BUP trees are planted in a particular manner, in number two at least, to be taken in a right line, the one hiding the other, so as the two may appear to the eye no more than one. To BUOY up the cable, is to fasten some pieces of wood, barrels, &c. to the cable, near the anchor, that the cable may not touch the ground, in case it be foul or rocky, lest it should be fretted and cut off. BUPHAGA, the African beaf-eater, in natural history, a genus of birds of the order of Pica. Generic character: its bill is straight, and somewhat square; its mandibles are gibbous, entire, more gib. bous externally, and its legs well formed for walking. It is found not only in Senegal, but near Caffraria. Its manners much resemble those of the starling. It feeds on various kinds of insects, and alighting on the backs of antelopes, sheep, and oxen, and by pressure on the elevated part of the hide, which contains the larvæ of the oestrus, forcing this out, greatly relieves the animal, and procures itself an exquisite banquet. BUPHTHALMUM, in botany, a genus of the Syngenesia Polygamia Superflua. Natural order of Composite OppositifoEssential liæ. Corymbiferæ, Jussieu. character: stigma of the hermaphrodite floscules undivided: seeds have the sides, especially in the ray, edged; down an obscure edge; receptacle chaffy. There are twelve species, of which, B. frutescens, shrubby ox-eye, rises with several woody stems from the root, and grows to the height of eight or ten feet, furnished with leaves very unequal in size, some of which are narrow and long, others broad and obtuse. The foot-stalks of the larger leaves have, on their upper side, near their base, two sharp teeth standing upward, and a little higher there are generally two or three more growing on the edge of the leaves. The flowers are produced at the ends of the branches single: these are of a pale yellow colour, and have scaly calyxes. It grows naturally in America. B. arborescens, tree ox-eye, seldom grows higher than three feet, sending out many stalks from the root, which are succulent; it has spear-shaped leaves, placed opposite; the flowers are produced upon foot-stalks, which are two inches long. These flowers are larger than those of the first sort, of a bright yellow colour. They appear in July, Au Some of these gust, and September. plants are shrubs, but most of them are herbs. The flowers are commonly terminating, and mostly of a yellow colour. BUPLEURUM, in botany, a genus of the Pentandria Digynia. Natural order of Umbellatæ. Essential character: involucres of the umbellule larger, fiveleaved; petals involuted; fruit roundish, compressed, striated. There are 19 species, of which B. rotundifolium, common circumstance of the stalk waxing or growthorough wax, so called from the singular small and fibrous; the stem a foot high, ing through the leaf; the root is annual, upright, round, perfectly smooth, alternately branched; every part of the plant It is a native of is remarkably hard and rigid, and has a slight aromatic smell. ry hare's ear, has a perennial root, with most parts of Europe. B. stellatum, stara stem about 18 inches high, with long grass-like root-leaves, some ending obtusely, others drawing to a point; scarcely any on the stem, except one embracing leaf under a branch. Universal involucre of one, two, or three leaves. Partial involucre, coloured, longer than the but united at bottom, so as to form a sort flowers, eight or nine-cleft at the edge, of basin, in which the flowers are lodged. It is a native of the Alps, of Switzerland, are herbaceous plants, some of them are and Dauphine. Most of the Bupleurums shrubby, and one is thorny; the leaves are mostly simple and entire. The little bel. The involucre is many-leaved and flowers are yellow, and but few in an umor five leaves. They are almost all of short, though it has sometimes only three of France. them natives of Switzerland and the south It is a BUPRESTIS, in natural history, a genus of insects of the order Coleoptera. Generic character: antennæ setaceous, of the length of the thorax; head half withdrawn beneath the thorax. This gecount of the superior brilliancy of its conus of insects is very conspicuous, on accies shine with a metallic lustre lours, with which many of the larger spegigantea, very numerous genus, consisting, according to Gmelin, of 156 species. Among which is the largest hitherto discovered, these we shall notice the B measuring two inches and a half in length: the thorax is smooth, resembling the cosheaths are of a gilded copper colour, lour of polished beil-metal, and the wingwith a cast of blue-green. It is a native Asia, and is also found in South America. of India, China, and many other parts of Its beauty is so very singular, that the Chinese attempt to imitate it on bronze, in which they have sometimes succeeded so well, that the copy has been mistaken This insect proceeds for the reality. er. from a large white larva, resembling that of the lucanus cervus, or great stag-chaffOf the European insects of this genus, the B. rustica is one of the largest, measuring about an inch and a half, and of a coppery colour, with several longitudinal furrows along the wing-shells; the thorax of a deep blue-green, with mumerous impressed points: it is found in the woods. The European Buprestes fall far short of the Indian and American species, both in point of size and splendour, though among them may be numbered several elegant insects. BURCARDIA, in botany, so named in honour of Henry Burckhard, a genus of the Pentandria Pentagynia class and order. Essential character: calyx fiveleaved; corolla five-petalled; capsule angular, one-celled, three-valved; seven or eight seeded. There is but one species, viz B. villosa, an annual plant, with a branched stem two feet high, hirsute, with reddish brown hairs. Flowers at the end of the stem and branches, axillary, solitary, on long hairy peduncles. The whole plant is covered with stiff hairs. It is found on the sandy coasts of Cayenne and Guiana. BURDEN, or BURTHEN, in a general sense, implies a load or weight, supposed to be as much as a man, horse, &c. can well carry. A sound and healthy man can raise a weight equal to his own. able horse can draw 3596. though for a length of time 3006. is sufficient. Hence calculations are formed by the artillery officers. One horse will draw as much as seven men. An BURDEN of a ship is its contents, or num ber of tons it will carry. The burden of a ship may be determined thus: multiply the length of the keel, taken within board, by the breadth of the ship within board, taken from the midship-beam, from plank to plank, and multiply the product by the depth of the hold, taken from the plank below the keelson to the under part of the upper deck plank, and divide the last product by 94, then the quotient is the content of the tonnage required. BURGAGE, in law, a tenure proper to boroughs and towns, whereby the inhabitants hold their lands and tenements of the King, or other lord, at a certain yearly rate. This tenure is described by Glanvil, and is expressly said by Littleton to be but tenure in socage. It is indeed only a kind of town socage; as common socage, by which other lands are holden, is usually of a rural nature. A borough is usually distinguished from other towns by the right of sending members to par liament; and where the right of Election is by burgage tenure, that alone is a proof of the antiquity of the borough. Tenure in burgage, therefore, or burgage tenure, is where houses, or lands which were formerly the scite of houses, in an ancient borough, are held by some lord in common socage, by a certain establishment. The free socage in which these tenements are held, seems to be plainly a remnant of Saxon liberty; and this may account for the great variety of customs, affecting many of these tenements so held in ancient burgage; the principal and most remarkable of which is that called borough English; which see. There are also other special customs in different burgage tenures; as in some, that the wife shall be endowed of all her husband's tenements, and not of the third part only, as at the common law: and in others, that a man might dispose of his tenements by will, which in general was not permitted after the conquest till the reign of Henry VIII.; though in the Saxon times it was allowable. A pregnant proof, says Judge Blackstone, that these liberties of Socage tenure were fragments of Saxon liberty. BURGESS, an inhabitant of a borough, or one who possesses a tenement therein. In other countries, burgess and citizen are confounded together; but with us they are distinguished: the word is also applied to the magistrates of some towns. Burgess is now ordinarily used for the representative of a borough-town in parliament. BURGH-bote signifies a contribution towards the building or repairing of castles or walls, for the defence of a borough or city. BURGLARY, in law, or nocturnal house-breaking, an unlawful entering into another man's dwelling, wherein some person is, or into a church, in the nighttime, in order to commit some felony, or to kill some person, or to steal something thence, or do some other felonious act, whether the same be executed or not. This crime has been always regarded as very heinous; partly on account of the terror which it occasions, and partly be cause it is a forcible invasion and disturbance of that right of habitation, which every individual might require, even in a state of nature, and against which the laws of civil society have particularly guarded. Whilst they allow the possessor to kill the aggressor, who attempts to break into a house in the night time, they also protect and avenge him, in case the BUR assailant should be too powerful. Such regard, indeed, has the law of England to the immunity of a man's house, that it stiles it his castle, and will never suffer it to be violated with impunity; for this reason no outward doors can in general be broken open to execute any civil process; though, in criminal cases, the public safety Hence, also, in supersedes the private. part, arises the animadversion of the law upon eves-droppers, nuisancers, and incendiaries; and to this principle it must be assigned, that a man may assemble peo ple together lawfully (at least if they do not exceed eleven) without danger of raising a riot, rout, or unlawful assembly, in order to protect and defend his house; which he is not permitted to do in any The definition of a burglar, other case. as given by Sir Edward Coke, is," he that by night breaketh and entereth into a mansion-house, with intent to commit a felony." In this definition, says Judge Blackstone, there are four things to be considered; the time, the place, the manner, and the intent. 1. The time must be by night, and not by day; for in the daytime there is no burglary. In considering what is reckoned night, the day was anciently accounted to begin at sun-rising, and to end immediately upon sun-set: but the better opinion seems to be,thatif there be daylight or twilight sufficient begun or left for discerning a man's face, it is no burglary. But this does not extend to moon-light: for then many midnight burg. laries would go unpunished; and besides, the malignity of the offence does not so properly arise from its being done in the dark, as at the dead of night, when the whole creation, except beasts of prey, is at rest; when sleep has disarmed the owner, and rendered his castle defenceless. 2. As to the place. It must be, by the definition, a mansion-house; and, therefore, in order to account for the reason why breaking open a church is burglary, as it undoubtedly is, Sir Edward Coke quaintly observes, that it is " domus mansionalis Dei." But it is not necessary that it should in all cases be a mansionhouse; for it may he committed by breaking the gates or walls of a town in the night. 3. As to the manner of committing burglary; there must be both a breaking and an entry, to complete this offence. But they need not be done at once: for if a hole be broken one night, and the same breakers enter the next night through the same they are burglars. There must in general be an actual breaking, so that it may be regarded as a sub stantial and forcible irruption. Such are, : It The rites of burial make the greatest and most necessary care, being looked upon in all countries, and at all neglected to discharge it were thought times, as a debt so sacred, that such as accursed: hence the Romans called them justa, and the Greeks voμima,dixaia,oσia, &c. words implying the inviolable obligations which nature has laid upon the liv ing, to take care of the obsequies of the dead. Nor are we to wonder that the ancient Greeks and Romans were extreme ly solicitous about the interment of their deceased friends,since they were strongly persuaded that their souls could not be admitted into the Elysian fields till their bodies were committed to the earth; and if it happened that they never obtained the rites of burial, they were excluded from the happy mansions for the term of an hundred years. For this reason it was considered as a duty incumbent upon all travellers, who should meet with a dead body in their way, to cast dust or mould upon it three times, and of these three handfuls one at least was cast upon the head. The ancients likewise considered it as a great misfortune, if they were not laid in the sepulchres of their fathers; for which reason, such as died in foreign countries had usually their ashes brought home, and interred with those of their ancestors. But, notwithstanding their great care in the burial of the dead,there were some persons whom they thought unworthy of that last office, and to whom therefore they refused it: such were, 1. Public or private enemies. 2. Such as betrayed or conspired against their country. 3. Tyrants, who were always looked upon as enemies to their country Villains guilty of sacrilege. 5. Such as died in debt, whose bodies belonged to their creditors. And 6. Some particular offenders, who suffered capital punishment. 4. Of those who were allowed the rites of burial, some were distinguished by particular circumstances of disgrace attending their interment: thus persons killed by lightning were buried apart by themselves, being thought odious to the gods; those who wasted their patrimony forfeited the right of being buried in the sepul. chres of their fathers; and those who were guilty of self-murder were privately deposited in the ground, without the accustomed solemnities. Among the Jews, the privilege of burial was denied only to self-murderers, who were thrown out to rot upon the ground. In the Christian church, though good men always desired the privilege of interment, yet they were not, like the heathens, so concerned for their bodies, as to think it any detriment to them, if either the barbarity of an enemy, or some other accident, deprived them of this privilege. The primitive Christian church denied the more solemn rites of burial only to unbaptised persons, self-murderers, and excommunicated per sons, who continued obstinate and impenitent, in a manifest contempt of the church's censures. The place of burial among the Jews was never particularly determined. We find they had graves in the town and country, upon the highways, in gardens, and upon mountains. Among the Greeks, the temples were made repositories for the dead in the primitive ages, yet the general custom in later ages with them, as well as with the Romans and other heathen nations, was, to bury their dead without their cities, and chiefly by the highways. Among the primitive Christians, burying in cities was not allowed for the first three hundred years, nor in churches for many ages after, the dead bodies being first deposited in the atrium or church-yard, and porches and porticos of the church: hereditary burying-places were forbidden till the twelfth century. BURIALS, in law, persons are to be buriedin woollen,or their representatives shall forfeit 51. and affidavit is to be made thereof before a justice, under a like penalty. BURIALS, as practised by the military, differ in some respects according to the rank of the deceased The funeral of a field-marshal is saluted with three rounds of fifteen pieces of cannon attended by six battalions and eight squadrons: that of a general with three rounds of eleven pieces of cannon, four battalions and six squadrons and so on, decreasing in honour, till that of a private, which is attended by one serjeant, and thirteen rank and file, with three rounds of small arms. The pall is to be supported by officers of the same rank with that of the deceased. The order of march to be observed in military funerals is reversed with respect to rank. For instance, if an officer is buried in a garrison-town, or from a camp, it is customary for the officers belonging to the other corps to pay his remains the compliment of attendance in which case the youngest ensign marches at the head, immediately after the pall, and the general, if there be one, in the rear of the commissioned officers, who take their posts in reversed order, according to semiority. The battalion, troop, or company, follow the same rule. BURLESQUE, a jocose kind of poetry, chiefly used in the way of drøllery and ridicule, to deride persons and things. BURMANNIA, in botany, so named, in honour of John Burgmann; a genus of the Hexandria Monogynia class and order. Natural order of Liliaceous Flowers. Coronaria, Linnæus. Bromeliæ, Jussieu. Essential character; calyx prismatic coloured, trifid; angles membranous; petals three; capsule three celled,straight; seeds minute. There are but two species; of which B. disticha has the root composed wholly of capillary fibres, very small. The plant has the appearance of an anthericum; root-leaves six, grass-like, or ensiform, two inches long, quite entire; stem upright, simple, a span and a halfin height, having six or seven small alternate leaves an inch long; two equal divaricating spikes, each composed of about nine flowers, terminate the stem; the flowers are sessile, in a single row; they are blue, very elegant, and do not fall off. It is a native of Ceylon. B. biflora, has strong fibrous roots, with several oblong oval leaves arising from it, which are smooth and entire, four or five inches long; among these springs the flower stem, six or eight inches high, terminating by blue flowers, growing together in each sheath. It is a native of Virginia and Carolina. BURN, in medicine and surgery, an injury received in any part of the body, in consequence of the application of too great heat. See SURGERY. BURNING-glass, a convex or concave glass, commonly spherical, which, being exposed directly to the sun, collects all the rays falling thereon into a very small space. called the focus; where wood, or any other combustible matter, being put, will be set on fire. See OPTICS We have some extraordinary instances and surprizing accounts of prodigious effects of burning-glasses. Those made of reflecting mirrours are more powerful than those made with lenses, because the rays from a mirrour are reflected all to one point nearly; whereas, by a lens, they are refracted to different points, and are therefore not so dense or ardent. The whiter also the metal or substance is, of which the mirrour is made, the stronger will be the effect. The most remarkable burning-glasses, or rather mirrours, among the ancients, were those of Archimedes and Proclus; by the first of which the Roman ships, besieging Syracuse, according to the testimony of several writers and by the other, the navy of Vitalian,besieging Byzantium, were reduced to ashes. Among the moderns, the burning mirrours of greatest eminence are, those of Villette and Tschirnhausen, and the new complex one of M. de Buffon. that a silver sixpence melted in 7"; a King George's halfpenny melted in 16", and ran in 34", tin melted in 3" and a diamond, weighing 4 grains, lost seveneighths of its weight. That of M. de Buffon is a polyhedron, six feet broad, and as many high, consisting of 168 small mirrours, or flat pieces of looking-glass, each six inches square; by means of which, with the faint rays of the sun in the month of March, he set on fire boards of beech wood at 150 feet distance. Besides, his machine has the conveniency of burning downwards, or horizontally, as one pleases, each speculum being moveable, so as, by the means of three screws, to be set to a proper inclination for directing the rays towards any given point: and it turns either in its greater focus, or in any nearer interval, which our common burning-glasses cannot do, their focus being fixed and determined. M. de Buffon, at another time, burnt wood at the distance of 200 feet. He also melted tin and lead at the distance of above 120 feet, and silver at 50. Mr. Parker, of Fleet-street, London, was induced, at an expense of upwards of 700l. to contrive, and at length to complete a large transparent lens, that would serve the purpose of fusing and vitrifying such substances as resist the fires of ordinary furnaces, and more especially of applying heat in vacuo, and in other circumstances, in which it cannot be applied by any other means. After directing his attention for several years to this object, and performing a great variety of experiments in the prosecution of it, he at last succeeded in the construction of a lens, of flint-glass, three feet in diameter, which, when fixed in its frame, exposes a surface two feet 8 inches in the clear, without any other material imperfection besides a disfigurement of one of the edges by a piece of the scoria of the mould, which unfortunately found its way into its substance. This lens was double convex, both sides of which were a portion of a sphere of 18 feet radius It is difficult to form an accurate estimate of the burning power of this lens; inasmuch as it is next to impossible to discover what should be deducted for the loss of power, in consequence of the impediments that the glass of which it was made must occasion, as well as the four reflections, and two more by way of diminution; but we will endeavour to appreciate it, after making a full allowance for these deductions, which must necessarily result from every means of concentrating the solar rays, |