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of a hundred men. In a country where the king went about unattended, or only guarded by a few men of a regiment of cavalry, a minifter conftantly furrounded by the naked fwords of a corps devoted to his particular fervice, could not fail to excite odium, and an outcry of tyranny. But his precautions were neceffary in the midst of a nobility the more dangerous becaufe cowardly, a fanatic and aggrieved clergy, and a riotous populace. The fame defence cannot be made for the pride and oftentation of power, which induced him to erect a palace for himfelf, while his fovereign was dwelling in a hovel, after the royal refidence had been fhaken into ruins by the earthquake of

1755.

When the most urgent cares refulting from that event, and thofe that grew out of the confpiracy, were over, the Marquis de Pombal returned with equal ardour and fuccefs to his favourite reforms. He re-animated commerce and the arts; created a navy, and rebuilt the unfortunate town of Lifbon. His efforts were not always unrewarded by the gratitude of his countrymen; and when, in 1766, a dangerous malady threatened to carry him off, the alarm was general throughout Portugal. But towards the clofe of his career he became lefs popular, perhaps not without reafon. At a time of Life when most men feek repofe, his peaceful labours were not enough for him. He engaged the Portuguese colonies in hoftilities with thofe of Spain; and was deliberately provoking a war in Europe, when, in the beginning of 1777, Jofeph I. died, and with him the power of the Marquis de Pombal. In a week after the demife of the crown he was ftripped of all his employments. Though in his 77th year, his mental and corporeal faculties were equally unimpaired, and his manners fo infinuating, that the Queen Dowager charged her daughter not to admit him to an audience, well aware that, after two or three conferences, he would have gained a dominion over her mind, as complete as that which he had exercifed over the deceafed monarch's.

At the coronation of the new queen the nobility, grown more ferocious by the length of the time they had been chained down, inftigated the people by their emiffaries to demand the late minifter's head, and the multitude was dif poled to gratify them; when, on a fudden, a lody of cavalry appeared, headed by an officer who forbade the Marquis de Pombal to be named under the mofk ri

gorous penalties. The fidalgos, who were affembled in a gallery, were much dif concerted at the filence that enfued. They were obferved to be in great agitation, running backward and forward, fending off melages, and darting looks of anger and impatience at the crowd. It was in vain : fome dozen of voices, which exclaimed Pombal! Pombal! were inftantly overpowered by cries of Long live the Queen from Carvalho's partizans.

To perfect the great plans, which the Marquis de Pombal had sketched out, would have required twenty years prolongation of his miniftry, or fimilar fucceffors. None fuch appeared; the nation fell back into apathy, and into the clutches of the priests; and all the old evils, and all the old abufes, returned. The people then began to perceive that he had been labouring for their benefit; and, in fpite of the feverity of his adminiftration, would gladly have been governed again by that head which they had fo lately devoted to the block*.

It is generally remarked, perhaps ge nerally true, that the folitude of discarded minifters is haunted by the ghost of their former grandeur; that they cannot confole themselves for the loss of attendance, adulation, and power; and that their mind, accuftomed to the management of great affairs, preys upon itself, when deprived of its ufual aliment. Carvalho was a ftranger to these torments. He lived cheerfully, in modeft retirement, on his eftate of Pombal, paffing his time in reading, in doing acts of beneficence to his indigent neighbours and vaffals, and in adminiftering confolation to his wife, whofe weaker nature, and German pride, could ill brook difgrace, and who then began for the first time to regret that ever fhe left Vienna.

Though a man of a great, fagacious, and intrepid mind, the Marquis of Pombal was far from a perfect character. Haughty, violent, vindictive, and rapacious, he mixed his own injuries and intereft with thofe of the ftate. Even when in fole purfuit of the general welfare, he was not irreproachable. Instead of removing the obftacles that ftood in his way with difcretion, he rudely overturned them, without caring whom they crushed; and thus miffed the fame of a good minifter, by being too eager to do good.

faying was current in Portugal: Mal tor *Soon after his difgrace, the following mal, melhor Pombal" that is, Evil for evil: it were better to have Pombal.

VARIETIES,

LITERARY and PHILOSOPHICAL; Including Notices of Works in Hand, Domestic and Foreign. * Authentic Communications for this Article will always be thankfully received. SECOND volume of Dr. TROT- Mr. Job Orton's work on the Old Tefta A TER'S Medicina Nautica is now in ment, according to the plan which the the prefs, and will be published early in author himfelf had formed, in two large February.-The plan of the former part volumes, 8vo. of this work is more or lefs continued, with communications from Navy Surgeons, in moft foreign stations as well as in the fleet

at home.

Mr. MACKINTOSH, the celebrated author of Vindicia Gallice," propofes to deliver a Courfe of Lectures in Lincoln's Inn Hall, on the Law of Nature and Nations, comprehending the whole PhiLofophy of Morality, Government, and Law. They are to be continued three times a week during the fitting of the Courts in Weftminster Hall.

The publication of the British Medical Journal is deferred by unavoidable circumftances till the first day of March, when it will make its appearance under the more comprehenfive title of the Medical and Phyfical Journal. Mr. W. Mudie, of Edinburgh, will act as its agent for North Britain, and Mr. Colbert, of Dublin, as its agent for Ireland. The profpect of patronage and of valuable correfpondence is already exceedingly fattering.

Mr. F. Twiss has for twelve years paft been employed in the compilation of an Index to Shakespeare, which he has now brought to a conclufion, and pur. pofes to publifh in the courfe of the enfuing winter.This molt elaborate Index is on a plan, different from any which has hitherto appeared, as it contains a diftin&t enumeration of every fubftantive, adjective, verb, participle, and adverb, to be met with in Shakspeare's plays, with a particular reference to every paffage, in which they occur, in a manner adapted to every edition.

About the end of March will be publifhed in a quarto volume, by John and Arthur Arch, Grove-Hill,' a defcriptive Poem and an Ode to Mithra, by the Rev. THOMAS MAURICE, author of the Hif. tory of Hindoftan, &c.

Mifs PLUMPTRE, the tranflator of Kotzebue's Lover's Vows, and of his Count of Borgundy is at this time engaged in the tranflation of the two fine Dramas of that Author, entitled the "Virgin of the Sun," and the Death of Rollo. Propofals will fhortly be published for 24 abridgement of Dr. Doddridge's Family Expofitor, as a continuation of

For the fake of those who wish to learn, or to teach Dr. Doddridge's Short-hand, (which was an improvement upon Riche's fyftem, recommended by Locke,) one who had been a pupil in the Doctor's academy,, propoles to publifh the rules in a method entirely new; the characters made with a pen. In fome copies blank spaces will be left to be filled up by any one who prefers doing it himself.

A new edition of the Biographical Work, entitled Public Characters of 1798, is in the prefs, with additions, and corrected and revifed in every ar ticle.

A fourth Set of Glees, for three, four, and five voices, by JOHN DANBY, together with The Ode to Hope, in eight parts, prefented to the Glee Club, is intended to be published by fubfcription, for the benefit of the author's family in the month of March, 1799, price 1os. 6d.

Mr. BROWN, author of a Treatife on Scrophulous Difeafes, has in the prefs a Poem, intitled Inkle and Yarico,' founded on Mr. Coleman's celebrated Opera of that name. He has alfo made confiderable progrefs in his work on the Anatomy and Phyfiology of the Teeth.

A new edition, with confiderable al terations and improvements, will fhortly make its appearance of the work, entitled Literary Memoirs of Living Authors.'

An interefting work, for the ufe of young perfons, is in the prefs, and will be ready for delivery in the courfe of this month, entitled The Discovery of America;' comprifing the Life and Discoveries of Chriftopher Columbus, with frontifpiece and map; from the German of J. H. CAMPE, the Author of Young Robinfon.

Profeffor DANZEL, of Hamburgh, has circulated propofals for publishing by fubfcriptions of one guinea, A Defcription,' in French, illuftrated with eighteen engravings,

Imo. Of an Acroftatic Machine, to direc Air-Balloons, called Danzeline;

2do. Of a fecond Aeroftatic Machine, pointing out the means of direction;

3tio. Of a third, affording another way to direct Air-Balloons;

4to. Of an Hydraulic Machine, to put in motion the rudder of a ship; and, confe

quently

quently to make her go without the leaft air ftirring, i. e. in a dead calm.

All his own invention.

After the copies fhall have been delivered out to every fubfcriber, or the perfon he authorifes to receive the fame, all the numbers will be put in a wheel, and every hundredth number that fhall be drawn, will be entitled to a small model of the Aeroftatic Machine called DanzeLine, ready fitted up. The drawing to take place in the corfe of May 1799, in the prefence of the fubfcribers refiding at the place of drawing, which place, as well as the day of drawing, is to be publicly advertifed. The expence attending the conveyance of the models to be defrayed by the winners; and a lift of fuch winning members will likewise be publifhed. Subfcriptions taken in Great Britain, by Dulau and Co.

A publication is about to appear under the title of the Ladies' Annual Regifter,' intended to record whatever paffes in each preceding year interefting in any degree to the female and fashionable world.

EICHHORN'S Introduction to the Books of the Old Teftament and Apocrypha, will fhortly be committed to the Univerfity prefs, by the Rev. Mr. Lloyd, Regius Profeffor of Hebrew at Cambridge; who, inftead of confining his attention to tranflating alone, has undertaken to anfwer the objections of the author, and fubjoin important additions to his work.

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THE ARTS. To the admirers of the fine arts, LONDON at prefent affords variety of entertainment, which for value, variety, and fplendour, cannot be paralleled in any other city in the world.

The Orleans Gallery was once the great ornament of Paris: the pictures are faid to have coft the immenfe fum of 480,000l. On the breaking out of the troubles in France, they paffed from the hands of the proprietors into thofe of Mr. Woltiers, the banker, of Bruffels; by whom they were made over to M. De La Borde, banker to the King of France; and by him they were very judicioufly configned to England.

The first part of the collection, confifting of the Flemish and Dutch pictures, were fold, in the year 1793. The remainder, confifting of the Italian School, by much the most valuable, are now upon fale. The whole, confifting of 296 pictures, were purchafed by the Duke of Bridgewater, Lord Carlifle, and Lord Gower, for fomething more than forty shousand pounds,

This may unquestionably be denomi- . nated a matchlefs collection;-but at the fame time that we beltow upon it every eulogium which the united efforts of artifts of other days, and other climes, are entitled to,

"On Greece and Rome why lavish all our •praife Let us not neglect the natives of our own country, which, notwithstanding the vifionary calculations of M. L'Abbe Winckelman, and fome other writers, who have tried to prove that we are in too cold a latitude for the production of works of genius, may now boaft of ductions that will ftand the teft of com. parifon; of productions, which prove that we have improved, and are improving in the polite arts.

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MACKLIN'S gallery, confifting of a collection of pictures by English artists, generally painted in a style that does great honour to the English school, is now fubmitted to the public, and to be each; difpofed of by tickets, price 51. 5s. to be determined by the enfuing State Lottery. To thofe who wish to poffefs a chance for fome of the finest pictures that ever were painted in this country, this affords an admirable opportunity, at a very fmall expence, for every unfuccefsful adventurer is entitled to two prints, the figures in which are engraved by Bartolozzi, and at a very low eftimation may be deemed worth half the original price

of the ticket.

An exhibition of a new and very fingu lar description is on the point of being opened in the Haymarket. It confifts of between one and two hundred pictures of birds, beafts, and fishes, by the late Mr. Eliner of Farnham, in Surrey. This modeft, unafsuming, and admirable artist, retained for more than half a century the first rank in that branch of the arts which he profeffed and practifed. In laborious and high-finishing he may have been equalled by fome of the Flemish and Dutch painters; but in accuracy of drawing, character of the fpecies, and spirit, he excelled them all. He died a thort time fince, at 82 years of age. The pictures which were not difpofed of at his death, among which are fome of the best he ever painted, will be fubmitted to public infpection, in the Haymarket, as The Sportsman's Exhibition.

The honourable Mrs. DAMER has

offered to execute a portrait of Lord NELSON, either in marble or bronze, to be placed in any part of the city which the Lord Mayor and Court of Aldermen

may

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may deem proper. This, while it commemorates the victory obtained by the gallant admiral, reflects high honour on the lady, who in this age of trifling and diffipation, can quit the gay and giddy circle of fashionable folly, and boldly venture on a task which demands not only talents and taste, but labour and perfe

verance.

An admirable copy from an equeftrian model of the King by Carlini, was fome time fince etched by Bartolozzi, and is now completed, and published by BROM

LEY.

Some very correct and fpirited copies from Hogarth are juft publifhed in the third volume of JOHN IRELAND'S "Il luftrations of Hogarth," copied from original drawings, &c. in the poffeffion of the Editor, who also poffeffes twelve very curious pictures from Hudibras, painted in the early part of Hogarth's life, and beaming with spirit and character.

With a view to the farther advancement of the imitative arts, Mr. JAMES TASSIE, No. 20, Leiccfter-fquare, London, has long been employed, and with great fuccefs, in transfering the figures and heads of antique and modern engraved gems into coloured glafs and enamel, fimilar to the originals in colour, durability, and brilliancy. This, according to the opinion expreffed by fome eminent connoifeurs, proves to be the finest difcovery for perpetuating the works of miniature fculpture that has been made in modern times. Hence may various remains of ancient genius, which were loft to the world at large, be univerfally diffufed, with all their intrinfic excellence. It tends greatly to facilitate this branch of the study of antiquity, that the fubjects may be comprehended in a narrow compafs, are conveniently portable, and not liable to mutulation, like the other productions of fculpture, which are formed in the ordinary manner. Having about thirty years ago been induced to give up his practice in the large figures, Mr. TASSIE betook himself alfo to the modelling of portraits, finifhed in femitransparent enamel, refembling the pureft oriental onyx, and suitable to be used as rings, bracelets, feals, and other ornaments. The fociety of arts and commerce confidered his specimens of cameos to be fo great an improvement, that they were pleased to encourage him by a handfome bounty. He has been countenanced by many of the firft perfonages in this country, as well as by feveral diftinguished promoters, of the arts abroad.

The late Empress of Ruffia was pleased to honour him with orders to execute a

complete cabinet of intaglios and cameos, accompanied with an hiftorical defcription; and preferving, as accurately as poffible, the appearance of the original gems. He has for many years been engaged in foreign and other commiffions for felect collections of intaglios and cameos, alfo of fulphurs and other cheap compofitions. The intaglios are fo made as to feal either with or without being mounted in feals, and are placed in various kinds of fmall cabinets, which are efteemed peculiarly convenient for ladies who amuie themfelves by cafting impreflions.-As medals have ever been a favourite mode of procuring the portraits of celebrated characters, Mr. PINKERTON, who has been at uncommon pains in obtaining the most authentic portraits of the Scottish kings, has fuggefted the modelling of these, and fuch other fubjects as it may be thought proper to perpetuate. Mr. P. has enabled Meffrs. TASSIE fenior and junior to make a beginning, and fpecimens may now be feen' of James I, to James V. and of Mary. To avoid the expence incident to the engraving or dyes, thofe medals are to be caft in metal, in imitation of fuch as were executed at the time of the revival of the arts. Should this attempt meet with approbation, it is intended to go as far back as any real veftige can justify. TASSIE's collection of coloured paste intaglios and cameos, white enamel, and fulphur impreffions of ancient and modern' gems, which amounts to 20,000, has been about forty years in forming, and exceeds in number, variety of fubjects, and style of engraving, every other in Europe. It contains almost every great collection of originals, including the beft works of antiquity; together with fuch as barbarous or lefs polifhed ages, as well as modern times, have produced. In this view, it is peculiarly calculated to fhew the origin, progrefs, former perfection, and present state of the art.

-Mr.

There has appeared at Paris, from DIDOT's prefs, in 4to. a very complete edition of "Anacreon;" containing the Greek text, the Latin verfion, a French tranflation, critical notes, and two preliminary differtations by Profeffor GAIL, Greek odes fet to mufic, and a difcourfe on the mufic of the Greeks.

In a contagious typhous fever which prevailed in Tuscany about a year fince, Dr. POLIDORI fuccefsfully made ufe of a method, confifting of the exhibition of

mild ftimulants, fmall dofes of laudanum, a moderately cordial regimen with wine, the admiffion of pure air, and abftaining from all evacuating and debilitating meafures. The Peruvian bark was always found ufelefs or hurtful. We rejoice to fee fuch an improvement upon former practice introduced into a country lately devoted to old theories.

The first volume, and one number of the fecond, of the "Flora Atlantica" of the celebrated botanift DESFONTAINES, are publifhed at Paris. This valuable work is the fruit of a tour made from the year 1783 to 1786, along the chain of mountains which croffes the ftates of Tunis and Algiers, and extends to the kingdom of Morocco. The plants are arranged according to the Linnæan fyftem, and the defcriptions are accompanied with accurate plates.

Inftance of Improvement. The Spaniards now, when a houfe is on fire, bring water before the holy facrament.

The REPUBLICAN LYCEUM at Paris recommenced its courfes on the 1ft Frimaire (Nov. 21) with the following claffes and profeffors: Technology, Hafenfratz; Phyfico-economical Geography, Coquebert Chemistry, Fourcroy; Italian language, Boldoni; Natural Philofophy, Deparcieux; Anatomy and Physiology, Sue; English language, Roberts; German language, Weifs; Hiftory, Garat; Natural History, Alex. Brogniart; Lite rature, Mercier.

The NATIONAL INSTITUTE of the Ligurian Republic has opened at Genoa. It is compofed of 72 members, of whom half are refidents, and half are affociates living within the republic. There are two claffes of fubjects treated on: the first, that of the mathematical and phyfical sciences, fubdivided into three departments; the fecond, that of philofophy, literature, and the fine arts, with the fame number of fubdivifions.

The NATIONAL INSTITUTE of Cairo, formed by the learned men, who accompanied BUONAPARTE, is rather a ludierous than a ferious object in the prefent Kate of the French affairs in Egypt. From the fubjects of enquiry propofed by the general we may infer an actual or impending want of feveral of the most neceffary articles for the army.

The first and fecond parts of that fplendid work, "Voyage pittorefque de la Syrie, de la Phenicie, de la Palestine, & de la Bafie Egypte," have been delivered to the fubfcribers. Each contains fix fine plates, the fubjects of which appear to be well chofen.

A complete and elegant edition of the mufical works of Mozart is publishing by BREITKOPF and HÆRTEL at Leipfic.

The French botanists in Egypt have had a very poor harveft. The country has not yielded them more than twenty different fpecies. The moft extraordinary tree there is the wild fig or fycomore, a fingle, one of which is fufficient to thade feveral peafants huts, as well as the oxen employed in working machines for draw. ing up water. Thele huts, however, are reprefented as the most miferable human habitations perhaps in the globe: they are made of mud, not more than three feet in height, and their only entrance is a round hole of a foot and a half diameter.

On the evening of December 7, BouVARD, aftronomer at the obfervatory, difcovered a comet in the constellation of Hercules. The next morning, at half paft fix, it had 248 degrees of right afcenfion, and 31 of north declination. It had advanced 43 minutes per hour towards the eaft, and 28 towards the fouth. It is fmall, and difficult to be feen. This makes the 89th comet, according to the catalogue in LALANDE's aftronomy.

A ridiculous duel is faid to have been fought in one of the principal German univerfitics between two profeffois, in confequence of a difpute on the method of obferving a comet.

The Teplerian Society of Haerlem have announced the two following prize quef

tions: "What are the motives which have engaged moft nations to employ the metals, eipecially gold and filver, as reprefentative figns of value and wealth: what are the advantages and inconveniences of this medium of circulation; and might not others be usefully and durably fubftituted to it?" What is the influence of a republican conftitution on the happiness of a people; and to, what degree is this influence capable of being elucidated and demonftrated by examples derived from the Greek and Roman republics?"

Von Troil, archbishop of Upfal, author of the Letters on Iceland,' opened a confiftory in July laft, with a Difcourf

On the Utility of Controverfies in Theology. Probably few heads of established churches in Europe would now chufe to meddle with fuch a topic, especially taking the affirmative fide.

Foreign journals are full of lifts of books, medals, prints, &c. prohibited in the dominions of the Emperor of Germany, the King of Pruffia, and other potentates on the continent. Such is the

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