The Principles and Practice of Land Drainage: Embracing a Brief History of Underdraining; a Detailed Examination of Its Operation and Advantages: a Description of Various Kinds of Drains, with Practical Directions for Their Construction: the Manufacture of Drain-tile, Etc. ...R. Clarke, 1867 - 454 páginas |
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Términos y frases comunes
absorbed acre agricultural alkali ammonia amount bottom brick calcareous carbonate carbonic acid cecidomyia cent clay clay soil clayey condition contained corn cost crops cultivated depth discharge distance ditch drain pipe drain water drainage drained land drained soil drainers drought earth evaporation experiments fall farm farmer feet deep field filled filtration four feet frost Gorlitz grass ground heat Holmfield humus impervious inches Johnston kiln laid length less lime loam loamy soil machine magnesia main drain manure means mgrms minor drains moisture mole plow observations Ohio outlet particles phosphoric acid plants pores porous portion potash produce quantity rain retain rods roots sand sandy saturated season side silicic acid soil solution spring stagnant water stones strata stratum sub-main subsoil surface swamp temperature three feet tion trench tube underdraining undrained vegetable wheat Width 1 foot Width 2 feet winter Yards
Pasajes populares
Página 110 - ... without diminution or alteration. No proprietor has a right to use the water to the prejudice of other proprietors, above or below him, unless he has a prior right to divert it, or a title to some exclusive enjoyment. He has no property in the water itself, but a simple usufruct while it passes along. ' Aqua currit et debet currere
Página 32 - Mr. Johnston says tile-draining pays for itself in two seasons, sometimes in one. Thus, in 1847, he bought a piece of ten acres to get an outlet for his. drains. It was a perfect quagmire, covered with coarse aquatic grasses, and so unfruitful that it would not give back the seed sown upon it. In 1848 a crop of corn was taken from it, which was measured and found to be eighty bushels per acre, and as, because of the Irish...
Página 267 - It is wrought in the shape of a wedge, brought in the bottom to the narrowest limit which will admit the collar by tools admirably adapted to that purpose. The foot of the operator is never within 20 inches of the floor of the drain ; his tools are made of iron plated on steel, and never lose their sharpness, even when worn to the stumps; because, as the softer material, the iron, wears away, the sharp steel edge is always prominent.
Página 285 - ... in agricultural Britain. This temperature is little affected by summer heats, for the following short reasons. Water, in a quiescent state is one of the worse conductors of heat with which we are acquainted.
Página 289 - But to return to our wheat. In the first case, it shrinks before the cold of evaporation and the cold of water of attraction, and it sickens because its feet are never dry; it suffers the usual maladies of cold and wet. In the second case, the excess of cold by evaporation is withdrawn ; the cold water of attraction is removed out of its way ; the warm air from the surface, rushing in to supply the place of...
Página 299 - Parkes' plan by far most desirable. " 3. There can be no doubt that it is the depth of the drain which regulates the escape of the surface water in a given time ; regard being had, as respects extreme distances, to the nature of the noil, and a due capacity of the pipe.
Página 108 - Of course all these injurious effects are at once overcome by thorough draining, the result of which is to establish a direct communication between the interstitial canals and the drains, by which means it follows that no water can remain any length of time in these canals without, by its gravitation, finding its way into the drains.
Página 107 - Not only are the pores filled, but the interstitial canals are likewise full, and the consequence is that the whole process of the germination and growth of vegetables is materially interfered with. We shall here, therefore, briefly state the injurious effects of an excess of water, for the purpose of impressing more strongly on your minds the necessity of thorough draining, as the first and most essential step towards the improvement of your soil.
Página 285 - The small portion warmed expands, becomes lighter than that below, consequently retains its position on the surface, and carries no heat downwards. To ascertain the mean heat of the air at the surface of the earth, over any extended space, and for a period of eight or nine months, is no simple operation. More elements enter into such a calculation than we have space or ability to enumerate ; but we know certainly that for seven months in the year, air, at the surface of the ground, is seldom lower...
Página 285 - When water is heated from below, the portion first subjected to the heat rises to ihe surface, and every portion is successively subjected to the heat and rises, and each, having lost some of its heat at the surface, is in turn displaced. Constant motion is kept up, and a constant approximation to an equal temperature in the whole body. The application of superficial heat has no tendency to disturb the quiescence of water. ' Construct the common pump' has become rather stale in little-go examinations...