plenty of clean food for both rich and poor. To excuse processes of growing food animals, and manufacturing foods which permit and condone unsanitary methods and introduce active drugs into the finished products, stimulates and encourages reprehensible practices, which all interested in the public health should condemn. Happily the Federal courts, both in New Jersey and Indiana, were unconvinced by such specious arguments, and condemned the very processes which were praised and defended before the world's congress of sanitarians.

The workers for the conservation of man do not yet fully realize the great importance of the food supply of the country as a means of producing immunity of disease. The well-nourished body is clad in armor and bears an impenetrable shield which enables one to march into the midst of dangers and for the most part escape unscathed. All power and ethical spirit, therefore, to the men who are chosen to administer the food laws, in order that they may realize the importance of their office to the health of the people, and the life and efficiency of our citizens. Let them learn to put a heart and a soul into science.

IMMUNITY OF HEREDITY.

We are all familiar with the common phrase, the foundation principle of eugenics, "He inherited a good constitution." It is undoubtedly true that we come into the world with widely different vitalities. The true principles of scientific immunity to disease therefore lie imbedded in the human life principles of long past aeons. The ideals of eugenics, as formulated by Francis Galton and elaborated by his nephew, the son of the immortal Darwin, are but irridescent dreams. If man is to be bred scientifically, there must be many selected mothers and a very few high grade fathers. The human race is not yet ready to face the problem in the true light of science and contemplate a race of males of which 75 per cent. are eunuchs. This is kako- instead of eu-genics. As long as the heart is whole, men and women with only one lung will fall in love. For untold centuries to come we must be resigned to a human race composed principally of scrubs. But there is one principle of eugenics which can be and ought to be put into practice. It has been done partially in some States, especially in Indiana. It should be generally adopted. The degenerate, the vicious and the imbecile should not be allowed to propagate. These are classes of society that have no right to multiply. Before proceeding further in restricting parenthood let us see that individuals of both sexes, criminally vicious or imbecile, are segregated or rendered impotent. And even here only the typically bad cases are to be treated. It would be too nice a question for the jury if there was a doubt of any kind, even inconsiderable. Among those of average intelligence, education should do the rest. Teach those who are physically diseased the duty of celibacy. Persuade and not force them.

INDUCED IMMUNITY.

Another method of securing immunity in the human organism is by the development of some morbid condition of a nature similar to or identical with the disease to be combatted, so as to produce in the system anti-bodies, specifically adapted to fight the particular disease which has generated them. The principle of immunization by this method rests upon the successful experiments, or rather observations, respecting a given virus. Jenner's observations in regard to smallpox were purely empirical, and it remained for Pasteur to develop a scientific basis of induced immunization. Serum-therapy is by no means half so important as serum-prophylaxis, and here again comes the importance of education, because there is still a very large and respectable body of our citizens who resent any interference on the part of the State with their rights as regards medical relations. It looks almost like tyranny to force a citizen to subject himself to inoculation of any kind when his own belief in the efficacy of the process is hostile and where he resists enforced immunization. But here again the right of the people asserts itself and thus justifies compulsory vaccination. While education can do much to remove this prejudice, we must expect to always have with us those who conscientiously resent inoculation, and condemn all efforts to prevent disease.

Since, because of lack of care and proper supervision, grave disorders and disease and sometimes death result from the practice of inoculation, the State owes a special duty to its citizens in seeing that all forms of inoculation materials, no matter what their nature may be, are of the purest and best. Of course, the thought presents itself that induced immunization is only a confession of inability to protect the health by isolation of the invading virus. It is something like the pasteurization of milk, which is a mute tribute to insanitary conditions, uncleanly cows, and long keeping; but here it seems that there is no choice left. The impossibility of complete isolation, at least for many years to come, is apparent, and hence the desirability of general immunization becomes obvious. The successful inoculation which has lately been accomplished against typhoid fever is another promise of what the future may bring in the way of immunization by induction. Meanwhile it is the part of wisdom for those who seek the public welfare by the conservation of life. to urge both prophylaxis and immunization, in the hope that the infecting centers will become so few and so remote that good nutrition, and all that it implies in a sanitary way, will eventually become a sufficient protection against communicable diseases.

THE SUPERVISION OF DRUGS.

Hand in hand with the supervision of our food supply, we should not forget the control of drugs. I am far from believing that drugs

are an efficient remedy for all human ills; in fact, I am convinced that they are not. They are at best only adjuncts, except in those cases where specifics have been discovered, as in the case of quinine and malaria, and the arsenic compounds, which have proven so useful in combating syphilis. But without discussing the efficiency of drugs, I think we will all admit that as long as they are articles of commerce they should be pure and of constant strength. To this end we should support, with all our enthusiasm and ability, the efforts which are made to perfect the pharmacopoeia, and to standardize and purify the drugs of commerce.

THE CONSTANT THREAT OF PROPRIETARY MEDICINES.

In this connection I cannot refrain from alluding to one of the greatest dangers of drugs, and that is, their indiscriminate use by the laity. The fakers that pretend to find sovereign remedies for every disease, through the medium of the newspaper and the periodical, of the postal card and the circular, inflame the minds of the people and induct them into indiscriminate drugging. One can generally, by taking up a paper in any localtiy and scanning its columns even carelessly, see the wonderful vogue of these fakes and crimes. Such falsely praised substances as Peruna, Kilmer's Swamp Root, Duffy's Malt Whiskey, and the whole brood of wretched specifics, serve to illustrate the great danger to which we are subjected. But the worst of it all is that through the carelessness of physicians, and sometimes through their criminal pretentions, habits are formed for certain drugs, such as cocaine, opium and its products, chloral and alcohol, which enslave their victims, weaken their vitality, and invite disease. I think I do not exaggerate it when I say that the drug habit, no matter how induced, is a menace to the American people. No matter how slight the ailment or how easily controlled, the first advice and the first act is to "take something," no matter what, or whoever may recommend it, for every imaginable ailment. The effect of this continual drugging upon the human body is more easily imagined than described. The nerves and stomachs of our people are gradually succumbing to the bombardment of pills, pellets and powders. For the sake of gain every possible influence is brought to bear upon the American people to increase the consumption of drugs. The danger is so imminent and so acute that it is hoped that through the means of education a public sentiment may yet be awakened in this country which will protect our people against all these nefarious concoctions. I would not for a moment in any way curtail the right of citizens to consult accredited physicians, no matter to what so-called school they might belong, but it is the duty of the State, as an additional safeguard, to the health and life of our people, to see to it that no one sets himself up as a physician unless he has qualified himself in the fundamental principles of anatomy, hygiene and physiology, to understand the human body and its

operations. We are too prone to tolerate physicians who tell you that the blood which supplies the brain passes into the cranium altogether through the canal of the spinal cord. Charlatanry, quackery, and ignorance in the practice of medicine should be rigidly suppressed. The people of the nation who have freedom of choice should not be left helpless victims of avarice and ignorance.

DANGERS OF STIMULANTS.

In addition to drugs, as commonly considered, the people of our country are also subjected to imminent dangers in the use of stimulii, which have no food value and which induce activities that are beyond the power of the system to sustain. I refer especially to such beverages as tea, coffee, and alcoholic drinks and the manufactured articles containing their active principles, such as coca cola and all the great army of "olas," and to tobacco, as an illustration of additional dangers to which we are likely to succumb. In spite of the fragrance of the coffee, and the aroma of the tea, and the flavor of the rum, and the dreams of the pipe, I am inclined to the belief that it was a sad day for humanity when these things were first brought to the attention of man. In so far as intellectual development is concerned, I find the nations of antiquity, and especially the powerful nations of Greece and Rome, developed to be leaders in architecture, masters of painting and sculpture, and geniuses in poetry and expression, without the aid of any of the stimulii which the artist, the poet and the writer are supposed to depend upon today.

It would indeed be a happy day for the community if all of these stimulii, as appetizing as some of them are, could be relegated to the scrap heap, and the art of their use forever lost. (Applause.) Meanwhile, we all understand that this Utopian condition is at present impossible, and hence we must content ourselves with education and with legal control to prevent the abuse of these bodies and to eliminate the injury which they have done. Temperance may always be practiced, even where prohibition fails. It is therefore the duty of every one concerned with the public health to urge the extremest moderation in the use of tea, coffee, tobacco, and alcoholic beverages, in the hope that the injuries which have already been wrought may be avoided in the future, and temperate indulgence take the place of unbridled consumption until the day of final elimination arrives.

SUMPTUARY LAWS.

In the interest, therefore, of the public health and the lengthening of life and increasing the efficiency of man, we must bring ourselves to the point of acknowledging that the State should control things which in

themselves are injurious and unnecessary must be established. In other words, the individual's rights, so dear to every lover of freedom, the cardinal principle of democracy, must give way to the public good. No one has any right to practice any habit, or induce others to do so, which in itself is likely to prove injurious to humanity. I would leave to the individual the largest freedom in everything that is good, and restrict his activities to the lowest minimum in everything that is bad. I would not make of man a machine, nor would I desire that he should live in an environment which in any way would tend to affect his evolution and progress injuriously, and so I preach what seems to me the only solution of all these evils-education, temperance, legal restriction of abuse, and leave the rest to the manly part of humanity.

If I can in my life just put one nail in the coffin of quackery and false medicine, I will not have lived in vain; if by my voice I can get one man or woman interested in a healthy way of living, my work will not be in vain; if I can save one infant from premature death, my life will be well spent.

I believe when you conserve a man physically you conserve him mentally and morally, and then sin and sorrow and suffering will pass. There are only two learned professions in the world that are necessary— one is agriculture and the other is teaching. If you feed men right and teach them right, there will be no law breaking, and hence we will need no lawyers; there will be no sickness, so we will need no physicians; and when you have a country that is so happy as to have no law breakers or sick people, you will not need anybody's help to get you into heaven, so we can do away with the ministers. (Laughter.)

THE PROLONGATION OF LIFE.

What is in sight in the way of prolonging human life? I have briefly laid down what seems to be the fundamental principles of the conservation of man and the prevention of disease. If this plan can be carried out, is there any hope to be offered to man of greater freedom from disease and a longer life? I answer unhesitatingly in the affirmative. Why should we be content with an average life of 44 years? There is historical evidence to show that man's greatest activities are developed with experience and that the age between 60 and 70 is more productive for one who has lived in accordance with nature. It is shown from statistics that we die sixteen years before we reach the maximum usefulness of man. I would like to see more old age. I would like to see more men and women with gray hair and more wrinkled faces than I can see today. To all this, objection may be made that a place must be made for the young man and young woman; that the old man and woman keep the young from development and usefulness. But to this I reply, that there is infinite opportunity for good work offered to all.