analytic chemistry, and its application to agriculture and the industrial arts. Professor Fernald, a graduate of Bowdoin College, has been elected professor of mathematics, and has entered upon the duties to which he has been assigned. Samuel Johnson, also a graduate of Bowdoin College, has been appointed farm superintendent. Thirteen students have received instruction who, during the hours allotted to labor, have rendered valuable assistance in grading the grounds and in farm work. One-fourth to one-half the expenses of the students has been defrayed from the avails of their labor.

In arranging the course of study two leading ideas are kept in view; first, to prepare the students to become good citizens by a right moral and intellectual, and social training; and, secondly, to attend to "those branches of study which are directly connected with the various industries which form the basis of the wealth and prosperity of the State." The trustees intend that the instruction given shall be "of such a character as to secure to the student the discipline of mind, and the practical experience necessary for entering upon other callings." It will be a special object of the trustees to counteract the increasing disinclination towards manual labor, and to vindicate its dignity by showing that it is compatible with intellectual culture and social refinement.

The course of study will occupy four years. Its essential features are indicated by the following outline: "English language and literature, mathematics, including trigonometry, surveying, civil engineering, drawing, chemistry, animal and vegetable physiology, botany, horticul ture, the veterinary art, entomology, stock-breeding, book-keeping, history, and moral and intellectual philosophy. The French and German languages will also be taught."

The act of the legislature organizing the college requires the trustees to "encourage and, with reference to other exercises, to require all the students to engage in actual labor upon the lands and in the work-shops with which the college may be furnished, and shall provide suitable oversight and direction in such labor, so that they may become habituated to skillful and productive industry." It will thus be seen that the charter makes provision for labor, and that the trustees intend to combine. practice with theory-manual labor with scientific culture. They desire "to preserve habits of industry where they exist, and to encourage students to form them where they do not exist."

Tuition and room-rent are free to all students from the State.

MASSACHUSETTS.

During the first twelve months from the opening of the college, ninetysix students were admitted on written examinations, seventy-four of whom were acquainted with farm-work. Their average age was eighteen years. The college-farm, consisting of four hundred acres, is well adapted to the uses of the institution, containing a diversity of soil and aspect, and is well fitted for farm-culture, for forestry, for the formation of plantations of fruit trees and forest trees, for the cultivation of botanical plants, and for horticulture. On a portion of it, an arboretum will be planted, in which all the varieties of trees suited to the climate will be grouped according to their natural affinities, and the principles of landscape gardening. Professor Snell, who temporarily, during the last year, gave instruction in mathematics with entire acceptance, now gives place to a permanent professor in that department, Mr. S. F. Miller, who is a graduate of Amherst college, and who has had several years' experience as a civil engineer. Mr. C. A. Goessmann, a graduate of the

University of Göttingen, has been appointed professor of chemistry. Hon. C. L. Flint lectures on dairy-farming; Dr. Calvin Cutter, on the laws of health; Dr. J. H. Stickney, on the diseases of domestic animals; Dr. Jabez Fisher, on market-gardening; Dr. Edward Hitchcock, on comparative anatomy; and Hon. Marshall P. Wilder, on the culture of fruits and flowers. Hon. Levi Stockbridge is farm-superintendent and instructor in agriculture; and President Clark is also professor of botany and horticulture, and director of the botanic garden.

The annual report made to the legislature of the State represents that there is an abundant demand for the education which this institution is designed to afford. The students have manifested a deep interest in their studies, and their progress has been commendable. It is highly desirable that students should pursue and complete the regular course of study; but provision is made for those who choose to follow a select course adapted to their circumstances and necessities.

MICHIGAN.

The last year was a prosperous one for the State Agricultural College, at Lansing. The number of students was eighty-two, representing twenty-six counties of the State. Sixty of the number were sons of farmers. Three hundred and fifty acres of the farm are now cleared, and a large part freed from stumps. Roads and fences have been built, and a large amount of grading and ditching has been done. The organic law of the college says: "Three hours of each day shall be devoted by every student of the college to labor upon the farm, and no person shall be exempt except for physical disability." The officers of the college personally superintend the work, and illustrate in the garden or the field the principles learned from the books. The junior class work, during their entire year, under the direction of the professor of practical agriculture, and the sophomores work under the professor of botany and horticulture; The students do not find the labor irksome, but are interested by its variety and its relation to their studies. They have actual practice in the laboratory, in the use of the compass and level, in grafting and budding fruit trees, and in the work generally of the garden and the farm. The trustees regard the labor system as succeeding better every year.

The lands donated by Congress, and which are located within the bounds of the State, are now in the market, but no income from this source has yet been received. It has, thus far, been supported by the State. The minimum price of the lands, established by law, is $2.50 per acre. When the sale is effected, a large fund will be created, which will greatly aid the college in giving increased facilities for instruction. The faculty of instruction is constituted as follows: T. C. Abbott, president, and professor of mental philosophy and logic; Manley Miles, professor of animal physiology and practical agriculture, and superintendent of the farm; R. C. Kedzie, professor of chemistry; W. W. Tracey, professor of botany and horticulture, and superintendent of the gardens; George T. Fairchild, professor of English literature.

Several years' experience in giving instruction in the State Agricul tural College has convinced its officers that a "defined course of study should be insisted upon." Students are not permitted to leave, at will, a study half-completed. At the same time various courses of study are presented to them, agreeing in the main, yet sufficiently divergent to meet the wants of those who have in view particular departments of labor in future life. A regular course of study extends through four years. It embraces a wide range of study and inquiry, and appears to

be well adapted to promote the ends which the institution has in view. It embraces the following departments:

Chemistry. The elementary forces-heat, light, electricity, &c.; the laws of chemical combination; elementary substances, their history, properties, combinations, and uses; application of chemistry to the arts, analysis of soils, minerals, and manures; use of the blowpipe. In the study of analytical chemistry, the student spends three hours daily in the laboratory, under the direction of the professor of chemistry, securing in this manner a practical knowledge of the science. In agricultural chemistry, instruction is given on the formation of soils; the relation of air and moisture to vegetable growth; the nature and sources of food for plants; preparation of manures, with their application to soils. Practical agriculture.-Laying out farms, arrangement of farm-buildings, farm implements, general principles of tillage, construction of drains, principles of stock-breeding, breeds of domestic animals, succession of crops, management of grass lands, care of animals and principles of feeding, fattening of animals, management of sheep.

Botany. Physiological and systematic, the geographical distribution of plants, and their relative importance; the genera and species of those having agricultural, commercial, medical, or ornamental value, and those which are noxious or detrimental. Living specimens are dissected by the students, and the structure of plants is illustrated by diagrams and by the use of the microscope.

Horticulture. The sophomore class is occupied during the year in the gardens and college grounds, and have ample opportunity to apply the instruction received in the class rooms.

Animal physiology.-Particular attention is paid to the anatomy and physiology of domestic animals, and the course of instruction is illustrated by anatomical preparations and diagrams.

Entomology. The course in this department is illustrated by a valuable collection of native and of exotic insects. Special attention is paid to the study of species injurious to vegetation, and the best methods of checking their ravages.

Mathematics and civil engineering.-The course in this department embraces all those studies which prepare the student for the successful practice of surveying, leveling, bridge and road building, including field practice, under the supervision of the professor.

English literature.-The course of instruction is by text-books and lectures, and is intended to be of such a character as will give the students an enlarged acquaintance with the best writers in the language, and fit them for the reputable performance of the duties which will de volve upon them in their future life.

MINNESOTA.

Some steps have been taken toward organizing the agricultural college. A farm has been purchased near the college buildings, which will be inclosed during the coming season. A plan of organization is now being prepared by the trustees, who will also report a course of study to be pursued in the institution.

NEW HAMPSHIRE.

The New Hampshire College of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts, established in 1866, was opened to students in September, 1868. It has two terms, corresponding with the fall and the spring term of Dart

mouth College, thus giving opportunity to students to spend the summer months at home in agricultural or mechanical employment. Topics are given to them at the close of the spring term, on which papers are to be prepared, from observation, experiment, or study, for the fall term. Farmers can thus give to their sons facilities for education in the most favorable seasons for study, and still enjoy the advantage of their services in the period of greatest agricultural activity.

Candidates for admission must be sixteen years of age, and pass a satisfactory examination in the branches of English study taught in

common schools.

The course of study embraces three years: the first including mathematics, botany, physical geography, chemistry, physics, and book-keeping; the second, trigonometry, practical botany, organic and analytical chemistry, history, rhetoric, mensuration, zoology, geology, and mineralogy; the third, agricultural chemistry, zoology, astronomy, and meteorology, rural economy, political science, and intellectual and moral philosophy.

The library contains five hundred volumes of scientific works, purchased in Europe, about one hundred of which are from the private library of the late Professor Faraday. Students have access to the college library, cabinets, observatory, and gymnasium. A State museum of general and applied science is proposed in connection with the insti tution. There are twelve free scholarships, covering the charge for tuition, one for each senatorial district. Tuition is fifteen dollars per term. The number of students in the first, or junior class, is ten.

The faculty consists of President Smith, and Professors E. W. Dimond, (agricultural chemistry,) T. R. Crosby, (animal and vegetable physiology,) D. J. Noyes, E. D. Sanborn, C. A. Young, E. T. Quimby, C. H. Hitchcock, and C. F. Emerson.

NEW YORK.

The Cornell University, the institution which received the congressional grant, was opened for the reception of students in September, 1868. No doubt is entertained that the expectatious of the public, regarding the usefulness of this institution, will be fully realized. The board of instruction has been filled, in part, with professors of a high reputation, and an able corps of non-resident professors has been appointed, who will deliver courses of lectures on the subjects assigned them. The munificent endowment of its founder, the Hon. Ezra Cornell, with the princely addition of the congressional grant of lands, enables its trustees to open the institution with the fairest prospects of success and usefulness.

The faculty of the agricultural department of the university includes President A. D. White, and Professors G. C. Caldwell, B. G. Wilder, A. N. Prentiss, James Law, C. F. Hartt, and J. S. Gould.

In this department there are three courses of study, one of which requires four years for its completion, and entitles the student to the degree of bachelor of science; the other two are abridged courses, one of three and the other of two years, comprising all, or nearly all, the agricultural instruction given in the full course.

The requirements for admission to the first two of these courses are the same as for admission to the freshman class in the scientific course, namely, a good, sound English education, including algebra to quadratics; for admission to the third course of two years, a knowledge of algebra will not be insisted upon.

If any one should wish to attend one course or more of lectures in the department, and work in the laboratories or the garden, or on the farm, under the direction of the respective professors in charge, he may be permitted to do so, at the discretion of the faculty of the department. Of such a student it will be required that he pay the usual tuition fee of ten dollars, and also that his time be as fully occupied in study and work as that of other students.

In the instruction given, both laboratory and field practice are combined with the usual lecture-room work, to the utmost extent possible; to this end, land, laboratories, live stock, tools, models, and apparatus are supplied. With the aid of these appliances and means of illustra tion, and his own powers of observation, intelligently directed by his teachers, the student may become familiar with the chemical properties and relations of the substances composing soils, plants, and animals, with the domestic plants and animals themselves, and their conditions of health and disease, and with the best methods of agricultural practice.

PENNSYLVANIA.

An entire change in the faculty of the Agricultural College of this State has recently been made. It is thought that, after a long struggle against adverse circumstances, the college is now in a position to effect the great objects for which it was established. Thomas H. Burrowes has been appointed president, and, in an address issued to the public, he says: "Each student shall be made to know thoroughly what he studies; he shall have the opportunity to acquire an education equal to any attainable elsewhere; he shall be prepared, as far as depends on careful instruction, properly to perform his duties as a citizen, and shall be informed in the principles of our common Christianity." He also sets forth the general principles of the course of instruction which will be pursued.

RHODE ISLAND.

Brown University has received the land grant for industrial colleges, and made provision for a course of scientific and practical instruction, extending through a period of three years. The first year embraces chemistry, physiology, geometry, and algebra, as required studies; and civil engineering, analytical chemistry, or the French language, as optional studies; the second, natural philosophy and rhetoric, with applied chemistry and civil engineering, at the option of the student; the third, moral philosophy, political economy, and geology, with the same optional studies as for the second year.

The requirements for admission include a knowledge of arithmetic, algebra, English grammar, and modern geography. Provision will also be made for lectures, especially during the winter months, embracing, among other subjects, the following: The action of air and water upon soils; the influence of drainage and a proper degree of pulverization; the preparation, application, and office of manures and other fertilizers; the elements which enter into the composition of vegetables; the form in which they are presented to the growing plant; the varying proportions in which they are required by different crops; the laws of climate, and the influence of situation and exposure; modes and principles of culture; noxious insects, and the means of their destruction; the general principles of metallurgy; bleaching, dyeing, and calico printing; principles of warming, draft, and ventilation; the composition and properties of mortars and cements; composition and properties of oils, paints, and