof, and took no measures to prevent it. (Maysville & B. S. R. Co. v. Ingraham | [Ky.], 30 S. W. Rep. 8.)

Chap. 97. Mr. Burns's, providing for commissioners to confer with like representatives of the State of New Jersey for the acquisition of the Palasiides of the Hudson river by the United States and mak

Chap. 9. Mr. Lawson's, the procedure bill for ing an appropriation therefor. cities of the first class.

Chap. 98. Mr. Horton's, to amennd the Code of Chap. 11. Mr. Lawson's, the New York city power Criminal Procedure in reference to witness's fees. of removal bill.

Chap. 106. Mr. F. F. Schultz's, incorporating the Chap. 13. Mr. Ainsworth's bill, extending the Grand Court of the State of New York for the Anpower of audit of the State comptroller over chari-cient Order of Foresters of America. table institutions and giving him the appointment of a second deputy.

be elected, until the entire number, exclusive of the tribution to incorporated public libraries in this president, shall be nine. State of State department reports and certain public documents.

Chap. 259. Mr. Cartwright's, authorizing Walton, Chap. 202. Mr. J. N. Stewart's, amending the Delaware county, to transfer rights in certain real general sewer construction law.

Chap. 266. Mr. Schoepflin's, providing that supervisors in counties of not less than 300,000, nor more than 60,000, inhabitants, and containing a city Chap. 218. Mr. O'Grady's, providing for the dis- whose supervisors are elected for more than a year,

the supervisors of the towns shall be elected for public baths in cities of the first and second class,

a like period.

Chap. 267. Mr. Armstrong's, amending the Civil Code relative to qualifications of judges.

Chap. 273. Mr. Ainsworth's, amending the consolidated school act relative to voting on the question of school repairs.

Chap. 274. Mr. Ainsworth's, amending the consolidated school law providing that when bonds are issued when authorized by the vote of the inhabitants of a school district, the board of trustees shall submit a statement of same to the clerk of the board of supervisors.

Chap. 285. Senator Stapleton's, authoring the Supreme Court to lease premises 2019 Fifth avenue, New York city.

Chap. 287. Mr. Vacheron's, amending the Penal Code making it a misdemeanor to open and publish private telegrams, letters, etc., by others than the persons to whom addressed.

Chap. 289. Mr. Gleason's, amending the Civil Code relative to actions for dower.

Chap. 310. Mr. Ainsworth's, amending the county law relating to statements of indebtedness.

Chap. 321. Senator Parsons's, relating to the qualifications of jurors.

Chap. 324. Mr. Nixon's, abolishing the office of mine inspector.

both hot and cold water to be provided.

Chap. 352. Mr. Gardiner's, providing for the assessment and collection of certain appropriations made by the superintendent of banks.

Chap. 354. Mr. Terry's, relative to the filing of statements of the interest on mortgages.

Chap. 356. Mr. Norton's, amending section 3070 of the Code of Civil Procedure relating to offers to compromise before return.

Chap. 362. Assemblyman Burns', authorizing the State superintendent of public instruction to furnish additional facilities for instruction in natural

or

history, geography and kindred subjects by means of pictorial representation and lectures to the free common schools of the cities and villages that have, may have, superintendents of free common schools, and appropriating $25,000 for that purpose. Chap. 363. Senator Owens', appropriating $6,000 for more fully organizing and equipping the volunteer life saving corps of inland waters of this State.

Chap. 365. Senator Mullin's, repealing the act, chapter 756 of the Laws of 1871, creating the office

of shore inspector for New York harbor.

Chap. 375. Senator Child's, amending the highway law providing for the adoption of the county road system.

Chap. 376. Mr. Armstrong's, amending the Code of Civil procedure dividing the State into four Chap. 316. Mr. Schoepflin's, providing for the in-judicial districts with appellate courts at New York, corporation of associations for lending money on Brooklyn, Albany and Rochester. personal property, and to forbid certain loans of money, property or credit.

Chap. 327. Mr. Armstrong's, providing for hour sittings of boards of registry in election districts of cities except New York and Brooklyn.

Chap. 328. Mr. Keenholts's, extending to December 31, 1905, the time for the completion of the New York and Canadian Pacific Railway.

Chap. 330. Mr. Husted's, amending the highway law relative to the erection of guide boards and posts upon highway intersections.

Chap. 381. Mr. Howe's, providing that after October 1, 1895, all hospital buildings and asylums for the insane shall have properly constructed iron stairways on the outside for use in case of fire.

Chap. 383. Senator Donaldson's, relative to village boards of water commissioners.

Chap. 384. Senator Mullin's, relative to the drainage of agricultural lands of another person. Chap. 395. Senator Donaldson's consolidating the State forest and fish and game commissions. Chap. 399. Senator Ahearn's bill, providing for a Chap. 331. Mr. Armstrong's, amending the Code hospital on Gouverneur slip, New York city, at a of Civil Procedure relative to searches. cost of $200,000, for reception of persons injured or

Chap. 332. Mr. Nixon's, amending the county law taken suddenly ill in the lower east side of New relative to the taxation of dogs.

Chap. 337. Mr. Burns', amending the consolidated school law relative to the qualifications of voters and eligibility of certain persons for school officers. Chap. 344. Mr. Brush's, amending the civil service law.

Chap. 349. Mr. Gerst's, amending the Code of Civil Procedure relating to services of summonses upon express or insurance companies.

Chap. 350. Mr. Ainsworth's, amending the general municipal law relative to the registry of bonds.

Chap. 351. Mr. Hamilton's, providing for free

York.

Chap. 410. Senator Parker's bill, amending section 793 of the Code of Civil Procedure, relating to orders in preferred cases.

Chap. 411. Assemblyman C. C. Cole's bill, amending the highway law concerning the purchase of stone crushers and materials.

Chap. 412. Assemblyman Wray's, providing for a dog tax in New York and Brooklyn.

Chap. 413. Mr. Tobin's, the stone bill, providing that all stone to be used on public works in the State shall be dressed in the State.