and evidently built of old materials. The excavations have also laid bare a portion of the wall of the peribolos of the temple, and the bases of some votive offerings.

Statuettes at Tanagra.—At Tanagra has been found the tomb of a child, within which were thirteen statuettes of the same subject, representing a nude man pressing to his bosom with his left hand a cock. Several terra-cotta vases were found in the same place, of diverse forms, and for the most part ornamented with flowers (anthemia). One of the statuettes found at the same time represents a woman standing; another, an old woman with a babe in her arms; another, a youth standing clad in a chiton, with a purse in his right hand, and a chlamys hanging from his left arm. Others represent women seated, two naked children seated, a naked child squatting on its heels, three men seated, and one man standing.

The Temple of Aphrodite at Cerigo.-A report on the remains of the ancient temple of Aphrodite in Cerigo has been made by Dr. Schliemann to the Berlin Society of Anthropologists. The site is identical with that of the Church of the Holy Kosmos; and the stones of the ancient sanctuary almost sufficed for the erection of the church. The temple was a closed structare made of tufa-stone, with two rows of Doric columns, four on each side, of extremely archaic style. They are still preserved in the church, with their capital and ornaments; but only two of them, as well as the base of a column, are in situ. On a hill-top in the neighborhood are remains of Cyclopean fortifications, which Dr. Schliemann thinks, from the character of the potsherds found, can not be older than the seventh century before Christ.

The Rock-Cut Tombs of Mycena.-The excavations at Mycena continue to reveal fresh tombs, so that the extent of the necropolis can not yet be inferred. It appears, however, that all the land surrounding the ancient city, except where it was unsuitable, was used for burial. The tombs are on the slope of the hill, and consist of one or two chambers, which are reached by passages either horizontal or having a downward inclination, sometimes more than 20 metres long and 2 or 23 metres broad. The chambers are 35 or 40 square metres in area, and constructed with great care. They appear to have been family vaults, and to have their doors and passages carefully hidden, to protect them against spoliation. The skeletons are imperfectly preserved, and seem to have been disturbed whenever fresh interments were made; they were simply laid out at full length, or placed in a sitting posture. The tombs are ascribed to an earlier date than the Homeric age, and even to a time as far back as 2000 B. c. They have yielded some objects that had not been found in other tombs of the same date-such as bronze mirrors, small knives that served as scissors, and razors, which are now shown to have been in use even in those early times. The most abundant

articles are beads that belonged to necklaces. They vary in shape, and are chiefly of glass; but some are of stone as large as a franc-piece, and engraved on one side with pictures of animals; and some are of onyx or natural crystal. A silver vase in the shape of a phiale, 0.18 metre in diameter, and having one handle, is adorned on the outer side of its rim with faces of men in gold, and a golden ornament under each. The character of the articles is described as mostly Eastern.

A Theatre and Temple at Mantineia.--The excavations made during 1887 and 1888 by the French Archæological School at Mantineia began with the clearing of the theatre, which was built of the common stone of the district, and presents some peculiar features. While parts of the. building are so ruined that their ancient form can not be reconstructed, the conduits by which the rain-water was carried off are in comparatively good preservation. Near this building are the foundations of a temple, which may be the temple to Hera spoken of by Pausanias; but no inscription has been found by which to determine to whom it was dedicated. This foundation and the remains of the temple are both very near the surface of the soil. A large semicircular building, of which about a metre in height of the walls is left, gave the inscription Kukλos ó πρòs тò уvμváσiov. In front and alongside of it were large double stoai which may have formed part of the gymnasium. The wall of the circuit of the town, in a fair state of preservation to the height of a metre or more, is built of large polygonal stones, and is 20 stadia in perimeter; more than a hundred of its towers are preserved. The roads mentioned by Pausanias as named after the respective towns have been discovered. Among the less massive relics are the pieces of sculpture by Praxiteles recorded by Pausanias as being in the temple of Leto, including on one pedestal a representation of the muses and of Marsyas playing on the flute; a number of inscriptions, one of which records the name of the great general Philopomen; some terra-cotta tablets, which are supposed to have been theatre-tickets; and votive tablets. The stones of the ancient city have been liberally used in the construction of the houses of the modern town; and some of the most interesting objects were found walled in within the sanctuary of the Byzantine church.

Cyprus. Temple of Aphrodite at Old Paphos.-A "Cyprus Exploration Fund" has been formed, under the auspices of the Society for the Promotion of Hellenic studies, to carry out on the island of Cyprus the same kind of work of identification and recovery of remains of antiquity that has been successfully accomplished in Palestine, Asia Minor, and Egypt. It is under the care of a special committee of persons interested in archæological research. Permission was obtained from the authorities to excavate at Kouklia, on the site of the ancient Paphos, and operations were begun there in

December, 1887, under the supervision of Mr. Ernest A. Gardener. Excavations were also made in January, 1888, by Mr. M. R. James at the hill Leontari Vouno, Nikosia, in the course of which were discovered traces of early houses and walls, deep cuttings in the rock, a massive fort, primitive walls mixed with early pottery and other objects pointing to a remote period, and archaic tombs. In the tombs were found about two hundred vases, with fragments of pottery and broken articles of bronze, lead, and copper.

The temple of Aphrodite, at old Paphos, was cleared out, and a large portion of the walls was laid bare. The majority of the walls were found to belong to the restoration of the temple made by Tiberius; but the Romans appear to have made changes in the orientation of the parts of the structure that they touched, so that difficulty was met in tracing an accurate plan of the work. The plan of the temple falls into two main divisions-the south wing, standing detached, and a quadrilateral, containing various halls and inclosures. The south wing appears to be the earliest part of the building of which any traces remain. It consists of a large hall or court, bounded on the west by a wall of massive blocks. Between this court and the great quadrangle are remains of some irregular chambers and some pier bases, which may have been part of a triple avenue leading to the court. The rest of the site is occupied by buildings of later construction, of which, beginning at the south, the first to attract attention is a great hall or stoa, with a row of columns down the center. The construction is Roman, but it probably retains the general character of earlier buildings; and of such earlier chambers sufficient traces remain to allow of a fairly accurate restoration. A considerable number of inscriptions, a marble head of Eros, said to be "a valuable acquisition to the treasures of Greek art," fragments of bronze and terra-cotta, a fine bronze-gilt pin, and a crystal cylinder belonging to a scepter, were found in the temple. Among the inscriptions in the Cypriot syllabary was a tablet containing a letter from Antiochus to Ptolemy Alexander, a tablet bearing a list of contributors to a feast called the Elaichristion, and a tablet bearing an elegiac inscription recording that at the suggestion of King Nikokles the town was fortified. Most of the inscriptions were on the pedestals of statues dedicated in the temple in Ptolemaic times, which confer much light on the constitution of Cyprus during that period. Some very interesting objects were found in the tombs of various periods that lie below the temple on the slope toward the sea. A third work of excavation was carried on at Anargeth, which was identified as the site of an ancient village, probably called Melantha, where Apollo was worshiped under the title of Opaon.

Perforated Monoliths.-Some curious perforated stones-monoliths-near Anoyra, in the Lima

sol district, have been examined by Dr. F. H. H. Guillemard. They are similar to two monoliths at Kuklia, which are described by Cesnola, and have been regarded as Phoenician, and, perhaps, Phallic. Twenty seven such stones have been found at Anoyra, all of a hard limestone. They are usually two feet in depth, and from 2 feet 5 inches to 4 feet 3 inches in width, while the hole is generally about 9 inches wide, and from 2 to 4 feet high. The height above ground ranges from 6 to 10 feet. These stones are believed by Dr. Guillemard, from their situation and accompaniments, to have been parts of mills or of olive-presses. Others believe that though they may have been adapted and utilized for such purposes as these, they were originally Phoenician, or prehistoric, and Phallic.

Ancient Sites in Asia Minor.-Mr. J. T. Bent, giving an account to the British Association of some discoveries that he had made in Asia Minor, said that during a cruise along the south coast of that country, he had found the sites of three ancient towns and identified them by inscriptions. In one place were thirty-three inscriptions, many of them of great local interest, introducing a doctor, Aristobulus by name, who is mentioned by Galen, and numerous consuls and pro-consuls of Rome, who ruled there. Local offices and dignitaries, family names and customs, are referred to in all these inscriptions. At about five miles from Lydæ, inland, the author discovered the ruins of a fortress buried in a thick forest overlooking a lake, and identified the place from inscriptions as Lissa.

Egypt. Exploration Fund. The Egypt Exploration Fund, in acknowledgment of liberal contributions to its resources (which amount to fully one half of its fund) from the United States, has authorized the presentation to the Museum of Fine Arts, in Boston, of a selection of Greek antiquities from Naucratis and of Egyptian antiquities from Nebeshet, the city of Onias, and Bubastis, and of a statue of heroic size of Rameses II.

The work of the fund for 1888 was begun by Mr. F. Llewellen Griffith on the mounds of Kûm abû Billû, at Tarrâneh, on the western edge of the delta. The site is supposed to represent an ancient city named Terenuthis. The remains yielded little that was of interest, and the work was discontinued.

Hyksos Monuments at Bubastis.-The excavations on the site of the great temple of Bubastis were resumed on the 23d of February, 1888, by Mr. Edouard Naville, with Mr. F. Llewellen Griffith, Count d'Hulst, and the Rev. Mr. MacGregor. The two pits formed in 1887 were thrown into one, and the ground was cleared from east to west, following the axis of the temple till the whole width of the building was laid bare. Among the discoveries were a third hall built by Osorkon I, of red granite lined with sculptured slabs; the remains of a colonnade; a monolithic shrine in red granite; two

statues of an officer named Amenophis, inscribed with the cartouches of Amenophis III, and the torso of a woman of the same epoch; traces of Amenophis IV (or Khu-en-Aten) in the shape of the name of that king's patron deity. The results of the investigations brought up the number of the names of the kings who had left traces of their work here to twentytwo, beginning with Pepi Merira, of the sixth dynasty, including Usertesen III, of the twelfth dynasty, and ending with Nectanebo.

Evidences associating the site with the rule of the Hyksos kings were found in the shape of an architrave sculptured with the cartouch of Apepi, and the remains of three statues of this period. One of these was headless, but was seated upon a throne, with cartouches and standard, giving the family name, the throne name, and the "banner" name of the king in a perfect state of preservation. This is the first instance in which a Hyksos statue has been found with a legible inscription. The inscriptions read as follows: "The divine Horus who embraces the lands, the good god Userenra, the son of Ra, Raian, loving his Ka, everliving." This name, Raian, is new to the Egyptian monuments, although it suggests a curious coincidence with an Arab tradition of the going of Joseph to Egypt, which, as given by Mas'údi, relates that "the Hamites who peopled Egypt had been for some time ruled over by women, in consequence of which kings from all quarters were lusting after their land. An Amelekite king named al-Walid invaded it from Syria and established his rule there. After him came his son, Rayyán ibu al-Walid, in whose time Joseph was brought to Egypt."

Mr. Petrie has adduced reasons, from the readings on two cylinders bearing the titles of this king, for supposing that the name should be read Khian rather than Raian, and that this makes his connection with the Rayan of Arab tradition almost impossible. The Rev. Henry George Tomkins, however, has suggested that "if we must read Khian, the name may still be intended by the IANNAƐ of Manetho, with rough breathing." and adds "that in this case we may find for the first time traces of a Hyksos proper name in northern Syria; for Assur-nazirpal received tribute from Khaian or Khindani 'on the further bank of the Euphrates,' that is, on the western side, south of the junction of the Khabar. And Shalmaneser took tribute of Khaian, the son of Gabas, in northern Syria toward the west. There are local traces of such a name, especially the ancient ruins and great tanks of Khurbet Haiyan, east of Bethel, which have been thought to mark the site of the important Canaanite city Ai or Hai."

Mr. F. Llewellen Griffith has compared the prenomen of the king as given on this statue -Ra-suser-n-with the name inscribed in imperfect characters in the cartouch of a black granite lion from Bagdad, in the British Museum, which presents some resemblance to it.

This lion is one of a class of sphinxes in black granite that have been found at several sites in Lower Egypt, and are assigned to a period previous to the eighteenth dynasty.

Portraits of the Greco-Roman Period.-Mr. Petrie placed on exhibition in London the objects that he recovered in the exploration of a vast cemetery, which he found near the pyramid containing the tomb of Amenemhat III. The cemetery proved to be one of the Ptolemaic and Roman epochs, and furnished many new facts respecting the dress, mode of burial, etc., of the Hellenized and Romanized Egyptians of the three or four centuries before and after the Christian era. The mummies of two or three earlier centuries had gilt sculptured head-pieces, and those dating from about a. D. 150 had portraits inserted in the place of the head. These portraits, of which there were more than thirty, were painted, apparently in colored wax, upon very thin wooden panels, and are preserved in all their freshness. Many of them are said to be wonderfully expressive; one, representing the face of a man of mature age, "is modeled with singular force and skill," and four are "excellent portraits" of ladies. These heads were slipped into the mummycase, and it appears to have been the custom to keep the muinmy, thus adorned, for several years in the house of the family. An important fragment of papyrus, containing a transcript of a part of the second book of the Iliad, beautifully written, is included in the collection, and with it is the skull of the owner, a lady, with shreds of her hair twisted over it.

The Pyramid and Statues of Lake Moris.-The researches of Mr. W. M. Flinders Petrie in the Fayoum have brought to light what are supposed to be the remains of the structures described by Herodotus as two pyramids crowned with colossal statues standing in the midst of Lake Moris. At Beyahmu, a village about four miles north of Medinet-el-Fayoum, ruins destitute of inscriptions and called Kursi Far'un, or Pharaoh's chair, had been already remarked and described by Ebers as resembling dilapidated altars rising above other fragments of solid masonry. Ebers had also suggested a connection between these objects and the pyramids of Herodotus. Mr. Petrie found that they were, in fact, two piles of masonry standing on two stone platforms, at the corner of one of which was an angular block of some sloping structure, like the corner of a pyramid. The piles of rubbish in which the ruins were half imbedded, were found to contain a vast number of fragments of limestone, red granite, and a hard and highly polished yellow quartzite sandstone. A search among these fragments soon brought out scraps of hieroglyphic inscription, a morsel of bass-relief paneling, and a royal oval containing the name of Amenemhat III-the Moris of Herodotus. As the search was continued, numerous chips were found containing bits of detail, or wrought in the likeness of the undulating surface of the

human body, scraps of ornamentation such as are carved on the thrones of the colossi of the period of the twelfth dynasty, and, finally, a polished sandstone nose measuring eleven and a half inches in width. From this feature, Mr. Petrie estimates that the statue, when perfect, must have been about thirty-five feet high. The masses of fragments about the other altar give hope that similar remains of a second statue may be found there. The pedestals are twenty-two feet high. Supposing the statues to have been set upon a base three feet high, the total elevation of the figures above the ground is estimated to have been sixty feet. Each pedestal appears to have been surrounded by an open court, walled around to about the height of the base of the statue. As these walls inclined inward, like the sides of pyloons and pyramids, the effect when viewed from a distance would be precisely that of a truncated pyramid surmounted by a seated statue. The exaggerations by Herodotus of the heights of the monuments-which he gave as "fifty fathoms above the surface of the water, and extending as far beneath "-as well as of the size of Lake Moris, are ascribed to his having visited the country during the inundation, and to his having been misled by his guides, who were probably no more trustworthy than the dragomans of the present day.

Mr. Cope Whitehouse, on the other hand, who has made a survey of the depression called the Raian basin, to the south and west of the Fayoum, believes that he has found there the site of an ancient lake that was ample and deep enough to answer the description given by Herodotus as of Lake Moris. It is described as being forty miles long, twenty miles wide, and more than two hundred and fifty feet deep, and connected with two other depressions, one of which is represented by the Birket-al-Keroun, and the other is the Gharaq basin. The Birket is fed by the canal called the Bahr Jusuf, which runs almost parallel with the river from Osioot, till it finds a pass through the hills and enters the Fayoum. After emerging from the pass it divides into four branches, running in different directions toward the Birket or different parts of the depression. A fifth channel may also be traced. Within the depression, near the northwestern edge, is a hill called Grande Butte, or Haram by the Egyptians, which may be the island described by Herodotus.

Documents in the Babylonian Language.-A large number of clay tablets and fragments of tablets inscribed with cuneiform characters have been discovered among the ruins of Tel-el-Amarna, in Upper Egypt, the site of the capital built by Amenophis IV, or Khu-en-Aten. They were discovered in the tomb of a royal scribe, and consist largely of letters and dispatches sent by the kings and governors of Palestine, Syria, Mesopotamia, and Babylonia, to Amenophis III and IV; and a note in hieratic on one of them says that a large portion of them had been

transferred from Thebes to the new capital of Khu-en-Aten, along with the rest of the royal archives.

Palestine was held at the time by Egyptian garrisons, and the representatives of the Egyptian Government appear to have been active in sending home news about all that was going on. Among the cities of Palestine from which letters were dispatched were Byblas, Smyrna, Akko or Acre, Megiddo, and Ashkelon; and reference is made in one of the letters to a coalition, at the head of which was the king of Gath.

About three fourths of the whole number of the tablets have been deposited in the Royal Museum of Berlin and the British Museum. Among those in the Berlin collection are letters and dispatches from Tushratta, King of Mitanni; Burraburriyash, King of Karaduiyash; and other kings of parts of Mesopotamia. The fact is established in them that Tushratta was the father-in-law of Amenophis III, thus confirming the representations on the scarabei of that king, that he married a Mesopotamian woman. Among the eighty-five tablets acquired by the British Museum are several of considerable importance for the study of the relations which existed between the kings of Mesopotamia and Egypt. A dispatch from Tushratta to Amenophis III refers to a treaty which existed between the father of the former and Amenophis, and conveys proposals for a marriage between his great-nephew and the daughter of the Egyptian king. A dispatch from Burraburriyash to Amenophis IV, besides allusions to a treaty, mentions exchanges of gifts. Letters from the king of a country called Alashiya also mention gifts and negotiations, and ask for the return of the property of a subject of Alashiya who had died in Egypt leaving his family in the former country. Other dispatches are from Tushratta to the wife of Amenophis III, the greatly beloved Ti of the Egyptian monuments, who appears to have been the daughter of Tushratta, in which the proposed alliance of his great-nephew with Amenophis's daughter is again mentioned. Mr. A. H. Sayce has found in one of the inscriptions a mention of a targumanam or dragoman having been sent with a letter, giving the first example of the use of this word.

Memphis Colossi of Rameses II.-Major Arthur Bagnold described before the Society of Biblical Archæology, at its February meeting, the raising of the pair of colossal statues of Rameses II, at Memphis, which are mentioned by Herodotus and Diodorus as having stood in front of the temple of Ptah. One of them had been partly brought to light by Sloane and Caviglia, and Hekekian Bey once began to dig around it; and a cast of its face was in the British Museum. The colossus was raised by the aid of hydraulic apparatus, propped up, photographed, and then laid upon its back, in the position which it had before occupied. It is thought to have been about thirty-five feet high, but was broken off at the knees, and the