Natural order of Multisiliquæ. Ranunculacea, Jussieu. Essential character: calyx none; petals five; nectary none; capsule several, many-seeded. There is but one species; viz. C. palustris, marsh marigold. This is the first flower that announces the spring in Lapland, where it begins to blow towards the end of May. The variety with very double flowers is preserved in our gardens for its beauty.

CALTROP, in military affairs, an instrument with four iron points, disposed in a triangular form, so that three of them are always on the ground, and the fourth in the air. They are scattered over the ground where the enemy's cavalry is to pass, in order to embarrass them.

CALTROP, in botany, the English name of the tribulus of botanists. See TRIBU

LUS.

SO

CALVARY, in heraldry, a cross called, because it resembles the cross on which our Saviour suffered. It is always set upon steps.

CALVINISTS, a sect of christians who derive their name from John Calvin, an eminent reformer, who was born at Nogen in Picardy, in the year 1509. He first studied the civil laws, and was afterwards made professor of divinity at Geneva, in the year 1536.

The name of Calvinists seems to have been given at first to those who embraced not merely the doctrine, but the church government and discipline established at Geneva, and to distinguish them from the Lutherans. But since the meeting of the synod of Dort, the name has been chiefly applied to those who embrace his leading views of the gospel, to distinguish them from the Arminians. The leading principles taught by Calvin were the same as those of Augustin. The main doctrines, by which those who are called after his name are distinguished from the Arminians, are reduced to five articles; and which, from their being the principal points discussed at the synod of Dort, have since been denominated the five points. These are, predestination, particular redemption, total depravity, effectual calling, and the certain perseverance of the saints.

1. They maintain that God hath chosen a certain number of the fallen race of Adam in Christ, before the foundation of the world, unto eternal glory, according to his immutable purpose, and of his free grace and love, without the least foresight of faith, good works, or any conditions performed by the creature; and

that the rest of mankind he was pleased to pass by, and ordain to dishonour and wrath for their sins, to the praise of his vindictive justice.

2. They maintain that, though the death of Christ be a most perfect sacrifice and satisfaction for sins, of infinite value, abundantly sufficient to expiate the sins of the whole world, and though on this ground the gospel is to be preached to all mankind indiscriminately, yet it was the will of God that Christ, by the blood of the cross, should efficaciously redeem all those, and those only, who were from eternity elected to salvation, and given to him by the Father.

3. They maintain that mankind are totally depraved, in consequence of the fall of the first man, who being their public head, his sin involved the corruption of all his posterity; and which corruption extends over the whole soul, and renders it unable to turn to God, or to do any thing truly good, and exposes it to his righteous displeasure, both in this world and that which is to come.

4. They maintain that all whom God hath predestinated unto life,he is pleased in his appointed time effectually to call, by his word and spirit, out of that state of sin and death, in which they are by nature, to grace and salvation by Jesus Christ. They admit that the Holy Spirit, as calling men by the ministry of the gospel, may be resisted; and that where this is the case, "the fault is not in the gospel, nor in Christ offered by the gospel, nor in God calling by the gospel, and also conferring various gifts upon them; but in the called themselves. They contend, however, that where men come at the divine call, and are converted, it is not to be ascribed to themselves, as though by their own free-will they made themselves to differ, but merely to him who delivers them from the power of darkness, and translates them into the kingdom of his dear Son, and whose regenerating influence is certain and efficacious."

Lastly, they maintain that those whom God has effectually called and sanctified by his spirit, shall never finally fall from a state of grace. They admit that true believers may fall, partially, and would fall totally and finally, but for the mercy and faithfulness of God, who keepeth the feet of his saints: also, that he who be-stoweth the grace of perseverance bestoweth it by means of reading and hearing the word, meditation, exhortations, threatenings, and promises: but that

none of these things imply the possibility of a believer's falling from a state of justification.

Some think Calvin, though right in the main, yet carried things too far: these are commonly known by the name of Moderate Calvinists. Others think he did not go far enough; and these are known by the name of High Calvinists. It is proper to add, that the Calvinistic system includes in it the doctrine of three coordinate persons in the Godhead, in one nature; and of two natures in Jesus Christ, forming one person. Justification by faith alone, or justification by the imputed righteousness of Christ, forms also an essential part of this system. They suppose that on the one hand our sins are imputed to Christ, and on the other that we are justified by the imputation of Christ's righteousness to us; that is, Christ, the innocent, was treated by God as if he were guilty, that we, the guilty, might, out of regard to what he did and suffered, be treated as if we were innocent and righteous.

CALVITIES, or CALVITIUM, in medicine, baldness, or want of hair, particularly on the sinciput, occasioned by the moisture of the head, which should feed it, being dried up by some disease, old age, &c.

CALUMET, a mystic kind of pipe,used by the American Indians as the ensign of peace and for religious fumigations. It is made of red, black, or white marble; the head resembles our tobacco-pipes, but larger, and is fixed on a hollow reed, to hold it for smoaking: they adorn it with rounds of feathers and locks of hair, or porcupine's quills, and in it they smoke in honour of the sun, especially if they want fair weather or rain. This pipe is a pass and safe conduct amongst all the allies of the nation who has it given: in all embassies the embassador carries it as an emblem of peace, and it always meets with a profound regard; for the savages are generally persuaded that a great misfortune would befal them, if they violated the public faith of the calumet.

CALX properly signifies lime, but was formerly used by chemists for a fine powder remaining after the calcination of metals and other mineral substances. The term oxide has now taken place of that of calx. See CALCINATION.

CALYCANTHEME, in botany, the name of the seventeenth order in Linnæus's "Fragments of a Natural Method," consisting of plants, which, among

other characters, have the corolla and stamina inserted into the calyx.

CALYCANTHUS, in botany, a genus of the Icosandria Polygynia class and order. Essential character: calyx one. leafed, pitcher-form, squarrose, with coloured leaflets; corolla calycine; styles very many, with a glandulous stigma; seeds very many, tailed, within a succulent calyx. There are two species, of which C. floridus, Carolina allspice, is a shrub which rises to the height of eight or ten feet. Where it grows naturally, the bark of this shrub is brown, and has a strong aromatic scent, whence the inhabitants of Carolina give it the name of allspice.

CALYCERA, in botany, a genus of the Syngenesia Segregata class and order. Calyx many-leaved; calycle five-toothed, one flowered; florets tubular, male and hermaphrodite ; receptacle chaffy; seeds naked. One species; viz. C. herbacea, found in Chili.

CALYCIFLORE, the sixteenth order in Linnæus's "Fragments of a Natural Method," consisting of plants, which, as the title imports, have the stamina inserted into the calyx. The plants of this order want the corolla: the flowes are either hermaphrodite and male on the same root, or male and female upon different roots. The seed-vessel is pulpy, of a berry or cherry kind, and contains a single seed or stone.

CALYPTRANTHES, in botany, a genus of the Icosandria Monogynia class and order. Natural order of Hesperidex. Onagræ and Myrti, Jussieu. Essential character: calyx superior, truncate, covered with a veil-shaped, deciduous lid; corolla none; berry one-celled, one to four-seeded. There are six species, all natives of the West Indies and Cochin China.

CALYX, among botanists, a general term expressing the cup of a flower, or that part of a plant which surrounds and supports the other parts of the flower. Linnæus describes it to be the termination of the cortical epidermis, or outer bark of the plant, which, after accompa nying the trunk or stem through all its branches, breaks out with the flower, and is present in the fructification in this new form. He has distinguished it into seven different kinds. 1. A. perianth contiguous to the other parts of the fructification. This is frequently called empalement, or flower-cup, by English writers, and to it, as professor Martyn well observes, should the term cup, if adınit

ted at all, be confined. 2. An involucre, remote from the flower, as in many umbelliferous plants. 3. An amentum, or catkin, from a common, chaffy, gemmaceous receptacle. 4. A spathe, bursting longitudinally. 5. A glume, formed of valves embracing the seed. 6. A calyptra, covering the capsules of mosses like a hood. 7. A volva, a membranaceous covering to the fructification of the fungi. The involucre is rather a number of bractes; and the amentum a species of inflorescence. See BOTANY.

CAMAX, in botany, a genus of the Pentandria Monogynia class and order. Essential character: corolla, wheel-shaped; filaments inserted between the segments of the corolla; berry four-celled, many seeded, all villose. There is but one species; viz. C. guianensis, is a shrub growing to the height of fifteen feet; it is a native of Guiana, and flowers in January. The inhabitants and negroes use the branches of this shrub for wattling their huts.

CAMBLET, or CAMLET, a plain stuff, composed of a warp and woof, which is manufactured on a loom, with two tred. dies. There are camlets of several sorts, some of goat's hair, both in the warp and woof; others, in which the warp is of hair, and the woof half hair and half silk; others again, in which both the warp and the woof are of wool; and lastly, some, of which the warp is of wool and the woof of thread. Some are dyed in the thread, others are dyed in the piece, others are marked or mixed; some are striped, some waved or watered, and some figured. Camblets are proper for several uses, according to their different kinds and qualities; some serve to make garments both for men and women; some for bedcurtains; others for household furniture, &c.

CAMBOGIA, in botany, a genus of the Polyandria Monogynia class and order. Natural order of Tricoccæ. Guttiferæ, Jussieu. Essential character: corolla four-petalled; calyx four-leaved; pome eight-celled; seeds solitary. There is but one species; viz. C. gutta, is a tall tree, with a trunk sometimes as thick as two men can compass, with spreading, opposite branches; native of the East Indies and China; it is very abundant in Siam and Cambodia, where incisions are made in the bark, and a great quantity of gummi guttæ, or gamboge, is extracted, and exported into foreign countries; it is very much in use for miniature painting and water colours.

CAMEL, in zoology, a genus of quad-
VOL. III.

rupeds, of the order of Pecora; distinguished from the rest by having no horn. See CAMELUS.

CAMELEON mineral, a compound, so called on account of the changes of colour which it exhibits. It is prepared from the black oxide of manganese, finely levigated, and purified nitre, in the proportion of one part of the former to five of the latter. They are to be fused together for half an hour at a high heat, in an earthen crucible. A green mass is produced, which deliquates by exposure to the atmosphere, and of course requires to be kept in a well-stopped vial. It readily dissolves in hot water, making a dark green solution. This solution, though kept in a close vessel, will in a few days deposit a yellow powder, and the liquor becomes of a fine blue, which being diluted with water, assumes a violet colour, that afterwards grows red, and finally loses its colour, a grey oxide of manganese being thrown down. By the addition of a few drops of acid to the blue liquor, the change to the red is instantaneous, and the colour is a very beautiful tint, between crimson and pink.

CAMELLIA, in botany, a genus of the Monadelphia Polyandria class and order. Natural order of Columniferæ. Aurantia, Jussieu. Essential character: calyx imbricate, many-leaved; the inner leaflets larger. There are three species, of which C. japonica, Japan rose, is a great and lofty tree, in high esteem with the Japanese for the elegance of its beautiful flowers, which exhibit a great variety of colours, and for its evergreen leaves, but has no scent. It is common in their gardens, flowering from October to April. It varies with single and double flowers, white, red, and purple. It is also a native of China.

CAMELOPARDALIS, the camelopard giraffe, in natural history, a genus of the Mammalia, and order Pecora. The generic character: horns covered with a bristly skin, bony and permanent; in the lower jaw eight teeth in front, and on each side the exterior tooth deeply bilobate. There is but one species; viz. the Giraffe, which, when fully grown, has been known to attain the extraordinary height among quadrupeds of seventeen feet. Its head is small; its aspect gentle; its foreparts are much higher than those behind, its colours arranged so as particularly to please the eye, and its form, notwithstanding the very great length of the neck, and a general singularity, possesses great beauty and elegance. It is a native of several parts of Africa, living in forests, prin

H

cipally upon the foliage of trees. It is mild and inoffensive, and in all cases of danger has recourse, in the first instance, to flight; when obliged to defend itself, however, it employs very forcible kicking. Its general pace is a brisk trot. Giraffes are sometimes seen in small groups of six or seven. They were first introduced into Europe at the Circean games, by Julius Cæsar, and in the sixteenth century one was presented to Laurentius de Medicis by the Dey of Tunis. The most accurate describer of this animal is La Vaillant. See Plate IV. fig. 1. CAMELOPARDALUS, a new constellation of the northern hemisphere, formed by Hevelius, consisting of thirty-two stars, first observed by him. It is situated between Cepheus, Cassiopeia, Perseus, the two Bears, and Draco. See ASTRO

NOMY.

CAMELUS, camel, in natural history, a genus of the Mammalia, of the order Pecora. The generic character: horns none; six front teeth in the lower jaw, thin and broad; the canine teeth distant, three in the upper jaw, and in the lower two; upper lip divided. There are seven species enumerated by Shaw, of which we shall briefly notice the following: C. dromedarius, or Arabian camel: its general appearance, particularly in consequence of the dorsal' bunch, gives the idea of deformity, or even of monstrosity; but in some attitudes, its aspect is far from inelegant. It inhabits various parts of Asia and Africa, is found even in Jamaica and Barbadoes, and is easily domesticated. Even a country, such as Arabia, destitute of water and of verdure, and under a burning sun, where the traveller seidom breathes under a shade, and feels lost in a boundless expanse of desolation, by the assistance of the camel, is rendered habitable, and the seat of independence and comfort. These animals are trained with great assiduity by the Arabs. They will carry a weight of 1200lbs., and have been known to compicte a journey of 300 leagues within eight days. They will travel eight or nine days without water, which they scent at the distance of half a league, and drink most copiously when they reach it. Delicate food is far from being requisite for them, and they seem even to prefer the thorns and nettles of the wilderness; and while they find plants to brouse, can dispense easily with the want of drink. They have, besides the four stomachs common to all ruminating animals, a fifth, in which they preserve a great quantity of water, unmixed with the liquors of the

body and the digestive juices, and from which, by the contraction of certain muscles, they make the water mount into their stomachs and throats, to macerate their dry food.

Travellers in the East, when hard pressed with thirst, have killed their camels, to obtain a supply from this natural and singular receptacle.

In Turkey, Persia, Arabia, Egypt, and Barbary, camels are almost uniformly em. ployed in the conveyance of merchandize. They are considered as living carriages, and their burden is often not taken off during their sleep. They kneel down to be loaded and unloaded, at the command of their keepers, and are the most patient, laborious, and valuable of slaves. Their milk, and even their flesh, are used by the Arabians for food. Their hair is extremely soft, and wrought into a great variety of the most useful, and indeed costly stuffs. See Mammalia, Plate IV. fig 3.

C. bactrianus, the Bactrian camel. This is somewhat larger and swifter than the former, and has on its back two bunches. In the deserts bordering on China it is found wild, as also in the north of India, whence it is imported into Arabia, chiefly for the use of the great and opulent. In China a particular breed of them is distinguished by the designation of "Camels with feet of wind." Fig. 2.

C. glama. These animals have by some authors been called the Peruvian sheep. They are particularly abundant in Peru, feeding in immense herds on the bleakest mountains. Their size is about that of a stag. They were the only beasts of burden among the ancient Peruvians, and will carry a weight of 150 pounds. This animal can abstain from water four or five days, and may be supported on the coarsest food, and that in very small quantity. When irritated, it endeavours to bite, and ejects an acrimonious and caustic saliva. Its flesh is fat, and excellently

flavoured.

C. vicugna, or purplish brown camel, abounds in the highest mountains of the Indies. It is smaller and more slender than the former, and tamed only with considerable difficulty. It will bear small burdens. Its hair is of admirable softness and silkiness on the breast, particularly wavy and woolly, and extending three inches in length. It is wrought into cloth of the most delicate fineness and beauty. The vicugna and the paco, another species of the camel,are both caught by the Peruvians, by the simple process of stretching across the narrow passes of