organic law. The King appoints a privy council to advise on matters of state, and can dismiss the council at his pleasure. He retained extensive prerogatives under the Constitution of 1864, including the right to make treaties, except such as involved changes in the tariff or the laws of the kingdom, which must be referred to the assembly. All laws to become valid required his assent. He was the fountain of all honors, orders, and distinctions, the commander-in-chief of the military forces, with power to place the country under martial law in case of rebellion or invasion, power to coin money and regulate the currency, and the right of granting pardons. Judges were made irremovable except on impeachment.

In 1873 King Kamehameha V died without heirs and without appointing a successor, as he had power to do under the Constitution. Prince William Charles Lunalilo was elected king by a general vote of the people, as the Constitution directed. He died the following year, leaving his private fortune to found a home for poor, aged, and infirm natives. The High Chief David Kalakaua, his competitor for the throne, was this time elected by a large majority over Queen Emma, and was proclaimed king on Feb. 13, 1874, under the style and title of Kalakaua I. His sister, Princess Liliuokolani, was named heiress-apparent, as defined by the Constitution. King Kalakaua was born Nov. 16, 1836, of pure Hawaiian blood, and related to the royal family, his mother, Keohokalole, having been a niece of Kamehameha I. He was crowned, with his wife, Queen Kapiolani, on Feb. 12, 1883.

Area and Population.-The kingdom consists of eight principal islands and several small isles. Only the islands Hawaii, Maui, Oahu, Kauai, Molokai, Lanai, and Niihau are inhabited, Kahulawe having been abandoned some years ago. The area of the inhabited islands is as follows: Hawaii, 4,850 square miles; Maui, 750 square miles; Oahu, on which is situated Honolulu, the capital, 700 square miles; Kauai, 780 square miles; Molokai, 170 square miles; Lanai, 170 square miles; and Niihau, 110 square miles. The population of the kingdom at the time of the last census, Dec. 27, 1884, was 80,578 persons, divided into 51,539 males and 29,039 females. There were 40,014 natives, 17,939 Chinese, 17,335 whites, 4,218 métis, 116 Japanese, and 956 others. The white population embraced 2,066 Americans, 1,282 English, 1,600 Germans, 192 French, 9,377 Portuguese, 778 of other nationalities, and 2,040 children of foreigners born in the country. The population of Honolulu in 1884 was 20,487. The immigration in 1885 was 5,410 and the emigration 1,805. Of the immigrants 3,108 came from China and 1,961 from Japan, the importation of laborers from the latter country being encouraged at the time by the Government, the Chinese laborers who were formerly brought to cultivate the sugar plantations having proved objectionable.

About 10,000 Portuguese from the islands of St. Michaels and Madeira have been imported for the same purpose. In 1886 there were 3,725 arrivals and 2,189 departures. The passport law is very stringent, no person after a month's residence being permitted to leave the kingdom without a passport, which can not be granted to any one indebted to the Government or to a private individual, or to a defendant in a civil or criminal suit, or to any applicant against whom complaint is made that he is leaving without providing for the maintenance of his family. The native population was probably 200,000 when Capt. Cook discovered the islands in 1778. Within a century the indigenes, who are allied to the Maoris of New Zealand, have decreased to their present number.

The school law compels the attendance at school of every child between the ages of six and fifteen years. The free Government schools are supported by a tax of $2 per capita paid by every male inhabitant of the islands between the ages of twenty and sixty. For the biennial period 1884-'86 the sum spent on the schools for each year was $173,020. Every form of religion is permitted and protected. Nearly all the natives are Christians. There is a bishop of the Episcopal Church, to which the king belongs, and a Roman Catholic bishop. Large sums of money are annually expended by the Government for the cure of the lepers, about 700 in number, who are isolated in hospitals on the island of Molokai. The expenditure under this head in 1885 was $75,000. Father Damien, a Roman Catholic missionary who devoted his life to the welfare of these unfortunates, recently fell a victim to the disease.

Commerce and Agriculture.-The great range of temperature at the different elevations and the variety of soil are conducive to the cultivation of products characteristic of both southern and northern climates. Subtropical plants and shrubs are brought to great perfection on the plains near the sea-level. Sugar is the most valuable product of the kingdom. On higher elevations fruits, cereals, and grasses of the temperate zone grow well. Imported grass has supplanted the native species. The pasture-lands of Hawaii and some of the other islands are favorable for the breeding of cattle. In 1884 there were in the islands 30,140 horses, 117,613 cattle, 121,683 sheep, 21,860 goats, 2,942 mules, and 278 asses, besides hogs and a large quantity of poultry. Wild hogs, goats, and cattle, wild turkeys, pheasants, duck, plover, and quail abound in the forests that clothe the mountains and in other waste places, and excellent food-fish in the rivers of Hawaii and Kauai.

The sugar and rice crops have engaged the entire attention of cultivators until very recently, when the low price of sugar and uncertainty regarding the continuance of the reciprocity treaty with the United States have led to practical attempts to utilize the other

natural resources of the country. The sugarcrop of 1886 was the largest ever obtained, amounting to 115,000 tons. The crop of 1887 was estimated at 100,000 tons.

The commerce of the Hawaiian Kingdom is, in proportion to its population, without an equal in the world. The exports for 1885 were about $125 per head of the population, New South Wales coming next in importance with about $60. The imports during 1885 were about $50 per head of the population. The imports and exports for the last four years were valued, in round numbers, as follow:

Total exports.

8,195,000 9,069,000

10,457,000

The United States monopolizes nearly the whole of the foreign trade. In 1886 94 per cent. of the total foreign commerce was with the United States, the volume of commercial transactions with this country having been $14,414,751. The United States imported merchandise of the value of $4,002,000, while $370,000 of the imports came from Great Britain, $266,000 from China and Japan, $94,000 from Germany, $11,000 from France, and $135,000 from other countries. Of the exports $10,324,000 went to the United States, while Germany took $12,000, and other countries $4,000. The importation of coin and bullion in 1886 was $1,142,946 and the exportation $43,277. The export of sugar has increased from 3,006,000 pounds in 1862 to 142,655,000 pounds in 1884, 171,350,000 pounds in 1885, and 216,223,000 pounds in 1886. The export of rice increased from 111,000 pounds in 1862 to 9,535,000 pounds in 1884, but has since fallen off to 7,367,000 pounds in 1885 and 7,339,000 pounds in 1886. The export of coffee was 146,000 pounds in 1862, but only 4,000 pounds in 1884, 2,000 pounds in 1885, and 6,000 pounds in 1886. The export of wool was 40,000 pounds in 1862, 408,000 pounds in 1884, 474,000 pounds in 1885, and 419,000 pounds in 1886. There were 58,040 bunches of bananas exported in 1884, 60,046 in 1885, and 45,862 in 1886. The number of hides of cattle and skins of calves and goats exported in 1862 was 68,537; in 1884, 49,306; in 1885, 47,636; and in 1886, 61,740. The official returns for 1885 show a sugar production of 171,350,314 pounds, out of which the United States took 171,346,625 pounds. The crop of rice for 1885 was large, though it fell short of the production of the four preceding years. The United States consumed 7,362,200 pounds out of a total production of 7,367,253 pounds. The entire exports of fresh bananas, of goatskins, 19,782; hides, 19,045; and sheep-skins, 8.783, were consumed by America. The erop of wool, amounting to 474,121 pounds, was exported to England.

The post-office, from April 1, 1884, to March 31, 1886, forwarded 1,369,049 letters and cards, and 1,311,470 newspapers and circulars. The receipts were $63,674, and the expenditures $76,347.

The first telegraph line, 40 miles in length, was opened from Wailuku to Lahaina on Maui in 1878, and has since been extended over the entire surface of the island. There are 100 miles of telephone on the island of Oahu and 90 miles between Hilo and Kawaihae on the island of Hawaii, besides lines on the other principal islands. Nearly every house and place of business in Honolulu has a telephone.

The Reign of King Kalakaua.-Kalakaua began his reign with useful acts and benevolent resolves. His policy was declared in a speech that he made shortly after his accession to be "to increase the nation," and measures were taken to promote immigration. The attempt to introduce laborers from other Polynesian islands proved a failure. The Portuguese who were introduced were, however, most useful colonists, capable of performing all kinds of labor, notwithstanding the enervating climate which impairs the energies of men of northern countries. The Chinese poured into the country of their own accord. Although they contributed greatly to develop the productive resources of the country, they soon produced dissatisfaction, because, while remaining a foreign community and being for the major part only temporary residents, they soon acquired property, became planters and traders, and not only obtained possession of the lands of the unthrifty Kanakas, but proved unwelcome competitors to the American and European planters. In 1876, while King Kalakaua was visiting the United States, the reciprocity treaty was concluded, admitting Hawaiian raw sugar into the United States and many American products into the Sandwich islands free of

duty. This arrangement had the effect of pouring capital into the country, chiefly from the United States, although English and German capital was invested in plantations and sugar-mills. Money became plentiful where it had before been very scarce, and a period of extravagance in private and public expenditure began. This has been followed by a period of depressing reaction. In 1881 Kalakaua made a tour of the world with the object of promoting immigration. The only practical result of the mission was a convention with Japan. The tour had the effect, however, of enlarging the King's ideas of government and developing his ambition for power and taste for regal display and military parade, the first outcome of which was the coronation ceremony of 1883. Since that time extravagance and waste have run riot in the kingdom, attended with every form of official corruption and legislative jobbery. The American missionaries, who once controlled a powerful party and were potent in the affairs of the nation, had incurred the reproach of avarice and cruelty, but the politicians who succeeded them were far less scrupulous. The King in the beginning of his reign, adopting the cry of "Hawaii for the Hawaiians," had dismissed his missionary advisers. He gradually reverted to barbaric customs, revived pagan dances, and fell under the influence of soothsayers, while his subjects relapsed into their old habits of sloth and vice. His Government obtained advances from financial agents without difficulty. A royal palace was built at a cost of $1,000,000, which was double the original estimate. The Government ran into debt to Claus Spreckles, the San Francisco sugarrefiner, for money advanced to defray current expenses to the amount of $750,000. When he refused to lend a larger sum without security, a syndicate of London capitalists was formed, and negotiations for a loan of $10,000,000 were carried on through an intermediary named McFarlane with an English banker whose name was Fruhlung, a member of the syndicate. The Legislature of 1886 was appealed to for a loan bill, and one was approved on September 1, authorizing a loan of $2,000,000, of which $300,000 was to be used in converting 7- and 9-per-cent. bonds, $250,000 for the encouragement of immigration, $75,000 for waterworks, and $100,000 for sewerage in Honolulu, $350,000 for harbor improvements, $250,000 on streets and roads, $75,000 for a highway across Oahu, $75,000 for a cable between the islands, $75,000 for bridges, $150,000 to repay a special loan, $39,000 to purchase a steamer, and $86,000 to float the loan. The act was not satisfactory to the agent of the London syndicate, and was not acted upon. An amended bill was introduced, and subsequently became law. A proviso limiting the amount of borrowing to $2,000,000 was rejected, which led to the resignation of the ministry and the formation of a new one by Walter M. Gibson, a

prominent politician, who came to the country as agent of the Mormons for the purchase of land when they thought of emigrating from the United States, became a large land-owner, and assumed the part of a champion of the rights and interests of the native race. The loan act was changed in its main features and was passed, and on October 15 received the signature of the King. The Legislature, composed for the most part of Kanakas elected by corrupt means, passed also an appropriation bill amounting to $4,552,477, the revenue being estimated at $2,839,924, which was much more than the probable yield. The Cabinet consisted of Mr. Gibson and three Kanakas. The estimated expenditure was $2,830,809, and the ministry was twice changed, Mr. Gibson always remaining in office, before the appropriation act was passed. The last ministry was composed as follows: Minister of the Interior, W. M. Gibson; Minister of Foreign Affairs, R. D. Creighton; Minister of Finance, P. Kanoa; Attorney-General, J. T. Dare. The Cabinet and the Legislature were alike subservient to the King, who is said to have conceived the ambition of extending his rule to Samoa and other islands of the Pacific, encouraged by Gibson and by the vaticinations of a female so thsayer. Heathen rites were revived, and large sums were squandered on useless and iminoral objects, while roads, bridges, and all useful works were neglected. The celebration of the King's fiftieth birthday consumed $75,000, and the funeral of a relative $60,000. Places of trust and emolument were filled with Kanakas without regard to their character or qualifications. A steamer was bought and fitted out as a man-of-war at a cost of about $80,000, and was sent to convey an embassy to the King of Samoa, to induce him to accept the "tutelage” of Hawaii. The King bought Gatling guns and grape cannon to fortify his palace. The appropriation act, besides the civil list of $143,000, which does not include $80,000 a year received by the King and a large income of the Queen from crown lands, contained such items as $35,000 for household expenses, $15,000 for palace stables, $12,500 for the Board of Genealogy, which went into the pocket of the Queen's sister in addition to her salary for a sinecure governorship, $30,000 for the education of Hawaiian youths abroad. A large proportion of the appropriations were for fictitious objects, the money going to the King and his favorites. The white population, which pays the bulk of the taxes, protested against these proceedings, but Mr. Gibson, depending on the support of the natives, who form the majority of the electors, treated them with contempt. Dissatisfaction grew and finally pervaded all classes, the natives as well as the whites, excepting those who profited by the general misgovernment and corruption. An attempt to divert to the crown the revenue of lands that had been set aside for public improvements, and the misappropriation of money that had been voted for

the same purpose, furnished tangible subjects of complaint. International, commercial, and political jealousy was an important element in the situation, as the Americans, who had been instrumental in the development of the country and possessed the main commercial interests there, were suspicious of the English loan. Revolutionary plans were discussed. Many were in favor of proclaiming a republic, and appealing to the United States Government to annex the country. Receiving no encouragement from that quarter, the substantial citizens of Honolulu and the vicinity, representing a large part of the wealth of the kingdom, determined at least to compel the King to lay down the power that he was using to ruin the country. At this stage of affairs a scandal transpired that afforded a pretext for action. The Assembly had passed a bill to license the sale of opium. A Chinese planter and millowner of Ewa, named Tong Kee, and usually called Aki, was approached by another Chinaman and by Junius Kaae, the register of conveyances, a Kanaka, who told him that he could have the license or monopoly if he would bring $60,000 to the King. He declared in an affidavit that he took $20,000 to the palace and placed it in a drawer that the King pointed out, and at another time he and his friends and servants carried $40,000 in bags of gold, and laid it in a trunk as the King requested; and, when more was demanded, raised $11,000 more; but when he had paid it over he learned that another Chinaman had received the license, having agreed, it was supposed, to share the profits with the King. When Aki went to the King to demand his money back, Kalakaua told him that he had made it by smuggling, and it bad now come to the right owner.

The Revolution.-The white residents of the capital laid their plans of revolution with deliberation. The movement was conducted by a secret political association called the League, having about 600 members on all the islands, with an executive committee in Honolulu. A volunteer organization, called the Honolulu Rifles, usually about 40 strong, was increased to 300 members, and other military bodies were formed. On June 25, as soon as 1,000 rifles, 70,000 cartridges, and other munitions had arrived from San Francisco, they took possession of the city. Minister Gibson had sent to the agents of the English loan in Australia for arms, but they arrived too late, and fell into the hands of the rebels. Kalakaua's Royal Guards, a native corps, admirably drilled in parade exercises, and costing $80,000 a year, could not be depended on, nor could the native and half-caste volunteers.

On June 30 a large meeting was held in the armory of the Honolulu Rifles, and resolutions were adopted declaring that the administration of the Government had ceased through incompetency and corruption, and calling on the King, 1. To dismiss the ministry, and invite either William L. Green, Henry Waterhouse, Godfrey

VOL. XXVII.-23 A

Brown, or Mark P. Robinson to form a Cabinet; 2. To dismiss Walter M. Gibson from every office held by him; 3. To restore the $71,000 that he had taken as a bribe for the opium license; 4. To dismiss from office Junius Kaae, who was implicated in the transaction; 5. To give a specific pledge that he would not in the future interfere, either directly or indirectly, in the election of representatives, or interfere with or attempt to influence legislation or legislators. The same day the King announced his intention of calling on William L. Green to form a Cabinet. The next morning, however, he summoned the American minister and the British, French, and Portuguese commissioners to a conference, and asked them to take over the Government. They declined the trust, and advised him strongly to choose a Cabinet, and to grant a new Constitution without delay. He denied having received a bribe from Aki, but they counseled him to make the restitution. Gibson, who had tried to escape during the previous night, but had returned to his house through fear of the native populace, and requested a guard of the Honolulu Rifles, was arrested on July 1 by Col. Ashford, the commander of that organization. The King requested the foreign representatives to select a ministry, but they declined, provided he would allow Mr. Green to name the Cabinet. The King consented, and the Cabinet was formed as follows: Premier and Minister of Foreign Affairs, William L. Green; Minister of the Interior, Lorrin A. Thurston; Minister of Finance, Godfrey Brown; Attorney-General, Clarence Ashford. The King returned the following answer to the committee who presented to him the demands of the citizens:

GENTLEMEN: In acknowledging the receipt of resolutions adopted at a mass meeting held yesterday and presented to us by you, we are pleased to convey through you to our loyal subjects, as well as to the citizens of Honolulu, our expressions of good will and our gratification that our people have taken the usual constitutional step in presenting their grievances.

To the first proposition contained in the resolutions passed by the meeting whose action you represent, we the formal resignation of the ministry, which took reply that it has been substantially complied with by place on the 28th of June, and was accepted on that date, and that we had already requested the Hon. W. L. Green to form a new Cabinet on the day succeeding the resignation of the Cabinet.

To the second proposition we reply that Walter M. Gibson has severed all connection with the Hawaiian Government by resignation.

To the third proposition we reply that we do not admit the truth of the matters stated therein, but will submit the whole subject to our new Cabinet, and gladly act according to their advice, and will cause restitution to be made by parties found responsible.

To the fourth proposition we reply, that at our command Mr. J. Onins Kaae resigned his office of Registrar of Conveyances on the 28th of June, and his successor has been appointed.

To the fifth proposition we reply that the specific pledges required of us are each and severally acceded to.

mittee and our loyal subjects that we are and shall at We are pleased to assure the members of the comall times be anxious and ready to co-operate with our councilors and advisers, as well as with our intelli

The New Constitution.-Among the resolutions adopted at the meeting of citizens and taxpayers was one declaring that many evils were incurable except by radical changes in the Constitution. An amended Constitution was drawn up by a committee of revision, consisting of the ministers, the judges of the Supreme Court, and a number of citizens. When completed, it was submitted to the King, who affixed his signature to it on July 10, and took the oath to support it before Chief-Justice Judd. The new Constitution establishes the principle of ministerial responsibility, takes away the King's right to nominate the members of the Upper Chamber, and deprives him of all legislative powers. It contains the following chief clauses:

All men may freely speak, write, and publish their sentiments on all subjects, being responsible for the abuse of that right, and no law shall be enacted to restrain the liberty of speech or of the press.

No subsidy or tax of any description shall be levied unless by consent of the Legislature, except when between sessions of the Legislature, the emergencies of invasion, rebellion, pestilence, or other public disaster shall arise, and then not without the concurrence of all the Cabinet, and of a majority of the whole Privy Council, and the Minister of Finance shall render a declared account of such expenditure to the Legis

lature.

The King is Commander-in-Chief of the army and navy, and of all other military forces of the kingdom by sea and land, but he shall never proclaim war without the consent of the Legislature, and no military or naval force shall be organized except by the authority of the Legislature. The King can not be sued or held to account in any court or tribunal of the kingdom.

The Cabinet shall consist of a Minister of Foreign Affairs, a Minister of Finance, and an Attorney-General, and they shall be his majesty's special advisers in the executive affairs of the kingdom, and they shall be ex-officio members of his Council of State that shall be appointed and combined by the King, and shall be removed by him upon a vote of want of confidence passed by the majority of all the elective members of the Legislature, or upon conviction of felony, and no removal shall have effect unless it be countersigned by a member of the Cabinet, who by that signature makes himself responsible.

The legislative power of the kingdom is vested in the King and Legislature, which shall consist of nobles and representatives sitting together. The legislative body will assemble biennially, commencing next May. The Legislature has full power and authority to amend the Constitution, and from time to time to make all manner of wholesome laws not repugnant to the Constitution. Every bill which shall have passed the Legislature shall, before it becomes law, be presented to the King. If he approves, he shall sign it, and it shall thereby become law; but, if he does not, he shall return it, with his objections, to the Legislature, which shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration, it shall be approved by a two-thirds vote of all the elective members of the Legislature, it shall become law.

The succeeding four clauses provide that a majority of the Assembly shall judge of the qualifications of its members, and provide for

the election of twenty-four nobles and twentysentatives are to be elected biennially. The four representatives of the people. The repreconstitution then reads:

At the first election held under this Constitution the nobles shall be elected to serve until the general election to the Legislature for the year 1890, at which election and thereafter the nobles shall be elected at the same time and place as the representatives. At the election of 1890 one third of the nobles shall be elected for two years, one third for four years, and them for such terms respectively, and at all subseone third for six years, and electors shall ballot for quent general elections they shall be elected for six years. The nobles shall serve without pay.

The judicial power of the kingdom shall be vested in one Supreme Court and in such inferior courts as laws now in force in this kingdom shall continue and the Legislature may from time to time establish. All remain in full effect until altered or repealed by the Legislature, such parts only excepted as are repugnant to this Constitution. All laws heretofore enacted or that may hereafter be enacted which are contrary to this Constitution shall be null and void.

This Constitution shall be in force from the 7th day of July, A. D. 1887, but that there may be no failure of justice or inconvenience to the kingdom from any change, all officers of this kingdom at the time this Constitution shall take effect shall have, hold, and exercise all power to them granted. Such officers shall take oath to support this Constitution within sixty days after promulgation thereof.

The Constitution contains eighty-two sections in all. Article XLIX provides that in voting for nobles electors shall have the following qualifications:

1. That he shall have resided in the country not less than three years and in the district in which he offers to vote not less than three months immediately preceding the election at which he offers to vote.

2. That he shall own and be possessed in his own right of taxable property in this country of the value of not less than $3,000, over and above all encumbrances, or shall have actually received an income of not less than $600 during the year next preceding his registration for such election.

3. That he shall be able to read and comprehend ordinary newspapers printed in either the Hawaiian, English, or some European language. No person shall be eligible as a representative of the people unless he can read Hawaiian, English, or some foreign language, has lived in the kingdom three years, and owns real estate to the value of $500, and has an annual income of $250, acquired from some lawful employment. The electors of representatives must have paid their taxes, but the property qualification is waived. The knowledge to speak and write the Hawaiian language is required, but will not be required of any person residing in the kingdom at the time of the promulgation of the Constitution and who registers and votes at the first election under the new Constitution. A noble shall be a subject of the kingdom who shall have attained the age of twenty-five years and resided in the kingdom three years, and shall be the owner of taxable property of the value of $8,000 or in receipt of an income of not less than $600 per

annum.

Although the natives had shown themselves as hostile to the Gibson ministry as the whites, the new Constitution caused much dissatisfaction among them, because, while it made many white residents electors for the House of Nobles who had previously had no votes, the property limitation disqualified the great majority of the Kanakas. The Chinese were also