for settled frontier territory. The pioneers of Iowa were therefore for the most part sons and daughters of pioneers.

The characteristics of the Iowa settlers as reported by the observers quoted are very similar to the characteristics of the settlers elsewhere on the frontier. Perhaps the most striking difference between the reports of Iowa pioneers and of those elsewhere is the frequency with which drinking, carousal and lawlessness. are mentioned (5; 10; 27 30; 32; 43; 55; 69) as occurring in early Iowa days. Lack of refinement (42; 43; 52) is also noted rather more frequently than for other pioneers. On the other hand, Lieutenant Lea gives a directly contrary impression (40.1: pp. 14-15). The Iowa settlers were noted especially for hospitality, kindness, love of education, and tenacity in the face of discour agements (4; 11; 27; 42; 44; 52; 54; 62). The settlement of Iowa was notable for the number of communistic and coöperative experiments attempted in its early days. The Amana Community (57), Icaria (9), and settlements by Trappists (45), Hollanders (12), Quakers (39), and Mormons (6) may be cited as examples of group colonization. In general the Iowa settlers were characterized by the same energy, vigor, intensity, disregard for inhibitions and capacity for coöperation which were outstanding characteristics of the American pioneers in general.

23. SELECTIVE CHARACTER OF EMIGRATION FROM IOWA

The fact that emigration from Iowa has included a disproportionate number of the potentially distinguished persons of the state is indicated by the fact that whereas 582 persons listed in Who's Who were born in Iowa, only 289 persons listed in that volume live in Iowa.

Similar conclusions are indicated by Cattell's data on American Men of Science:

The rural New England States, Maine, New Hampshire and Vermont have lost 48 of the 62 scientific men whom they have produced. This is a loss which they can ill afford; it signified a distinct decadence. . . The condtions in some of the North Central states are also ominous, though more likely to improve. Thus Ohio has lost 41 of its scientific men, more than half of those whom it has produced; Indiana has also lost more than half, and Iowa just half. (104).

24.

SUMMARY OF CONCLUSIONS FROM CHAPTER IV 1. During the years 1900-1915 Iowa sustained a net emigration

of over 378,800 persons. This emigration was decidedly smaller in 1910-1915 than in the preceding 10 years, but the 1920 census indicates that emigration is again on the increase.

2. Over one-third of the persons born in Iowa are living in other parts of the United States, besides Iowans who have gone to Canada.

3. In its interstate migration Iowa has reached a condition comparable with that of the New England States.

4. Two-thirds of the emigrants from Iowa are young people 15-34 years of age.

5. Over one-fifth of the emigrants from Iowa went to cities of over 50,000 population. The movement of Iowa population is to the west, north-west, and south-west.

6. Rural Iowa has been losing population steadily since 1900. 7. Six large Iowa cities received a net native immigration of 51,200 in the years 1900-1915. This migration was larger in 19101915 than in previous pentads. Half of the migration to these cities occurred at the ages 15-25. Girls tend to go to cities at ages about two years younger than boys. 8. The number of children in Iowa per 1000 women of childbearing age has dropped to 40 percent of what it was in 1840, and has been decreasing faster than corresponding indices for other parts of the United States. The change is not due to changes in the age at marriage.

9. The fecundity in the cities is about two-thirds as high as in rural districts of Iowa. The foreign-born are much more fecund than the native-born. These contrasts are partly but not chiefly explicable as due to differences in ages at marriage.

10. Iowa settlers were fairly typical pioneers, with the desirable qualities of the pioneer stock.

11. Emigration from Iowa includes a disproportionate percentage of the potentially distinguished persons born in the state.

V. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Interstate migration in the United States has not ceased with the disappearance of the frontier; it is going on at as rapid a rate as ever. Analysis of census data by the age-distribution method indicates that between 1900 and 1910 over 3,000,000 persons migrated from the rural districts in the United States to other countries, to western rural districts, and especially to cities, of the west and middle west. The West North Central States were among the heaviest losers through this migration. Returns for 1920 indicate that the movement has not slackened. These migrants are predominantly from the ages preceding marriage; most of them are potential parents.

Migration is a selective process which tends to pick out the energetic and able individuals and to leave behind the feebly. motivated and inferior. As distinguished from older migration to the frontier, migration to cities apparently selects especially those potentially distinguished in intellectual pursuits. In the frontier days the pioneers reproduced much more rapidly than the less aggressive persons left behind; hence early migration was eugenic in its effects. Recent native migrants, with their cityward trend, tend to leave fewer children than the individuals left behind in the rural districts. Hence modern migration tends to be dysgenic an its effects.

Rural Iowa has sustained the emigration of over one-third of the individuals born in the state. Its condition in this respect now parallels that of the New England States whose rural districts have undergone very serious degeneration because of selective. emigration. Over half of the individuals of distinction born in Iowa have moved elsewhere, in excess of compensating migration to the state.

RECOMMENDATIONS

The above conclusions indicate the need for wise action if conditions disastrous to the future children of Iowa are to be avoided. It is folly to assume that remedial social work for the defective, dependent and criminal is an adequate program when funda

mental facts in the dynamics of population indicate the danger of a deterioration in racial stock such as will greatly increase the amount of defectiveness, dependency and delinquency, and at the same time decrease radically the number of aggressive social leaders in rural communities.

Two lines of action are indicated. The first is to seek to decrease the emigration by measures calculated to make rural Iowa attractive to the type of parents which it is desired to retain. Under this head would come measures counteracting the growth of farm tenancy, promoting the improvement of the quality of rural schools, the betterment of rural health conditions, and the increased introduction of modern conveniences and of cultural opportunities into rural districts (140; 152). Movements of this sort are under way. Whether they will be able to stem the tide must be determined by impartial observation. It is open to serious question, however, whether society would gain by the retention in the rural districts of the individuals fitted for marked success in urban occupations.

A second line of action is the taking of measures calculated to counteract the dysgenic influence of emigration by a more rapid multiplication of desirable types of parents and less rapid multiplication of the undesirable. Personally the author believes that this is the more hopeful course.

Among the specific lines of inquiry clearly called for are the following:

1. Analysis of the 1920 census returns with a view to discovering in more detail the migratory tendencies of the past decade.

2. Intensive surveys of typical rural communities in Iowa with the special object of determining the character of recent migrants as compared with residuals and immigrants, and with a view to studying the nature and action of available counteractive agencies and movements.

3. The development of objective scientific methods for measuring the normal energy levels of different individuals. Such tests should be as technically sound as the best intelligence tests.

4. A study of the birth rates or fecundity indices of the various counties or smaller units of Iowa with a view to determining what are the conditioning factors of fecundity, and what types are reproducing most rapidly.

REFERENCES CITED

A. Relating to the Character of the Pioneers.

1. Adney, T., Klondike Stampede. New York: Harper & Bros., 1900, 267-273.

2. Allison, J., Dropped Stitches in Tennessee History. Nashville: Marshall & Bruce., 1897, 16-20.

3. Barrows, W., Oregon. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1896, 43, 80, 81, 239, 240, 246.

4. Barrows, W., History of Scott County, Iowa. Ann. of Iowa s. 1., 1863, (I), 8ff., 24, 61, 64.

5. Black, P. W., Lynchings in Iowa. Iowa J. of Hist. and Pol., 1912, (X), 151-254.

6. Bloomer, D. C., History of Pottawattomie County. Ann. of Iowa s. 1., (X), 186.

7. Browne, W. H., Maryland.

1895, 42-53.

Boston: Houghton, Mifflin,

8. Byers, S. H. M., Out West in the Forties. Iowa Hist. Rec.

(4-6), 367ff.

9. Cabet, E., History of Colony or Republic of Icaria in U. S. of America. Iowa J. of Hist. and Pol., 1917, (XV), 214ff. 10. Campbell, I. R., Recollections of the Early Settlement of Lee County. Ann. of Iowa. s. 1., (I), 891, 895.

11. Carroll, G. R., Pioneer Life in and Around Cedar Rapids. Cedar Rapids: Times Print. & Bind. Co., 1895, 34ff., 227. 12. Cole, C., Pella, a Bit of Holland in America. Ann. of Iowa. S. 3 (III), 241ff.

13. Cooley, T. M., Michigan. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1886. 14. Coolidge, L. A., Klondike and the Yukon. Philadelphia: H. Altemus, 1897, 70-73.

15. Davenport, C. B., Heredity in Relation to Eugenics. New York: Henry Holt, 1913, 63-64, 209-212.

16. De Windt, H., Through the Gold Fields of Alaska to Bering Strait. London: Harper & Bros., 1898.

17. Donnel, W., Pioneers of Marion County. Ann. of Iowa, s. 1. 1870, (VII), 120.

18. Doyle, J. A., English Colonies in America. New York:

Henry Holt, 1882, (I), 380.

19. Drake, S. A., Making of the Great West. New York: C. Scribner's, 1887, 215-218.

20. Dunn, J. P., Indiana. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1888, 85-99, 129.

21. Fiske, J., Beginnings of New England. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1889, 140-147, 154.

22. Fiske, J., Old Virginia and Her Neighbors. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1897, (II), 30, 35, 185-188.