The purpose of Hohenhein to educate large land owners, overseers, officials for public departments, &c., in agriculture and forestry, is thus supplemented by schools for the ordinary farmer, (ackerbau-schule,) and by short special courses for such students as desire to devote themselves to some one department.

Two years are required for the thorough and finished course in either forestry or agriculture, and I regard this as being entirely too little time for the studies embraced in the course. Yet the lecturers treat the principal subjects in agriculture and natural sciences within the space of one year, from the fact that many students cannot remain a longer time, and thus they are supposed to have the benefit of a complete course of lectures. This cannot be undertaken without too great crowding of studies, with superficiality as the result. The accessories of this institution, in the way of museums, model collections, &c., are excellent, and the apparatus for demonstrating manufacturing processes are as complete as such facilities can be made in an isolated situation, where they must be created solely for the purpose of demonstration. In such cases the progress of invention, as urged on by the necessities of competition in actual business, cannot be fully represented. The museums consist of model collections of farming implements, machines, &c.; of Professor Fleischer's mineralogical collections; well arranged geological collections; collections of varieties of soils, seeds, and herbs; models in pomology, &c.; zoological collections; and collections of native woods, in longitudinal and cross sections. In the facilities for practical or applied chemistry are embraced: factories for beet-root sugar, brandy, starch, vinegar, fruit-drying, new wine, a beer brewery, &c. The sugar fabric has the press method and Dombasleschen maceration process, both with steam-heating. It is in operation only in November and December. In connection with it is an arrangement for the preparation of bone coal. The beer brewery is arranged for the making of fifty to seventy eimers* of beer in January and February, after different methods. Brandy is prepared from potatoes, grain, molasses, and brewery resid uum, one-half eimer daily; the time of operation being according to the needs of instruction. The managements for starch, vinegar, &c., are on a smaller scale, chiefly for the purposes of demonstration. The agricultural experimental station was completed in 1866 at a cost of 15,000 florins, and embraces experimental stalls, hot-houses, and experimental gardens and fields. There is also an agricultural machine factory, the shops now being let, reserving the privilege of access for the students. The entire grounds connected with the institution, exclusive of forests, amount to 971 morgen, or about 770 acres. These grounds may be looked upon as experimental land on a large scale rather than as a model farm. The land is divided as follows: Tilled land, 615 morgen; meadow, 1491; tree nursery, 21; experimental fields, 294 fruit-tree nursery, 16; hop garden, 43; botanical garden, 143; vegetable and flower garden, 38; vineyard,; practice field for students, 1g; woods or spots unfavorable for culture, and banks of streams, 113; buildings, 11; roads, pasture, and sheep range, 763; leased part of the estate on account of unfavorable situation, 143.

The average amount of live stock kept is sixteen horses, twenty oxen in the hay harvest, eighty to one hundred cows, and six hundred to one thousand sheep.

There are in this institution twenty professors and teachers. The principle of division of labor, so fruitful in good results, is practiced. The

*An eimer in Würtemberg is 70.59040 gallons.

professors, therefore, have leisure and strength for scientific investigation and experiments. This system cannot be too highly recommended for adoption in our own country.

The number of students at present is one hundred and twenty-five, and the aggregate number from the commencement about three thousand six hundred and fifty. Prizes are given among the students for the best essays on agricultural subjects. Examinations during the term or at the close of the course are optional; certificates are, however, granted only to those who pass. Würtemberg students of forestry must undergo an examination before admission. Foreign students of forestry and all students of agriculture enter without such conditions, only a general fitness for the understanding of the lectures being required. Occasional students are not allowed a stay of more than four weeks. Cost for residence and instruction of students: For foreigners, three hundred florins for the first year, and two hundred florins for the second year; for students of the country, one hundred florins per year. Students in forestry: For foreigners, two hundred florins; for natives, sixty florius. Connected with this department of forestry are six thousand morgen of forest, exhibiting all, or at least a great variety, of indigenous trees, shrubs, plants, &c., with twenty-five morgen for exotics. The cultivation of seeds is practiced on the model or experimental farm, for distribution among the farmers of the kingdom.

The following is the course of study, or plan of lectures, demonstrations, and practical exercises in the Royal Würtemberg Agricultural and Forestry Academy of Hohenhein:

Agricultural course.-1. History and literature of agriculture; 2. General field and plant culture, including the drainage of land; 3. Study of agricultural machinery and implements; 4. Special plant culture, in special lectures; 5. Hop and tobacco culture; 6. Wine culture; 7. Fruit culture; 8. Vegetable culture; 9. Meadow culture; 10. General breeding of animals; 11. Horse breeding; 12. Exterior of horses, in special lectures; 13. Cattle breeding; 14. Sheep breeding; 15. Study of wools; 16. Breeding of small animals; 17. Silk-worm culture; 18. Bee culture; 19. Carrying on of agriculture; 20. Agricultural taxation, with exercises in drawing agricultural plans; 21. Agricultural bookkeeping; 22. Management of the Hohenhein farm; 23. Agricultural technology. These lectures are united with demonstrations in the agricultural model collections of machinery and tools, wool and soil collections, on the experimental fields, in the nurseries and different gardens, among the live stock of the farm, in the technical work shops; also, practical exercises in agricultural taxation, agricultural excursions, &c., &c.

Forestry course.-1. Encyclopedia of forestry, with particular consideration of the allied studies of forestry and agriculture; 2. Forest botany; 3. Climate and soil adapted to forestry; 4. Forest culture; 5. Protection of forests; 6. Use of forests and forest technology; 7. Valuation of trees, and profits; 8. Forest taxation; 9. Duration of forests; 10. State forests, in special lectures; 11. Würtemberg forest laws; 12. Business in connection with forestry; 13. Agricultural encyclopedia for foresters.

Connected with this course are demonstrations in different forest sections, the botanical garden, and forestry collections, as well as practical exercises in forestry taxation, excursions, &c.

Rudimentary accessory exercises.-1. Political economy; 2. Science of law; 3. Mathematical course, including arithmetic, algebra, planeometry, stereometry, trigonometry, practical geometry. Hereto are joined reg. ular exercises in field measurements and leveling: 4. Natural sciences,

including mechanics, experimental physics, general inorganic chemistry, universal organic chemistry, agricultural chemistry, analytical chemistry, geognosy, introduction to botany, anatomy and physiology of plants, pathology of plants, special botany, anatomy and physiology of domestic animals, general and special zoology, microscopic observations. Connected with these studies are practices in the chemical laboratory, demonstrations in the green-houses and on the experimental fields of the experimental agricultural station, in the botanical garden, in the botanical, mineralogical, anatomical, and zoological collections. There are also botanical and geognostic excursions; 5. Veterinary sciences, including remedies and receipts, pathology and therapeuties of domestic animals, aids to animals in giving birth, shoeing animals, and veterinary clinical demonstrations; 6. Agricultural architecture, including the drawing of plans.

HIGH SCHOOL, OR ACADEMY OF AGRICULTURE, AT TETSCHEN-LIEBWERD BOHEMIA.

The grade of this school is that of a higher agricultural and industrial agricultural academy. The instruction is in German and Bohemian. The first two years are devoted to general agriculture, and the third year to special branches. Instruction by lectures, practice in fields and the manufactories of Tetschen and Bodenbach, excursions, free conversational meetings under the guidance of professors, and the writing of essays. The lectures are not written and delivered, but spoken freely, with opportunity for questions, explanations, and illustrations. Each subject under consideration is treated with some class book as a general basis for study and investigation. Notes on the lectures are taken by the students. Tuition costs sixty florins yearly. The lowest age of admission is seventeen years, and proofs must be produced of the applicant having finished the course of the under gyinnasium, or lower "Realschool;" also, of some practical preparation in agriculture. Number of professors and teachers, fifteen. At the close of the summer term of 1868 there were one hundred students. The arrangements of the institution are for the admission of not more than thirty students at the beginning of each year, so that ninety is the normal number of students in the institution, as it is composed of three classes. Yearly ten thousand florins have been received from government, since the opening of the academy in 1866, as a national high school; previous to that date, two thousand florins yearly. Whole area of the farm, 1219.8 metzen;* leased, 368.4 metzen; leaving 851.4 metzen farmed by the institution, as follows: Arable land-rotation of crops, 582; border pasture land, 20.7; experimental fields, 3.4; botanical garden, 0.12; grass-seed school, 0.5; hop garden, 0.13; meadow land, 166; boundaries, roads, &c., 65.8.

Other accessories to improvements exist in Tetschen, open to the students, as the beer brewery, flax factory, distillery, beet drying, fruit drying, vegetable garden, vineyard, chemical experimental station, forests, library, philosophical, chemical, and mathematical apparatus, mineral collection, zoological collection, varieties of soil, workshops for agricul tural tools and small machines, cocoonery, apiary, &c.

In 1850 Tetschen-Liebwerd was established as an agricultural school for the peasantry, under the protection of Count Thun, on the farm Liebwerd, given by him for the purpose. It was organized on a plan of Director Komers, who, with four professors and teachers, constituted

*A metze is 0.4733 of an acre.

the faculty. This was the first agricultural school with German instruction in Bohemia. In 1856 it was reorganized under Director Komers, with a higher and lower department-the courses distinct. The higher department received from the Royal Economical Society a gift of twentyOne hundred florins, and the buildings were enlarged at the cost of the Protector, Count Thun. The organization of the experimental station, under Dr. Th. von Göhren, took place in 1864-'65. The formal opening of the institution as a high school of the Kingdom of Bohemia was in 1866. There is an examination every term, with classification of students. The first three receive prizes, with publication of their names. Particular attention is called in the report to the need of occasional travel by representative professors, to compare the operations and results of other institutions; in the case of Dr. von Göhren, whose able report on Lichtenhof, Weihenstephan, Hohenhein, and Grignon, was the result of such a journey.

After the two years' general study of agriculture, there is a division of the third year into four courses: 1st. General administration of estates, with rational stock raising; 2d. Agricultural technology, sugar making manufacture of brandy, beer, oil, &c.; 3d. Agricultural engineering, and science of reclamation; 4th. Agricultural-industrial improvements.

In the second year the students are divided into four classes, in the management and overseeing: 1st. The local direction; 2d. Administration; 3d. Account of the revenues; 4th. Natural accounts.

The first year they are busied in a varied manner, in house, on fields, &c. Students who work as a part payment are allowed thirty-eight to forty kreutzers. The soil at Liebwerd is, in the portions lying in the valleys, hard loam; on the heights, sandy loam, or loamy sand. The working of the soil is very hard. Climate mild and damp. Prevailing winds southeast, northwest, and northeast. In September fogs often roll into the valley at three o'clock in the afternoon, and do not break away until ten o'clock in the morning.

ROYAL BAVARIAN DISTRICT SCHOOL AT LICHTENHOF.

This school is situated near Nuremberg. Its grade is that of a middle school, embracing three institutions: 1st. The District Agricultural School; 2d. The Lower Agricultural School for peasantry; 3d. The Preparatory School. The character of instruction is general agriculture, with rudiments of forestry; the instruction of an order to prepare scholars for the management of small or moderate estates as owners or overseers, or to enter the higher agricultural school at Weihenstephan, or the Central Veterinary School at Munich, or for entrance upon a course of universal practical forestry.

The full cost of tuition is one hundred florins, yearly, for scholars under thirteen years; one hundred and twenty-five florins for those from thirteen to sixteen years; one hundred and fifty florins for all pupils over sixteen years-living included. Twelve years is the lowest age for admission. The course embraces a period of three years. There are two courses: 1st. District school course, inclusive of the preparatory course, when students are not fitted for immediate entrance; 2d. The course in the lower school, for peasantry.

The number of professors and teachers is ten; number of scholars last year, eighty-three. The buildings will accommodate one hundred scholars. The institution has the rents of the Maximilian foundation or establishment. This consists of the estates Lichendorf and Gibitzhof, which are given for the use and purposes of the institution, and the income from

them for free scholarships for poor students. All rents and a subsidy from the district or county funds, with private gifts, amount to from four thousand to six thousand or even eight thousand florins yearly. Connected with the school are an experimental farm, vegetable garden, botanical garden, and a tree school. The experiments with superphos phate have, according to their reports, resulted unfavorably in beet culture, but the experiment will be continued for further results.

This school opened in 1833, with twelve students; at present there are ninety-six. Whole number from commencement, six hundred. The subsidy from the province is seven thousand to eight thousand florins yearly. The receipts of the agricultural journal, "Lichtenhofer Blatter," go toward the establishment of free scholarships. The students form three classes: Those who pay full tuition and board; those admitted at reduced prices; and free scholars. The farm is situated in the "Knoblancksland;" the subsoil coarse-grained quartz sand, with beds or layers of clay running through it. One peculiar physical feature of this district is the frequent presence of water at a depth of three to five feet, which in many places prevents the use of subterranean cellars. Liebig's doctrine of the absorptive capacity of arable land finds here a striking confirmation, where the soil is of marshy and sandy earth, mixed through culture with a mass of manure stuffs, chiefly mineral. The writer believes that the secret of fruitfulness of this region consists in the mixing of marshy and sandy soil, otherwise he cannot account for the less favorable results of the same experiments in preparation and manuring of the soil upon adjacent sand fields. Only the result of more than one thousand years' alternating plant growth with their decay could be at the bottom of this fertility. The principal experiments are in raising fodder and trade crops, fruit-tree culture, various modes of manuring, bee raising, and crossing of different breeds of cattle. The soil is cultivated to a depth of one and a half to three feet, with frequent manuring at almost every plowing.

WEIHENSTEPHAN ROYAL BAVARIAN CENTRAL SCHOOL.

This school is situated at Weihenstephan, near Treising. Its grade is that of a high school of agriculture. The character of instruction is agriculture, forestry, and stock raising. The full cost of tuition for Bavarians is twenty-five florins half yearly; for all others, fifty florius for first half year, and twenty-five florins for second half year. Sixteen years is the age for admission. The course covers a period of two years. In connection with the usual course are, 1st, a practical preparatory course of one year; 2d, a brewery school of one year; 3d, fruit culture course of two or three years; 4th, trial station for agricultural machines and tools. Number of professors and teachers, thirteen; number of pupils, sixty, (twenty-two in regular course, seventeen in technical course, sixteen in preparatory, five occasional.)

The royal estate Weihenstephan, with seven hundred and ten tagwerken (about four hundred and twenty joches*) of meadow land fields and turf land, belongs to the school. The following may be mentioned among the accessories: Fifty-seven cows, four hundred sheep, swine-number variable-botanical garden, hop garden, apothecary for veterinary surgery, brewery, distillery, brick-kiln, lime-kiln, cheese dairy, fishery, turfcutting field, chemical laboratory, library.

The institution was founded in 1852. Weihenstephan was a Benedictine cloister, established in 725. The expenses of students are: Winter

A joch is 1.4223 acres.