LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figures 1 Engine with single steam chest. 2 Tandem compound engine.. 3 Common Blue Stem wheat. 4 New wheat originated by selection. 5 Cow bred for beef. 6 Cow specially bred for the dairy. 7 Map of Great Glacier and old Lake Agassiz. 8 Cross section of Minnesota river. 9 Cross section of Mississippi river. 10 11 12 Ancient and present drainage basin of Minnesota river. Falls of St. Anthony at beginning of its recession 13 Mississippi river at the Falls of St. Anthony. 14 Diagrammatic map showing origin of Minnehaha falls 15 Valley of a glacial river.... 16 Gorge formed by cutting of glacial floods. 17 Corn plant at four stages.. Stem roots of corn plant nearly ready to tassel. Pot of soil illustrating absorption of moisture. 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Pot of soil in state of saturation.. 26 Pot of soil after drainage of ground water. 27 28 Pot of soil illustrating the action of capillarity. 29 Pot of soil illustrating action of capillarity Pot of air-dried soil containing only hygroscopic water 81 30 Capillary action illustrated in glass tubes of large and small diameter. 31 Capillary action between plates of glass. 32 Capillary action in lamp wick.. 82 82 83 33 34 Soil saturated, with standing water at the bottom. 84 84 stone. 35 Pervious mass of soil over a layer of impervious clay or 36 How flowing wells occur. 37 Plan of farmstead with road on north. 85 86 101 38 Plan of farmstead with road on east and south. 102 39 Plan of farmstead fronting road on south.. 103 vi 42 Rotation scheme on map of farm. 43a Crops of the year on map of farm. 43b Plan of Olson farm before reorganization. 43c Olson farm as replanned.. 43d Plan of Harlan farm before reorganization. 43e Harlan farm as replanned... 107 108 109 110 111 112 43f Map showing records of 1910 crops. 113 44 Tools used for clearing land.. 118 45 Capstan stump puller.. 119 46 47 Use of windlass and "stump hook" or "root plow" 120 122 Simple plan of mapping to record location of outlet 166 72 Map of system of tile drains on 160-acre farm. 170 73 Map showing drainage of a 480-acre farm. 76 Collared drain tiles or sewer pipes. Branched collared tiles.. 78 Plat showing elevations on a 40-acre field. Contour lines used in planning drains. 80 Map of a "section" of level land drained by surface drains 176 81 Blank form used in recording notes of levels... 81a Manner of using leveling instrument... 185 186 173 173 174 175 Figures 82 Page Blank form used in recording measurements of levels 190 83 Profile showing surface and grade line of ditch. 192 195 85 86 Cross section of field showing elevation of soil above the 197 Cross section of field showing the depth of the ditch as 197 87 How water seeks the drains. 198 88 Showing disposition of earth handled with road machine and spade.. 199 89 Different dimensions of ditch for receiving drain tiles of 92 Tile hoe for grading bottom of tile ditch. 204 92a Tile hoe, adjustable to push or pull.. 202 93 Method of spading out successive courses in opening a ditch for tiles.. 203 94 Showing the successive operations necessary in constructing tile drain.. 204 95 Triangular tile drain grader. 205 97 96 Grading frame used in leveling bottom of tile ditch. Mason's level.. 206 207 Manner of accurately determining the proper depth to 105 Masses of maple roots taken from drain tiles. Mole ditcher.. 211 212 213 214 214 215 216 217 Outlet to tile drain or to earthen pipe culvert. 218 114 112 Outlet to drain protected by masonry. General plan of silt well.. 218 113 Improperly protected outlet for drain. 219 220 129 Figures 120 Floating dredge. 121 Open ditch showing slope of banks.. 122 Proper form of surface ditch where earth is firm. 124 Angle of repose where ditch banks have caved in. 127 128 Plat of pond draining into drainage well. Cross section of tiled pond discharging into drainage well Page 223 224 224 224 225 225 225 226 226 .. 227 130 131 Vertical outlet for tile drains through impervious stratum 227 228 132 Drains constructed of boards.. 228 133 Longitudinal section of a pole drain in peaty land. 229 229 230 136 Irrigation supply ditch carried across low areas and through land at grade.. 235 138 137 Method of fluming water supply across low places. Windmill and storage reservoir for irrigation water. 235 236 139 Portable steam pump for flooding rice fields 140 Stationary steam pump for irrigation. How irrigation and drainage systems can be installed on 146 Trial survey line and adopted course for main irrigation 156 Supply ditch as made with reversible road machine. 158 Biped leveling device. 159 Manner of using biped leveling device. B.... .... 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 Ditch for farm lateral made with ordinary stubble plow 260 261 262 160 Detail of adjustable leg of biped leveling device. Figures Page 163 Ditching "A" for finishing small laterals.. 164 Canvas dam. 264 264 Furrow irrigation of garden crops. 267 171 172 173 175 170 Flooding from field laterals without furrows. 174 The pioneers' road macadamized 268 269 270 274 275 300 178 Behavior of a hard and a yielding surface under wheel pressure 304 179 Macadam road cross section. 305 180 Roadway made of 8 inches of gravel on peat. 305 181 Road with side ditches with vertical outer edges. 182 Road made with reversible road machine. 183 Road with rounded ditches. 306 306 307 184 Roadway with rounded ditch and with ditch vertical outer edge.. with 307 185 Roadside ditches made with slush scraper. 308 186 Rudely constructed ditches on both sides of a high fill.. 308 187 Road along drainage canal using earth ridge as roadway 308 188 Road along side of hill without proper provision for drain Properly graded and drained road along side of hill. 309 309 310 310 192 193 Drain tiles laid under middle of roadway 311 311 194 Use of drain tile to intercept water on upper side of roadway 311 196 195 Location of ditch draining a road and adjacent farms.. A grade across peaty land.. 312 313 Reversible road machine moving a furrow-slice toward 315 200 Reversible road machine carrying dirt from deep road- 316 201 Reversible road machine cutting away bank to widen an 317 202 Elevating-grader. 318 203 Elevating-grader. 318 |