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"The mine called Godbeheres mishap the handle fell into the deep vacuity beneath, and he could not recover it again. Deprived of this means of employment he still found something to do. In the shaft where he was imprisoned a rope was suspended over his head; he clambered up it, and working at the earth above him, he loosened a portion of it from its lodgements, which fell into the chasm at its feet. While thus engaged he imagined he heard the noise of men labouring for his release; he listened, and was almost breathless with anxiety. The sound, for a time, instead of invigorating, only paralized his exertions, but while in this situation he yet contrived to make the signal that he was alive distinctly heard and understood. Shortly afterwards, he once more saw the light of heaven, and human faces gazing upon him, as if they had actually beheld a dead man rising from the grave, and not a living body. He was, indeed, little better than the apparition of a man; eight days of mental and bodily suffering had reduced him to a skeleton, and the palid hue and altered expression of his countenance, had nearly obliterated his personal identity. In this state he was restored to his family, who felt as if a being from the grave had burst its cearments, and the dead body had returned to life."

Founder has been rendered memorable from an occurrence that took place there about five and twenty years ago. Two men, named Boden and Pearson, were working in the mine at different depths, when the earth and water suddenly rushed in upon them, and in one moment buried them alive in the deep recess below. On the third day after the accident happened, Pearson was found dead amongst the rubbish, and the men who were employed in clearing away the earth that had choaked up the entrance into the mine, had now so little hope of finding Boden alive that they were scarcely at all disposed to persevere in their exertions. They were, however, prevailed upon to proceed, until on the eighth day of their labours they distinctly heard Boden's signal, and ascertained that he was living. They now worked with greater energy, but more care, for a few hours longer, when they found the object of their search weak and almost exhausted, but still in existence, and fully sensible of the miraculous nature of his escape. His recovery from the effects of this premature entombment was slow, but effectual, and he returned to his usual employment in about fourteen weeks, and lived many years afterwards. When this accident took place Boden was in the lower part of the mine; Pearson was at a windlass in the drift above, when the earth rushed suddenly upon him, and he was found dead amongst the mass. Boden's situation was equally perilous, but the earth was stopped in its fall by a projection which considerably narrowed the shaft where he was. Thus circumstanced, with no prospect before him but death, this poor man passed eight days in this narrow cell, without light or food or wherewithal to quench his thirst, which he felt more severely than any other deprivation. Hunger he bore with fortitude; thirst was intolerable; and during the whole of his confinement he was sufficiently sensible to feel all the borrors of his situation. He likewise suffered greatly from cold, but having a few yards to move in he found a windlass, and exercised himself in turning it, but by some

To vary and conclude our extracts, we select the following, respecting Bol

sover:

"The inhabitants are now almost entirely employed in agricultural pursuits: formerly a considerable manufacture of spurs and buckles was carried on this place. These were made in a very superior manner of the best malleable iron, and then hardened on the surface only, that they might admit of a very due polish. The process of hardening used by the buckle-makers of Bolsover, which is technically called case-hardening, is well known amongst those who are connected with the manufacture of articles of steel and iron; to those who are not it may be useful to intimate that iron, properly so called, is incapable of receiving a very high polish; the buckles and spurs were therefore formed and filed into shape

273

Antiquities of the Metropolitan Church of Canterbury.

when in the state of iron only; the exterior surface was then converted into steel by a peculiar process, in which burnt bones, and ashes made from the leather of old shoes, were generally used. The manufactured article was

now internally iron, and therefore not liable to be easily broken, but the exterior surface was converted into the purest steel, and fitted to receive the highest polish that can possibly be imparted to this beautiful metal."

(Lit. Gaz.)

ANTIQUITIES OF THE METROPOLITAN CHURCH OF CANTERBURY.

CANTERBURY was the earliest seat of Christianity in Britain; and it appears, that even before the celebrated mission of St. Augustine, (A. D. 597,) Luidhard, a Chaplain to Bertha, Queen of Kent, was at the head of a congregation in this very ancient city. With some fluctuations occasioned by apostasy, scepticism, or political events, and which were overcome by miracles and perseverance on the part of the Church, the See of Canterbury grew rapidly into power, and spread its influence over all England. About A. D. 1803, Ceolnoth, the first Dean on record, is mentioned as belonging to it. Archbishop Odo, above a century later, affords a striking example of the arrogance of the clergy in those remote days. He "endeavoured to render the church independent of all control. For this purpose he promulgated, in 943, his famous pastoral letter, since called the Constitutions of Odo,' in which he arrogantly and presumptuously says, I strictly command and charge that no man presume to lay any-tax on the possessions of the clergy, who are the sons of God. I command the king, the princes, and all in authority to obey, with great humility, the archbishop and bishops, for they have the keys of the kingdom of heaven.""

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Many of this priest's successors followed in his footsteps. Ralph, "elected in 1114, a prelate who was extremely jealous of the prerogatives of his church, would never allow the king to put on his own crown, as that ceremony was a peculiar right of the archbishops on all occasions." And similar ambition led to the famous catastrophe of the domineering Becket.

It is not for us to dip into the olden and controversial history of the build

ing of the Cathedral and its various ailes, naves, transepts, &c.; we will only mention that "during the last two or three years some useful and judicious improvements have been making, by taking away many of the iron railings which surrounded and were inserted in the monuments, and by cleaning and repairing those monuments." These involve great improvements, and have led to the discovery of some curious remains; and Mr. Briton says very aptly, that this Cathedral" at once exemplifies the powers, capabilities, varities, and merits of Christian architecture. This, like genuine Christianity, is genial, tolerant, expansive, and appeals both to the heart and fancy of man.

That heart, indeed, must be flinty, and fancy phlegmatic, which can be unmoved by the present Cathedral of Canterbury. It is an edifice of great extent and amplitude; considerable variety and intricacy; in some parts grand and imposing, and in many others curious, beautiful, and interesting.

66

Theodore, one of the early Bishops, and a Greek, was among the first to institute parishes, or define parochial districts, for the purpose, as it appears, of affording to places remote from cathedrals the benefit of a resident clergy.

"An anecdote of Anselm, related by William of Malmsbury, is curious, as it gives us some idea of the state of the arts at this period. He was under the necessity of travelling to Rome; and on his return, knowing that he was to be waylaid by banditti, he diguised himself to deceive them. They learned his intention, and sent an artist te Rome, who made so exact a delineation of his features, that the archbishop, who found he should be known in any

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terms. After interdicting him from all future connexion with nuns of nunneries, he ordered that he should be publicly scourged on three successive Sundays, in the church of Wilton, and as many times in the church and marketplace of Salisbury; that he should fast a certain number of months; that he should wear no linen for three years; and that he should relinquish his knight hood as to dress and title, and swear to wear none but russet-coloured clothes until he had been three years in the Holy Land. If (says Bishop Godwin) some of our gentlemen were now and then thus served, they would not be so wanton as they are.'

(Lit. Gaz.)

GREENWICH HOSPITAL.

"The vessel while the dread event draws nigh Seems more impatient o'er the waves to flyFate spurs her on→" Falconer's Shipwreck.

WHY, Sir, sailors that know the

construction of a ship, how the timbers and knees are jointed together, and where every treenail is drove, are far more timorous in a gale of wind, than those who are ignorant of her frame-work. By the same rule I have known some surgeons who were skill'd in anatomy, apt to be narvous upon occasions. But howsomever, a gale of wind is no plaything, Sir. You have never witness'd one at sea; but mayhap you'd like a rough description from an old weather-beaten Tar, who, ever since he was the height of a quart pot, has been working against wind and tide and braved every billow, from the Bay of Biscay to the Bay of Bengal; but, bless you, what's the use on it--I went to windward like smoke. Well, Sir, I was in a Transport about 600 tons; a pretty ship, sail'd like a mermaid, and sat on the water like a duck; but no matter. Well, we sailed from St. Andero with sick and wounded troops, and women; there were some officers, too, with their families, and we were bound to our own dear native land; but before I proceed I'll just give you a sketch of our passengers: and, first, 28 ATHENEUM VOL. 14.

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was Captain R- of regiment, a fine Dalgetty-looking old veteran, with flowing locks as white as a snow-ball;

he had sought the bubble reputation

even in the cannon's mouth, but he'd no interest, Sir; and having buried his wife in a foreign land, was now returning home with his two daughters, lovely girls, the prop and stay of his declining age; they were sweet flowers, and when they used to sit on the deck each side of their father, administering the balm of consolation to his wounded spirit, 'twas like the picture of Mercy and Benevolence soothing the sorrows of Time. Then there was Lieut. Nand his wife, a very interesting couple, and yet they were but one in mind. He had been severely wounded, and she had quitted her country to attend the partner of her heart, but now, through grief and too close attention to his wants, droop'd like a lily withering in the storm, and seemed fast hastening to that bourne whence no travellers return; they had one little boy about eight years old, the mother's darling, and the father's pride. Next there was Dr. Mac I-, a native of auld Reekie: he was a stanch kirk o' Scotland man, as kind a soul as ever broke bread and treated the poor fellows under his care with the tender

tended to the wants of her wounded but brave husband and sooth'd his harsh complainings with a voice of soften'd tenderness, and these were generally the youngest and prettiest amongst 'em.

of the bolt-ropes-What a scene of confusion! The shrill howl of the wind

ness of a parent: he had national prejudices, to be sure-call'd Dr. Johnson an "ig-no-ram-ass," and used to boast of his acquaintance with Rab Burns, who was an old croney of his father's: "Iken'd him fu' well (said he,) when he biggit near the Brig of Ayr; he. But to proceed: We had been out would come the hoose and sit with my about ten days with tolerable fair gude feyther for the hoor togither o'er weather, when just at the end of the the brandy-stoup, and crack of auld dog-watch (that's about eight o'clock lang syne; but they are gan the way in the evening, Sir) a sudden squall of aw flesh, and we must prepare to fol- hove the ship on her beam ends, and low." But I mustn't forget Lieut. B-away went the main-top-sail clean out he was what you call an in-fid-hell, I don't know what it means, but some of the sodgers told me he'd no more religion than a pope; he had committed a fox-paw by profaning one of the Spanish churches, but he got over that, for his uncle was a nobleman: however, one day his regiment was order'd on some dangerous and honourable service, and so he throws himself into the sick-list with a gum-boil in his throat; but it wouldn't do, and he was near getting an emetic which would have made him throw up his commission, so the General, to save him, sent him to take charge of his troops; but he was much despised, particularly by the ladies. He would often fall foul of the Doctor, and one fine clear night, when the stars were all glowing, I was at the helm, and the good old Scot was pointing 'em out by name to one of the lassies, and says he, "The heavens declare the glory of God! Wha but a gowk wad suppose that yon bright orbs were produced by blind chance, and that they have continued preceesely in the same place for nearly sax thoosand years, without a superintending power ?" Up comes the young spark, and overhaul'd a great deal of lingo; but I couldn't understand it; I recollect the Doctor saying "Hoot hoot, wait a wee mon-wait a wee-If there is a God I'm right, and if there's nae God I'm right still."

Well, Sir, these were our principal cabin passengers: there were others but I shall tire you to describe 'em all. The sodgers, poor souls, were most of 'em in a very low state, and the incessant quarrelling of the women deprived them of rest-to be sure there were some exceptions, where the wife at

the shrieks of the women—the flapping of the fragments of the sail-the groans of the sufferers below, the dashing of the waters, and the yo-hoy of the sailors, with the bellowing of the captain-formed a concert which I dare say you have no desire to hear. We clued up till the squall was a little abated, and then all hands were employed in bending a new topsail : this occupi ed us till near midnight, and the gale continuing we furled the fore and mizen topsails, and set the reef'd foresail and trysail. By the reckoning, we were at no great distance from Ushant, the wind being fair, we entertain'd hopes of soon getting into Plymouth: indeed by the time we had got all snug, the storm abated considerably, so, instead of turning in, we were obliged to remain on deck and set the topsails again; but scarce had we loosed the sails, when the wind took us right a-head, and blew harder than ever. Of all places in the world, the Bay of Biscay is the worst for a cross sea; you never know where it will take you. "Hold on aloft !" roared the captain, who saw it coming, and clung to the weather-shrouds; "Hold on fore and aft; mind your helm; ease her, boy, ease her." The sea struck us amidships, and a whole body of waters burst upon the deck : away went bulwarks, boats, hen-coops, and every thing moveable. "A man overboard, a man overboard!" was echoed from all sides, and as soon as our eyes were clear of salt spray we saw three poor fellows buffetting with the waves; one was the helmsman, the others were invalids, who had crawl'd on deck for air. Oh, Sir, 'twas a dis

tressing sight. At first we could hear them hallooing for assistance, and then their voices were lost in the howling of the gale; but we saw them, Sir, a long while. The helmsman had got hold of a spar, and one of the others on the boat's keel; the third had sunk! We kept sight of the first nearly all day, but couldn't save him, for another sea had carried away the bowsprit and foremast; the second, after remaining some time on the boat's bottom, let go his hold; the boat still floated on the wave, but he was gone for ever! Oh what must have been my poor messmate's feelings--his ship in view, though leaving him-himself devoted to destruction-the dark waters yawning on all sides to receive their prey-every billow a threatening grave-no hope. Thought he then of home? his wife, his little ones? Oh, Sir, what must have been his feelings! As night approach'd, so darker grew each scene of horror, and its deep'ning shades fell heavy on the seaman's soul. We had but little command of the ship, and were fast drifting to leeward. Night came, and sky and ocean seem'd blended together in the distance, while the sea around was one white foam. Wave after wave washed over us; the well was sounded, alarm was pictured on every countenance-she had sprung a leak. All hands muster'd at the pumps, but the water gained so fast-death stared us in the face! From the commencement of the gale, all the hatches were batten'd down, so that the poor creatures below were in total darkness, and nearly without food or air: some had fallen out of their hammocks, and, unable to rise, had been dash'd from side to side with the motion of the ship till they expired. The good Doctor exerted himself to the utmost, but to little purpose.

About four in the morning the water had gained so much that every hope had fled, and the ship was sinking fast. The passengers after many struggles crowded on the deck, but scarcely were they secured when a dreadful shock told us another fatal truth. The ship had struck! Men, women, and children, rush'd from below, and every breaker carried off its victims. Oh

what a scene of horror! We saw our companions washed from our sidewitness'd their struggles as a prelude to our own-heard the loud yell when the last death-pang parted soul and body-and saw the children clinging round the parents as they sunk together! Every wave threw us higher on the rocks, and hope dawned with the day; but vain were our efforts to discover land, all was one raging foam. I had assisted to secure Captain Rand his daughters to the taffaril; the captain and mate had done the same by Lieut. N- and his wife; the Doctor had shifted for himself, supporting Lieut. B- who clung round him in trembling alarm, till a sailor, observing his situation, gave him a lashing to the ring-bolt, and there he sat pale and quivering, wishing the bitterness of death had pass'd, yet dreading its approach, trying to pray, yet mingling curses with his pray'rs-shrieking as the roaring billows dash'd over us, and then laughing in all the convulsive agony of bitter despair. What a contrast to the worthy Doctor! there was no fear in his look, 'twas calm resignation, and an eye of tender compassion bent upon his fellow-sufferers: I heard him repeating to himself "I know in whom I have believed, I know that my Redeemer liveth." But oh the anguish of the grey haired father, as each arm was thrown round those lovely plants, whose growth he'd watch'd from earliest infancy; and first he turned to the youngest-" Emma," said he--and then to the other, "Eliza," as if it was a dreadful dream whose certainty he fear'd; "Emma, Eliza, both my children-both doom'd to perish! Is there no hope? Great God, on meon me inflict your wrath, but spare, oh spare my children." Mr. N suffered since the gale had burst out afresh: his wife hung round his neck, and feebly he grasp'd his boy between his knees-his hold relax'd-grew weaker--and the poor child was wash'd away! Shrieking, the mother shook her husband in all the anguish of maddening torture—no notice was returned-his spirit had fled! and now a tremendous breaker came rolling tow'rds us, as if mustering all its force

had

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