The Theory and Practice of Surveying: Designed for the Use of Surveyors and Engineers Generally, But Especially of the Use of Students in Engineering

Portada
J. Wiley, 1900 - 838 páginas
 

Contenido

PAGE
30
34 The Use of the Compass
34
To set off the Declination
36
To establish a Line of a Given Bearing
37
40 The Prismatic Compass described
38
45 The Burt Solar Compass
39
Adjustment of the Bubbles
41
Adjustment of the Declination Vernier
42
Adjustment of the Vernier on the Latitude Arc
43
51 Conditions requiring its Use
44
To correct the Declination for Refraction
45
53a A Field Determination of the Refraction Correction 48c 54 Errors in Azimuth due to Errors in the Decl and Lat Angles
49
Solar Attachments
52
5659 Practical Problems 53
53
PLUMB LINE AND BUBBLE
55
Adjustment of Line of Sight and Bubble Axis to Parallel Positions
66
The Use of the Level
71
CHAPTER IV
83
Adjustment of Vernier and Bubble to Telescopic Line of Sight
119
General Description of its Use
120
Location by Resection
122
Adjustment of the Plate Bubbles
124
Resection on Three Known Points
125
132135 Practical Problems
126
The Aneroid described
127
Derivation and use of Barometric Formulæ
128
757
132
Use of the Aneroid
135
139 The Pedometer described
137
The Length of Mens Steps
138
140 Description and Use
139
141 Description and Use
141
142 Description and Use
142
143 Description
143
Theory of the Polar Planimeter
144
To find the Length of Arm to use
150
The Suspended Planimeter
152
Theory of the Rolling Planimeter
154
To Test the Accuracy of a Planimeter
157
The Use of the Planimeter
158
Accuracy of Planimeter Measurements
160
152 Description and Theory
161
Various Styles of Pantographs
163
Use of the Pantograph
165
Various Styles described
166
155 Description and Use
169
156a The Pocket Slide Rule
171
BOOK II
172
Land Monuments
173
Significance and Authority of Monuments
174
Lost Monuments
175
162 The Extent of the System
176
The Reference Lines
177
The Division into Townships
178
The Convergence of the Meridians
179
Corner Monuments
181
The Subdivision of Sections
183
The Running of Parallels
185
170 The Area defined
187
171 By the Use of the Chain alone
188
By the Use of the Compass or Transit and Chain
189
The Field Notes
190
Computing the Latitudes and Departures
195
Balancing the Survey
198
The Error of Closure
201
The Form of Reduction
202
Correction from Erroneous Length of Chain
205
183 Conditions of Application of the Method
208
Theory of the Method
209
The Form of Reduction
211
Plotting the Survey
216
Method of Computation stated 193
217
The Method by Offsets at Regular Intervals
218
190 The Problems of Infinite Variety
221
To cut from a Given Tract of Land a Given Area by a Right Line running in a Given Direction
223
193 The Problem Stated
228
The Interpretation of Descriptions in Deeds and the Identification of Boundaries
229
Water Boundaries and Meandered Lines
232
Treatment of Surplus and Deficiency
233
Examples in Land Surveying
234
CHAPTER VIII
237
Method by Transit and Stadia stated
238
200a The Use of an Interval Factor
244
Adaptation of Formulæ to Inclined Sights
246
Description and Use of the Stadia Tables
248
Porros Telescope having the Vertex of the Reading Angle at the Center of the Instrument
249
206 The Transit
251
Setting the Crosswires
252
Graduating the Stadia Rod
253
209 Topography
257
Reduction of the Notes
265
Plotting the Stadia Line
268
Check Readings
269
Plotting the Side Readings
270
Contour Lines
275
The Final Map
278
Topographical Symbols
279
CHAPTER IX
281
The Maps
283
Plotting the Survey
285
Making the Location on the Map
287
Another Method
291
CHAPTER X
293
By Two Angles read in the BoatThe Threepoint Problem
295
By one Range and one Angle
298
Buoys Buoyflags and Rangepoles
299
By one Range and Timeintervals
300
Enumeration of Methods
301
Sounding Poles
303
Lines of Equal Depth
304
Soundings for the Study of Sandwaves
305
Areas of Crosssection
306
243 Benchmarks
307
Waterlevels
308
Riverslope
309
Measuring Mean Velocities of Watercurrents
310
Use of Subsurface Floats
311
Use of Current Meters
316
Rating the Meter
317
Use of Rod Floats
323
Comparison of Methods
324
The Relative Rates of Flow in Different Parts of the Cross section
325
To find the Mean Velocity on the Crosssection
328
Subcurrents
331
The Flow over Weirs
332
Weir Formulæ and Corrections
335
The Miners Inch
338
Formulæ for the Flow of Water in Open ChannelsKutters For mula
339
Crosssections of Least Resistance
344
261 Methods and Objects
345
Collecting the Specimens of Water
347
Siphoning off Filtering and Weighing the Sediment
348
265 Title to Mining Claims
349
Location Surveys
351
Patent Surveying
355
Placer Claims
367
Amended Surveys
368
273 Underground Surveying
370
274a Stations
377
278 Provision for Growth
403
Contour Maps
404
Laying out the Ground
405
The Plat to be Geometrically Consistent
407
Surveys for Subdivision
409
The Datumplane
413
Sewer Systems
414
The Contour Map
415
Erroneous Standards
416
True Standards
417
The Use of the Tape
418
Determination of the Normal Tension
420
The Working Tension
424
The Effect of Wind
425
The Effect of Slope
426
Checks
427
300 The Improvement of Streets
428
The Value of an Existing Monument
429
The Significance of Possession
431
Disturbed Corners and Inconsistent Plats
432
Treatment of Surplus and Deficiency
433
The investigation and Interpretation of Deeds
435
Preservation of Lines
436
The Want of Agreement between Surveyors
437
CHAPTER XIII
438
Grading over Extended Surfaces
440
Approximate Estimates by Means of Contours
443
The Prismoid
448
Areas of Crosssection
450
The Centre and Side Heights 45I 317 The Area of a Threelevel Section
451
Crosssectioning
452
Threelevel Sections the Upper Surface consisting of two Warped Surfaces
454
Construction of Tables for Prismoidal Computation
456
Threelevel Sections the Surface divided into Four Planes by Diagonals
461
Comparison of Volumes by Diagonals and by Warped Surfaces
463
Preliminary Estimates from the Profiles
465
Borrowpits
468
Excavations under Water
469
CHAPTER XIV
472
Triangulation Systems
473
The Baseline and its Connections
475
Tbe Reconnaissance
477
Instrumental Outfit for Reconnaissance
479
The Direction of Invisible Stations
480
Construction of Stations
485
Targets
486
Heliotropes
490
Station Marks
492
338 Methods
495
The Steel Tape
497
Method of Mounting and Stretching the Tape
498
Jäderins Method
501
The Absolute Length of Tape
503
The Coefficient of Expansion
504
The Modulus of Elasticity
505
Temperature Correction
507
Temperature Correction when a Metallic Thermometer is used
508
Correction for Alignment
510
Correction for Sag
513
To reduce a Broken Base to a Straight Line
516
Summary of Corrections
517
To compute any Portion of a Broken Base which cannot be directly measured
520
Accuracy attainable by Steeltape and Metallicwire Measure ments
521
356 The Instruments
525
The Filar Micrometer
528
The Programme of Observations
531
The Repeating Method
532
Adjustment of Horizontal Axis
533
Atmospheric Conditions
535
Geodetic Night Signals
536
364 Equations of Condition
539
Adjustment of a Triangle
541
366 The Geometrical Conditions
542
The Sideequation Adjustment
545
Rigorous Adjustment for Angle and Sideequations
549
Example of Quadrilateral Adjustment
552
370 Used only in Primary Triangulation
554
372 Conditions
558
The Observation for Latitude
562
First Method
563
Correction for Observations not on the Meridian
564
The Observation for Azimuth
565
Corrections for Observations near Elongation
567
The Target
568
381a Azimuth from Polaris at any Hour
569
382 Fundamental Relations
571
Time
572
Conversion of a Sidereal into a Mean Solar Time Interval and vice versa
575
To change Mean Time into Sidereal Time
576
To change from Sidereal to Mean Time
577
The Observation for Time
578
Selection of Stars with List of Southern TimeStars for each Month
579
Finding the Mean Time by Transit
582
Finding the Altitude
583
Making the Observations
584
Longitude
586
Computing the Geodetic Positions
587
Example of L M Z Computation
591
395 Of Two Kinds
592
Formulæ for Reciprocal Observations
593
Formulæ for Observations at One Station only
595
Formulæ for an Observed Angle of Depression to a Sea Horizon
597
To find the Value of the Coefficient of Refraction
598
401 Precise Levelling Defined
599
The Instruments
600
The Instrumental Constants
603
The Daily Adjustments
607
Field Methods
609
Limits of Error
612
Adjustment of Polygonal Systems
613
Determination of the Elevation of Mean Tide
617
CHAPTER XV
618
Trapezoidal Projection
619
The Simple Conic Projection
621
The Polyconic Projection
622
Meridian Distances in Table VIII
625
Summary
626
The Angle of Convergence of Meridians
628
420 MapLettering
629
Topographical Symbols
630
THE JUDICIAL FUNCTIONS OF SURVEYORS
633
APPENDIX
643
758
659
APPENDIX C
685
APPENDIX D
691
APPENDIX
702
THE ESSENTIAL REQUIREMENTS OF A SURVEY AND MAP AND THE OWNER
724
APPENDIX I
736
FOR CONVERTING METres Feet anD CHAINS
758
LOGARITHMS OF NUMBERS TO FOUR PLACES IIIA LOGARITHMS OF TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTION TO FOUR PLACES
760
LOGARITHMIC TRAVERSE TABLE IV V STADIA REDUCTIONS FOR HORIZONTAL DISTANCE AND FOR ELE VATION VI NATURAL SIN...
764
8888
767
NATURAL TANGENTS AND COTANGENTS
789
COORDINATES FOR POLYCONIC PROJECTION IX VALUES OF COEFFICIENT IN KUTTERS FORMULA X DIAMETERS OF CIRCULAR CO...
803
EARTHWORK TABLEVOLUMES BY THE PRISMOIDAL FORMULA
804
By Two Angles read on Shore 20
827
Latitudes Departures and Meridian Distances 103
829
AZIMUTHS OF POLARIS FOR ALL HOURS
836
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Página 667 - The location must be distinctly marked on the ground so that its boundaries can be readily traced. All records of mining claims hereafter made shall contain the name or names of the locators, the date of the location, and such a description of the claim or claims located by reference to some natural object or permanent monument as will identify the claim.
Página 728 - The public lands shall be divided by north ***' and south lines run according to the true meridian, and by others crossing them at right angles, so as to form townships of six miles square...
Página 674 - Provided, however. That if the application for patent describes the claim by legal subdivisions, the adverse claimant, if also claiming by legal subdivisions, may describe his adverse claim In the same manner without further survey or plat. If the claim is not described by legal subdivisions, it will generally be more satisfactory If the plat thereof Is made from an actual survey by a mineral surveyor, and Its correctness officially certified thereon by him.
Página 728 - ... townships west of the Muskingum, which, by the above-mentioned act, are directed to be sold in quarter townships, to be subdivided into half sections of three hundred and twenty acres each, as nearly as may be, by running parallel lines through the same from east to west, and from south to north...
Página 637 - BR, together with the number of the location monument; the exact point on the tree or stone to which the connection is taken should be indicated by a cross or other unmistakable mark. Bearings should also be taken to prominent mountain peaks, and the approximate distance and direction ascertained from the nearest town or mining camp. A detailed description of the...
Página 640 - A lode and mill-site claim in one survey will be distinguished by the letters A and B following the number of the survey. The corners of the mill site will be numbered independently of those of the lode. Corner No. 1 of the mill site must be connected with a corner of the lode claim as well as with a corner of the, public survey or United States location monument.
Página 637 - ... feet in the ground, scribed as for a stone monument, protected by a wellbuilt conical mound of stone of not less than 3 feet high and 6 feet base around it, may be used. The exact point for connection must be indicated on the monument by...
Página 672 - States may appoint in each land district containing mineral lands as many competent surveyors as shall apply for appointment to survey mining claims.
Página 644 - What works or expenditures have been made by the claimant or his grantors for the development of the claim, and their situation and location with respect to the same as applied for.
Página 642 - ... be included in the estimate, but should be described and located in the notes and plat. 159. In case of a lode and mill-site claim in the same survey the expenditure of five hundred dollars must be shown upon the lode claim.

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