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want of agreement among themselves, and on account of a haste and rashness observable in most of them, which, as is well known, are not the characteristics of a true reform. The two treatises whose titles we have given are some of the grape-shot fired into the obstinate enemy's castle. The one comes from Hungary, the other from Scotland; both from professors of the Greek language. The Hungarian is an enthusiast for Modern Greece, denies that the Slavonians left any permanent traces in Greece; maintains that the Greeks of the present day are the genuine almost unmixed offspring of the Pericles, the Demosthenes, the Thucydides; that their language is a true counterpart of the classical Greek; and that everybody that does not pronounce Greek as modern Athens does commits sacrilege. Professor Blackie is more moderate. He admits that the modern Greeks have widely departed from the pronunciation of the language of their forefathers, as it may be ascertained from other sources that the Erasmians, on the whole, come very near the ancient classical pronunciation; and yet he demands that in deference to the present inhabitants of Greece and Turkey, we should adopt the modern Greek pronunciation. Télfy gives us the steps of his investigation, Blackie nothing but results. The latter, however, claims an attentive hearing, because, as he tells us, he has worked his way through Havercamp's great collection of older writers on this subject; he has compared the arguments used in the old Cambridge controversy with those advanced by "a well-informed modern member of the same learned corporation;" he has consulted the learned Germans; he has been in Greece, and continues to read modern Greek; and because he has examined those passages of the ancient rhetoricians and grammarians that touch upon the various branches of the subject. Among the proofs adduced to show that the language of Homer is not dead, occurs a passage from a newspaper, beginning, “ Ο Κοσσοὺς ἓν ̓Αμερικῆ τὴν 6 AexeμCgiou, x. 2." We must confess that the enthusiasm and the violence evinced by both these writers are not calculated to convince their opponents, unless these should happen to possess more candour than opponents generally do.

RECENT GERMAN PUBLICATIONS.

L. Saalschuetz, "Form and Spirit of the Hebrew Poetry of the Bible." 8vo, pp. 116.

Joach Curaei," Exegesis perspicua et ferme integra controversiæ de sacra cœna." First published in 1574, now again edited by D. G. Scheffer. 4to, pp. 63.

J. C. K. Hofmann, "The Scripture Proof." Part II. Division 1. 8vo, pp. 407.

M. Baumgarten, "The Night Vision of Zechariah." Part I., containing the first three chapters. 8vo, pp. 386.

A. Bisping, "Exegetical Manual to the Epistles of the Apostle Paul." To be completed in three volumes of two parts each. Vol. I. Part 1, Epistle to the Romans. 8vo, pp. 372.

"The Book of Enoch, translated and explained," by A. Dillmann. 8vo, pp. 67 and 332,

H. Ewald, "Annual of Biblical Science." Vol. V. for 1852-3. 8vo, pp. 356. Containing the Christian Book of Adam, translated from the Ethiopic, with remarks by A. Dillmann-(also issued separately, pp. 144); the Scripture Canon of the Abyssinian Church, by the same; Explanation of Persian words of the Old Testament, by M. Haug; Explanatory Remarks upon the Psalms; the External Testimonies in favour of the Gospel of John; Review of the Writings upon Biblical Science which have appeared in 1852-3; on Religion and Government in Germany.

W. Neumann has published an essay on the Peace Offerings of the Old Testament, under the title "Sacra Vet. Test. Salutaria." 8vo, pp. 45.

The third division of Kurtz's "Church History," just published, contains an account of the Oriental Church, from the Trullan Council to the fall of Constantinople. 8vo, pp. 205.

H. Heppe, "The Development of the Confessions of the Old Protestant Church of Germany, the Old Protestant Union, and the present position and task of Protestantism in regard to Confessions." 8vo, pp. 425.

J. Nickes, "De libro Juditha." 8vo, pp. 71.

W. Gass, "History of Protestant Dogmatics in its connection with Theology generally." Vol. I. 8vo, pp. 488.

"Ascension and Vision of the Prophet Isaiah," translated from the Ethiopic and Latin into the German, with a commentary and a general introduction by Dr H. Jolowiez. A contribution to the sources for the knowledge of early Christianity. 8vo, pp. 94.

T. Kock, "Sophoclean Studies." No. 1. On the Aristotelian idea of Katharsis in the tragedy, and its application to King Edipus.

T. Benfey, "Manual of the Sanscrit Language." This is now com

pleted by the appearance of the glossary. 8vo, pp. 374. The former parts contain a grammar and chrestomathy.

E. Lekebusch, "The Composition and Origin of the Acts of the Apostles investigated anew." 8vo, pp. 434.

E. Meier, "The Song of Solomon," with a German translation, explanation, and critical edition of the Text. 8vo, pp. 168.

J. P. Lange, "The History of the Church." Part I. The Apostolic Age. Vol. II. 8vo, pp. 654.

E. v. Lasaulx, "The Fall of Hellenism, and the Confiscation of its Temple Property by the Christian Emperors." A contribution to the philosophy of history. Svo, pp. 150.

M. A. Lenzi di Torcegno, "Compend of the History of Italian Literature from the tenth to the eighteenth century inclusive." 8vo, pp. 103.

E. Bertheau, "The Books of Chronicles," as the 15th Part of the "Condensed Exegetical Manual to the Old Testament." 8vo, pp. 432. "The Exposition of Ezra, Nehemiah, and Esther," by the same author, is promised shortly.

J. Richers, "The History of the Creation, Paradise, and Flood explained. (Genesis i.-ix.)" 8vo, pp. 474.

J. T. A. Wiesinger, "The Epistle of James explained." 8vo, pp. 211. This is in continuation of Olshausen's Biblical Commentary on the New Testament. The rest of the General Epistles, which are now alone wanting to complete the work, are to appear in a short time.

M. F. Rampf, "The Epistle of Jude, the Apostle and Brother of the Lord, historically, critically, exegetically." 8vo, pp. 432.

W. O. Dietlein, "Lectures on Catholicism and Protestantism." 8vo. pp. 243.

H. Ewald, "On the Origin, Meaning, and Composition of the Ethiopian Book of Enoch." 4to, pp. 78.

W. Neumann, "Jeremiah of Anathoth. An exposition of his Prophecy and Lamentations." No. 1. 8vo, pp. 160.

E. Gerhard, "Greek Mythology." Part I. The Greek Divinities. 8vo, pp. 601.

"Bibliotheca Tamulica," or the principal works in Tamul, edited, translated, and provided with notes and glossaries. By C. Graul. Vol. I. 8vo, pp. 203.

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BRITISH AND FOREIGN

EVANGELICAL REVIEW.

DECEMBER 1854.

ART. I.-1. Denominational Education. By the Rev. Dr R. J. BRECKINRIDGE. Published originally in the Southern Presbyterian Review. Philadelphia: Printed by C. Sherman. 1854. Pp. 24.

2. Letter to the Governor of South Carolina. By the Rev. Dr THORNWELL.

3. The Thirty-Third and Thirty-Fourth Reports of the Board of Education of the Presbyterian Church. Philadelphia: 1852

and 1853.

4. Right of the Bible in our Public Schools. By GEORGE B. CHEEVER, D.D. New York: Robert Carter & Brothers. 1854. Pp. 303.

5. The Position of Christianity in the United States, in its Relations with our Political Institutions, and especially with reference to Religious Instruction in our Public Schools. By STEPHEN COLWELL. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Grambo, & Co. 1854. Pp. 175.

THESE publications are evidence of the strong and widelydiffused interest taken in the subject of popular education. They evince also, as we think, that in the midst of apparently conflicting principles, there is a substantial agreement among religious men as to the most essential points involved in the discussion. We are well aware that the difference between the religious community and those who, in many instances, control the action of our legislative bodies in relation to this subject, is radical and irreconcilable. We are sorry to be obliged to add, that many religious men, from different motives, have been led to throw their influence in favour of this latter party, who advocate the exclusion of religious instruction from

VOL. III.-NO. XI.

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our public schools. The religious community, however, as a body, we hope and believe, are united and determined in their opposition to any such destructive course.

Before proceeding further, we will briefly indicate the points as to which, with individual exceptions on either side, there is, as we believe, a substantial agreement, especially so far as our own church is concerned, in relation to this whole subject. The evidence is abundant and conclusive that the great mass of our members, ministers and laymen, are convinced,-1. Of the absolute necessity of universal popular education. 2. That this education should be religious; that is, not only that religion ought to be in some way inculcated, but that it should be made a regular part of the course of instruction in all our non-professional educational institutions. 3. That the obligation to secure for the young this combined secular and religious training is common to parents, to the state, and to the church. It does not rest on one of these parties to the exclusion of the others, but, as the care of the poor, it rests equally on all, and the efforts and resources of all are requisite for the accomplishment of the object. It is included in what has been said, that the obligation in question presses all these parties as to the whole work of education. One portion of the work does not belong exclusively to one of them, and another portion exclusively to the others, but each is in its sphere responsible for the whole; that is, as the parent is bound to provide not only for the religious but also for the secular education of his children, the same is true with regard to the state and to the church. 4. That in the existing state of our country, the church can no more resign the work of education exclusively to the state, than the state can leave it exclusively to parents or to the church. The work cannot be accomplished, in the way in which she is bound to see it accomplished, without her efficient cooperation. The church, therefore, is bound, without interfering either with the state or with voluntary institutions, to provide the means of thorough secular and religious training, wherever they are not otherwise secured. 5. That, in the performance of this great duty, the church cannot rely on the separate agency of her members, but is bound to act collectively, or in her organised capacity. Consequently the Board of Education, in aiding the establishment of schools, academies, and colleges, is acting on sound principles, whatever mistakes may have been made in the application of those principles in particular cases.

There may be, as before remarked, individual dissentients from one or another of the above positions, but the almost unanimous decision of one Assembly after another, and the concessions of those who, under misapprehension of the ground

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