the point of asking papa, brought Miss Bangle to a very awkward pass. She had expected to return home before matters had proceeded so far, but being obliged to remain some time longer, she was equally afraid to go on and to leave off, a denouement being almost certain to ensue in either case. Things stood thus when it was time to prepare for the grand exhibition which was to close the winter's term.

This is an affair of too much magnitude to be fully described in the small space yet remaining in which to bring out our veracious history. It must be "slubber'd o'er in haste,”-its important preliminaries left to the cold imagination of the reader,-its fine spirit perhaps evaporating for want of being embodied in words. We can only say that our master, whose school-life was to close with the term, laboured as man never before laboured in such a cause, resolute to trail a cloud of glory after him when he left us. Not a candlestick nor a curtain that was attainable, either by coaxing or bribery, was left in the village; even the only piano, that frail treasure, was wiled away and placed in one corner of the rickety stage. The most splendid of all the pieces in the "Columbian, Orator," the " American Speaker," thebut we must not enumerate-in a word, the most astounding specimens of eloquence within ken of either teacher or scholars, had been selected for the occasion; and several young ladies and gentlemen, whose academical course had been happily concluded at an earlier period, either at our own institution or at some other, had consented to lend themselves to the parts, and their choicest decorations for the properties, of the dramatic portion of the entertainment.

Among these last was pretty Ellen Kingsbury, who had agreed to personate the Queen of Scots, in the garden scene from Schiller's tragedy of "Mary Stuart;" and this circumstance accidentally afforded Master Horner the opportunity he had so long desired, of seeing his fascinating correspondent without the presence of peering eyes. A dress-rehearsal occupied the afternoon before the day of days, and the pathetic expostulation of the lovely Mary

Mine all doth hang-my life-my destinyUpon my words-upon the force of tears!aided by the long veil, and the emotion which sympathy brought into Ellen's countenance, proved too much for the enforced prudence of Master Horner. When the rehearsal was over, and the heroes and heroines were to return home, it was found that by a stroke of witty invention not new in the country, the harness of Mr Kingsbury's horses had been cut in several places, his whip hidden, his buffalo-skins spread on the ground, and the sleigh turned bottom upwards on them. This afforded an excuse for the master's borrowing a horse and sleigh of somebody, and claiming the privilege of taking Miss Ellen home, while her father returned with only Aunt Sally and a great bag of bran from the mill-companions about equally interesting.

Here, then, was the golden opportunity so long wished for! Here was the power of ascertaining at once what is never quite certain until we have heard it from warm, living lips, whose testimony is strengthened by glances in which the whole soul speaks or seems to speak. The time was short, for the sleighing was but too fine; and Father Kingsbury, having tied up his harness, and collected his scattered equipment, was driving so close behind that there was no possibility of lingering for a moment. Yet many moments were lost before Mr Horner, very much in earnest, and all unhacknied in matters of this sort, could find a word in which to clothe his new-found feelings. The horse seemed to fly -the distance was half past-and at length, in absolute despair of anything better, he blurted out at once what he had determined to avoid-a direct reference to the correspondence.

A game at cross-purposes ensued; exclamations and explanations and denials and apologies, filled up the

time which was to have made Master Horner so blest. The light from Mr Kingsbury's windows shone upon the path, and the whole result of this conference, so longed for, was a burst of tears from the perplexed and mortified Ellen, who sprang from Mr Horner's attempts to detain her, rushed into the house without vouchsafing him a word of adieu, and left him standing, no bad personification of Orpheus, after the last hopeless flitting of his Eurydice.

"Wont you 'light, master?" said Mr Kingsbury. "Yes-no-thank you-good evening," stammered poor Master Horner, so stupified that even Aunt Sally called him "a dummy."

The horse took the sleigh against the fence going home, and threw out the master, who scarcely recollected the accident; while to Ellen the issue of this unfortunate drive was a sleepless night, and so high a fever in the morning, that our village doctor was called to Mr Kingsbury's before breakfast.

Poor Master Horner's distress may hardly be imagined. Disappointed, bewildered, cut to the quick, yet as much in love as ever, he could only in bitter silence turn over in his thoughts the issue of his cherished dream; now persuading himself that Ellen's denial was the effect of a sudden bashfulness, now inveighing against the fickleness of the sex, as all men do when they are angry with any one woman in particular. But his exhibition must go on in spite of wretchedness; and he went about mechanically, talking of curtains and candles and music, and attitudes, and pauses, and emphasis, looking like a somnambulist whose "eyes are open but their sense is shut," and often surprising those concerned by the utter unfitness of his answers.

It was almost evening when Mr Kingsbury, having discovered, through the intervention of the doctor and Aunt Sally, the cause of Ellen's distress, made his appearance before the unhappy eyes of Master Horner, angry, solemn, and determined; taking the schoolmaster apart, and requiring an explanation of the treatment of his daughter. In vain did the perplexed lover ask for time to clear himself, declare his respect for Miss Ellen, and his willingness to give every explanation which she might require; the father was not to be put off; and, though excessively reluctant, Mr Horner had no resource but to show the letters which alone could account for his strange discourse to Ellen. He unlocked his desk, slowly and unwillingly, while the old man's impatience was such that he could scarcely forbear thrusting in his own hand to snatch at the papers which were to explain this vexatious mystery. What could equal the utter confusion of Master Horner and the contemptuous anger of the father, when no letters were to be found! Kingsbury was too passionate to listen to reason, or to reflect for one moment upon the irreproachable good name of the schoolmaster. He went away in inexorable wrath; threatening every practical visitation of public and private justice upon the head of the offender, whom he accused of having attempted to trick his daughter into an entanglement which should result in his favour.

Mr

A doleful exhibition was this last one of our thriceapproved and most worthy teacher! Stern necessity and the power of habit enabled him to go through with most of his part, but where was the proud fire which had lighted up his eye on similar occasions before! He sat as one of the three judges before whom the unfortunate Robert Emmet was dragged in his shirt-sleeves, by two fierce-looking officials; but the chief-judge looked far more like a criminal than did the proper representative. He ought to have personated Othello, but was obliged to excuse himself from raving for "the handkerchief! the handkerchief!" on the rather anomalous plen of a bad cold. "Mary Stuart" being "i' the bond," was anxiously expected by the impatient crowd, and it was with distress amounting to agony that the master was obliged to announce, in person, the necessity of

in gaining the favourable opinion of Dr Quarin, physician to the Emperor of Austria. The governor of Hermanstadt having afterwards offered him the situation of medical attendant to his household, he was in that post able to economise a sufficient sum to return to Germany; and at the university of Erlangen, on the 10th of August 1779, he took his degree of M.D.

After this he settled at Dresden, and in 1785 he married Henriette Kuchler, the daughter of a chemist. At Dresden he acquired many friends, and during the illness of one of them, Dr Wagner, he officiated in his behalf, as chief physician of the hospitals.

At this time Hahnemann had already published some remarkable works, and among them his well-known Treatise on Poisoning by Arsenic. He had also contributed largely to the medical periodicals, and had thus attained a position of considerable eminence.

But notwithstanding his success, and the future prospects that awaited him, he seems at this period to have lost all confidence in medicine, so much so as to lead him to forego practice altogether, and betake himself to the study of chemistry, supporting himself, in the mean time, by the translation of foreign works.

Hahnemann does not appear to have been of that class of medical practitioners who take to the art like any other craft or business, and pursue its even tenor and routine, bleeding, purging, and scarifying, secundum artem, and without pausing to theorise or think about matters at all-nor does he seem to have been of those, the fewer number, who, to a thorough knowledge of the theory and literature of the profession, add a commonsense view of things, and endeavour to make practice as little empirical as they can, not over sanguine in the infallibility of the art, yet never giving way to despair. In Hahnemann's brain, the theorising and the doubting propensity must have predominated. Perhaps, like others of a similar cast, expecting at first too much from medicine, he was too early and too soon disappointed, and thus he forsook it all at once. Perhaps, too, same brain of his was not of the most powerful kindhe had never gone deep enough, even in his theorieshe had only skimmed the surface, till at last his fancy was caught with the bubbles of science, which from their nature for ever float on the surface of things.

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We are told, that after thus relinquishing the practice of his profession, his attention was recalled to medicine by the circumstance of his children being attacked by dangerous illness, and he again earnestly sought for some clue by which certainty might be gained. At length, in the year 1790, whilst translating the Materia Medica of Cullen, being struck with the contradictory statements which it contained regarding the action of Peruvian bark upon the human system, it occurred to him to test the action of this medicine upon himself. The first dose produced symptoms similar to those of the peculiar kind of intermittent fever which the same medicine is known to cure; and his attention having been strongly arrested by this fact, he repeated the experiment, and also induced some friends to resort to a similar trial, in order to ascertain that it was not accidental. The results in each case were confirmatory of the first, and the question seems to have been irresistibly forced upon him,-" Can it be possible that this property which I now observe in Peruvian bark, of producing symptoms analogous to those of the discase for which it is a remedy, is a property peculiar to medicines of all kinds?" From that moment he commenced a series of experiments on other substances-mercury, belladonna, digitalis, coculus, &c.,-which, in proportion as he extended them, led him to the conviction

that his supposition had really embraced a universal therapeutic law.

He had now got his hobby, and with this theory in his head, and only this, he, as a matter of course, found all facts to coincide with and confirm it. It is strange, however, that these experiments on the above alleged effects of medicines should only have succeeded with himself and his friends, and that others failed to verify them down even to this day.

Thus arose the theory of Homeopathy, so named from the Greek polos, like, and rados, a disease, the doctrine that medicines capable of producing a certain disease when taken into the system, should be administered as means of cure when the particular disease occurs from other natural causes. Thus, it is affirmed that Peruvian bark produces ague, therefore it becomes the cure for ague. Sulphur produces eruptions on. the skin, therefore sulphur is a cure for such eruptions.

Like every great achievement, however, this was not the work of a day. It was not until 1796, six years after the homoeopathic law occurred to him, that he considered his experiments sufficiently matured to be submitted to the public; and even then, a small part only of his system was explained, in one of the medical periodicals of the day In 1805, his first work was published in two volumes, containing the result of experiments made upon himself, his family, and some of his friends, with twenty-seven different medicines. The following year he published his treatise, Medicine founded on Experience, forming the basis of his Organon of the Healing Art, which appeared in 1810, and which has already passed through five editions in German, and been translated into several other languages. In 1811, the first edition of a part of the Materia Medica Pura issued from the press, which was completed in 1821.

Next to broaching a theory is that of its promulgation, and the formation of a sect to support it. This becomes no difficulty. At every university or school there is always found a set of raw youths, who are ready to swallow any doctrine, and more especially any thing new and different from established views-there is a thirst for novelty, a predisposition for error, an unaccountable attraction of folly for fallacy.

Our philosopher having established himself in Leipsic, delivered, in 1812, a course of lectures on his system, and succeeded in awakening a degree of zeal in the minds of several of his pupils, sufficient to induce them to follow up his discovery. From the results of experiments to which they devoted themselves, much of the information which fills the pages of the Materia Medica was obtained.

He very soon began to discover that medicines as they are usually administered, or it may be as he administered them, were productive of bad consequences instead of good, and at last arrived at the second result of his theorising, that what does harm when adminis tered in sensible quantities, will do no harm when given in insensible. Thus, that a grain of some active medicine may produce injurious effects on the system, while the millionth or decillionth part of a grain does the reverse. In short, all medicines came to be prescribed by him in infinitesimal doses.

This process, according to the most recent of his disciples, is thus described:-With all mineral substances the process commences with trituration, by which they are reduced to a fine powder. One grain of this powder is put into a small porcelain mortar, with 33 grains of

sugar of milk; and after being mixed with a bone spatula, the mixture is pounded for a few minutes (six is the number used by Hahnemann, and, for the sake of uniformity, that number is generally adopted); after which it is detached from the bottom and sides of the mortar, and again pounded for six minutes more; 33 grains of the sugar of milk are then added, and the process is repeated as in the first instance; after which another quantity of 33 grains of sugar of milk is added, and the same course pursued; thus making the attenuation 1.100. In this manner the attenuation is carried to the onemillionth part of a grain; and when a greater attenuation is required, the powders are dissolved in a mixture of alcohol and water. Vegetable juices or extracts are reduced to the state of a concentrated alcoholic tincture, of which one drop is mixed with 99 of alcohol, and then shaken; one drop of the dilution thus effected is next mixed with 99 drops of alcohol, and again shaken; and the same process is repeated, until the required degree of dilution is obtained. In general, the dilution is carried to the decillionth part of a grain.

Now, it is alleged by Hahnemann, and the allegation is supported by the testimony of every other physician by whom the homoeopathic principle has been recognized, that medicines attenuated in this way, when administered in harmony with existing symptoms, are not only found effectual to the cure of disease, but that they are more safe and effectual in this form than in any other. It is also alleged, that although the lower dilutions manifest themselves by a more speedy action on the system than the higher ones, their effects are much less permanent and searching, and hence that many cases of deep-seated disease are observed to yield to medicines administered in high dilutions, such as the decillionth part of a grain, towards the removal of which, the low dilutions, such as the hundredth or thousandth part of a grain, would be found comparatively powerless.

We do not doubt it.

"My wound is great, because it is so small."-Sophonisba.
"Then 'twould be greater, were it none at all.”—Critic.

On this view of the matter, the whole human race must be continually under a course of homoeopathic medicine, for in these minute proportions are many of the most powerful medicines diffused through the air, and water, and food, which we continually take into our bodies. Sulphur, phosphorus, iron, and many other minerals, are thus insensibly deposited in all we eat and drink-the odour of many medicinal plants floats in the air of our gardens and fields, and tea, coffee, pepper, and numerous other common articles of diet, contain substances calculated to act upon the system with a power sufficient to deter a homœopathist from tasting them. It is perhaps to obviate this that many of these things are forbidden by the practitioners of the art, and hence we see homoeopathic grocers springing up, as well as homoeopathic chemists. But to live strictly homoeopathically, we would require pure distilled water, doubly refined bread, purified beef, and air perfectly divested of adventitious ingredients. If all this could be got, then perhaps would return the golden age, and man might live for ever, free from disease, and freed also from doctors' bills!

Now also came opposition and persecution, which ever dogs the path of the great discoverer.

Hahnemann had not been long resident in Leipsic, before his doctrines and practice excited the active hostility of the physicians and apothecaries of that town, who forthwith united with those of Dresden to prevent him from practising in their neighbourhood. After many efforts, they at length, in 1820, succeeded in ob

taining an order from the Saxon government for the enforcement of an obsolete or dormant law, which prohibits a physician from preparing or dispensing medicines himself; and as it was upon the purity of his medicines, and the care with which they were prepared, that the successful application of his discovery in great measure depended, Hahnemann thus saw himself compelled to relinquish practice, or to endanger the real progress of his system, by entering into a compromise with his opponents.

Under these circumstances, he did not hesitate publicly to announce his intention to relinquish practice; but the attempt to stifle his doctrines tended rapidly to their diffusion. The disinterestedness of his conduct procured from him from the Duke of Anhalt Cöthen the offer of an asylum, of which he availed himself, and in 1821 he was appointed one of the duke's councillors. In 1828, whilst in Anhalt Cöthen, he published, in four volumes, a work on Chronic Diseases.

In 1827 his first wife died. On the 18th of January 1835, in his seventy-ninth year, he married Mademois elle Melanie d'Hervilly, a French lady who had visited Cöthen in order to consult him. On this occasion he determined to settle in Paris, where his medical doctrines had long attracted advocacy and discussion.

In Paris he continued to practise homoeopathy until his death, which took place on the 2d of July 1843, in the eighty-ninth year of his age. To the last moment he preserved his moral energy and activity, and he had the satisfaction, many years before the close of his labours, to receive evidence of their results from almost all quarters of the world.

Hahnemann's apotheosis is now consummated, and he has become the god of the new idolatry. New converts are rising up every day, and volume on volume illustrative of their faith and practice. The one from which we have derived the facts of the above memoir is a Defence of Homœopathy, drawn up by M. B. Sampson, at the request of the committee of the English Homoeopathic Association. A medallion bust of the father of the sect graces the title page, with the motto Similia similibus curantur, which we suppose is the rendering into the learned tongue of the familiar adage,―

"Fowls of a feather flock together."

The following is a concise view of the leading doctrines on which Hahnemann founds his system:

All chronic diseases are either proximately or remotely caused by one or more of the three "immaterial miasms," itch, syphilis, and psychosis, particularly the first.

The curative efforts of Nature are limited to the substitution for the original disease of itch, measles, or smallpox, but in her attempts at cure nature very rarely succeeds.

The totality of the external symptoms constitute all that the physician needs to know or can know of disease; the internal changes, being "only guessed at," ought to be neglected, as so many idle dreams and vain imaginings." Any given disease may be artificially produced, by the exhibition of a single dose of a single medicine to a person in perfect health.

Diseases are infinite, no two derangements of the economy being identical; hence the classification of diseases is an absurdity.

There is no such thing as a merely local disease, hence the treatment of all diseases must be exclusively constitutional.

"A disease," whether moral or physical, “is cured by such medicinal agents as have the power of developing a similar disorder in a state of health;" or, as Hahnemann expresses it," Similia similibus curantur."

The effects of medicines, as ascertained by experimenting on the healthy, and especially on the physician's own body, are alone worthy of any confidence in practice. All plants, animals, and minerals, are possessed of medicinal qualities.

No two medicines produce the same effects, or have the same curative influence.

More than one simple medicine must never be exhibited at a time.

Two doses of any one medicine, appropriate to the case, must not be given in succession.

Medicines, when administered for the purpose of curing a disease, must be given in doses many thousand, or, more frequently, many million times more minute than has hitherto been thought necessary.

The inherent virtues of medicines are enormously developed by the process of rubbing and shaking, so that it is

absolutely necessary to prescribe in the pharmacopoeia the number of rubs and shakes to which each medicine is to be subjected.

The dose in which a medicine appropriate to the case is administered is of no importance whatever: one practitioner may give many million times as much as another without the slightest difference in the effects produced, and to reduce the dose of a medicine too low is an absolute impossibility.

THE extensive sale of the former volumes of this interesting work in England, amounting from 150,000 to 200,000 copies, while in France the circulation did not exceed 4000, has induced the author to prefer this country as the field for the first circulation of the remainder of his work. Accordingly this volume has been written in English, and edited by Mr White of Trinity College, Cambridge, who, unfortunately, has omitted an index, or even table of contents, which, we hope will be remedied in the next impression. The first two Books of this volume contain the most important epochs of the Reformation,the protest of Spire, and the confession of Augsburg,-the last two describe the establishment of the Reformation in Switzerland after many struggles and disastrous battles. The descriptions evince the same graphic pen which characterised the former portions of the work, and as an example we give the account of the

BATTLE OF CAPPEL.

It was a fearful night. The thick darkness-a violent storm-the alarm-bell ringing from every steeplethe people running to arms-the noise of swords and guns the sound of trumpets and of drums, combined with the roaring of the tempest, the distrust, discontent, and even treason, which spread affliction in every quarter-the sobs of women and of children-the cries which accompanied many a heart-rending adieu-an earthquake which occurred about nine o'clock at night, as if nature herself had shuddered at the blood that was about to be spilt, and which violently shook the mountains and the valleys; all increased the terrors of this fatal night, a night to be followed by a still more fatal day.

While these events were transpiring, the Zurichers encamped on the heights of Cappel to the number of about one thousand men, fixed their eyes on Zug and upon the lake, attentively watching every movement. On a sudden, a little before night, they perceived a few barks filled with soldiers coming from the side of Arth, and rowing across the lake towards Zug. Their number increases--one boat follows another-soon they distinctly hear the bellowing of the bull (the horn) of Uri, and they discern the banner. The barks draw near Zug; they are moored to the shore, which is lined with an immense crowd. The warriors of Uri and the arquebusiers of the Adige spring up and leap on shore, where they are received with acclamations, and take up their quarters for the night: behold the enemies assembled! The council are informed with all speed.

The agitation was still greater at Zurich than at Cappel: the confusion was increased by uncertainty. The enemy attacking them on different sides at once, they knew not where to carry assistance. Two hours after midnight five hundred men with four guns quitted the city for Bremgarten, and three or four hundred men with five guns for Wadenshwyl. They turned to the right and to the left, while the enemy was in front.

Alarmed at its own weakness, the council resolved to apply without delay to the cities of the Christian coburghery. "As this revolt," wrote they, " has no other

origin than the Word of God, we entreat you once→→→ twice thrice, as loudly, as seriously, as firmly, and as earnestly, as our ancient alliances and our Christian coburghery permit and command us to do-to set forth without delay with all your forces. Haste! haste! haste! Act as promptly as possible-the danger is yours as well as ours.' Thus spake Zurich; but it was already too late.

At break of day the banner was raised before the town-house; instead of flaunting proudly in the wind, it hung drooping down the staff-a sad omen that filled many minds with fear. Lavater took up his station under this standard; but a long period elapsed before a few hundred soldiers could be got together. In the square and in all the city disorder and confusion prevailed. The troops, fatigued by a hasty march or by long waiting, were faint and discouraged.

At ten o'clock, only 700 men were under arms. The selfish, the lukewarm, the friends of Rome and of the foreign pensioners, had remained at home. A few old men who had more courage than strength-several members of the two councils who were devoted to the holy cause of God's Word-many ministers of the Church who desired to live and die with the Reform-the boldest of the towns-people and a certain number of pea sants, especially those from the neighbourhood of the city-such were the defenders who, wanting that moral force so necessary for victory, incompletely armed, and without uniform, crowded in disorder around the banner of Zurich.

The army should have numbered at least 4000 men; they waited still; the usual oath had not been administered; and yet courier after courier arrived, breathless and in disorder, announcing the terrible danger that threatened Zurich. All this disorderly crowd is agitated-they no longer wait for the commands of their chiefs, and many without taking the oath rush through the gates. About 200 men thus set out in confusion. All those who remained prepared to depart.

Then was Zwingle seen to issue from a house before which a caparisoned horse was stamping impatiently: it was his own. His look was firm, but dimmed by sorrow. He parted from his wife, his children, and his numerous friends, without deceiving himself, and with a bruised heart. He observed the thick waterspout, which, driven by a terrible wind, advanced whirling towards him. Alas! he had himself called up this hurricane by quitting the atmosphere of the gospel of peace, and throwing himself into the midst of political passions. He was convinced that he would be the first victim. Fifteen days before the attack of the Waldstettes, he had said from the pulpit: "I know what is the meaning of all this:it is all about me. All this comes to pass-in order that I may die." The council, according to an ancient custom, had called upon him to accompany the army as its chaplain. Zwingle did not hesitate. He prepared himself without surprise and without anger,—with the calmness of a Christian who places himself confidently in the hands of his God. If the cause of Reform was doomed to perish, he was ready to perish with it. Surrounded by his weeping wife and friends-by his children who clung to his garments to detain him, he quitted that house where he had tasted so much happiness. At