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attendng to; even the bare plaster of the walls and windows, and the homely desks and tables, are all indicative of the simple primitive country school, and of the habits and domestic life of the dominie.

67. Evening Scene on Loch Etvie. M. Macleay. This artist delights in mountain scenery; and he does it justice, only that, to our taste, he has too vivid and decided tints.

73. Portrait of a Lady. J. Ballantyne. A graceful and pleasing picture.

78. Early Winter. Sir W. Allan. A simple pastoral homestead among the hills,-the green sward forming a contrast to the snow-capped hills in the distance,— very true to nature.

79. Glenfalloch. Miss Stoddart.

85. The Brides of Venice carried off by the Pirates. J. R. Herbert. A picture replete with action and good drawing, the tone of colouring rather subdued.

100. Murder of Fethelmac. J. E. Lauder. A darktoned composition, suitable to the subject. The principal figure is the minstrel,-the victim and the murderers being cast into comparative shade.

Some good portraits here intervene, by C. Smith, Mackenzie, and Watson Gordon.

119. Peter the Hermit preaching the Crusades. D. Scott. A large picture, full of figures of varied charac

ter.

There is here less of the mannerism of the artist, both in design and colouring, and a decided improvement as respects both. The subject is a difficult one,-to convey to the spectator, through the medium of the expressions of others, the impulse intended by the orator. On the whole, we should say that the diversity of the groups breaks up the unity of expression.

121. Oberon and Titania. J. N. Paton. A small picture, but full of fancy and aerial visions as is the midsummer dream from which it is taken. There is a peculiar coldness of colour which at first is unfavourable, but on farther and minute inspection this peculiarity seems to throw an increased ideality over the whole scene. The picture evidently shows genius and imagination, the latter power not always in the possession of the artist.

127. Greyfriars' Churchyard in 1679. W. Johnstone. A group of covenanters taken at Bothwell Bridge. There is here a good deal of power of expression, and bold and free execution, though the colouring is rather hard and cold. This artist gives good promise.

131. River Scene. E. T. Crawford. A soft, mellow, and pleasing picture.

132. Dolbadern Castle. A. Perigal, jun. This artist has several good landscapes in the room, and is rapidly improving in delicacy of touch and fidelity to nature.

135. Portrait of T. de Quincy, Esq. By J. W. Gordon. A perfect likeness, and much of the ease and fine tone of colouring of this artist.

136. Jeanie Deans and Queen Caroline. J. G. Middleton. A good picture, but the attitudes rather constrained.

140. The Firth of Clyde. J. F. Williams. The best we have seen of this veteran artist's for years.

145. Distraining for Rent. Sir D. Wilkie. This picture requires no comment. It is one of those happy efforts which tells its own tale at a glance, and the longer it is inspected the more it is liked. The Edinburgh public owe a deep debt of gratitude to the Scottish Academy for the repeated opportunities they have had within the last few years of inspecting some of the finest of this artist's works.

149. The Cathedral of Durham. D. O. Hill. A noble view, and treated in the best style of this artist.

160. Coast of Mull. M. Macleay. A very pleasing and well managed landscape.

162. Loch Coruisk. A. Perigal, jun. The wild scenery of sky painted with a good effect.

167. Norham Castle. J. Stein. A rich and mellowtoned picture.

171. Moonlight. A. Perigal, jun. One of this artist's best pictures.

174. Landscape and Cattle. G. Sidney Cooper. A soft, mellow, evening scene, with cattle scattered about. A beautiful picture, both as respects the landscape effect and the truth and accuracy of the animals.

175. Portrait. W. S. Watson. A good specimen of this artist's style of youthful portraits.

We are quite aware that many pictures of merit have been passed over in this enumeration, but we shall pick up some of them on a future occasion.

ASSOCIATION FOR PROMOTION OF THE FINE ARTS IN SCOTLAND.

To the Editor of the Torch.

SIR, I have a few remarks to make upon "The Association for the Promotion of the Fine Arts in Seotland," but which will apply as well to all associations of the same kind. And as I know your anxiety to promote the arts on all occasions, I hope you will be able to afford space for the following observations in your excellent periodical, as they are only called forth from an anxious desire to benefit the arts and artists. In the first place, then, it seems, after an experience of ten years, that the system of engraving and distributing annually to the subscribers, a print engraved exclusively for them, does not give satisfaction,-this I think will not be denied. No member that ever I have seen or heard of, puts any value upon them whatever, they are looked upon, as they in general deserve to be, as very inferior works of art; in fact so far from the print being any inducement to join the association, I know many cases where it has been the direct means of making members leave it. How often have I heard the following reasons given for ceasing to subscribe?" I never grudged. the guinea so long as I thought it could be of the least use to the arts or artists, if that had been all, but a print was sent to me every year, which, as I had no place to keep it in, I got framed, which cost me another guinea, and even that I could have stood, but worse than all, after the print was hung on the wall, I only got myself laughed at for framing such things. So to prevent my friends from laughing, and the print from being sent, I withdrew my name from the association." I think every member must have heard this, or something very like it, hundreds of times; the very fact of seeing them in every house is quite sufficient to make them of little value,— in the ornaments of a house, above all things, one does not like to see a facsimile of their next-door neighbour's in their room. It may be argued that from the great expense of paintings, a sufficient number of prizes cannot be obtained, without the print, to please the whole subscribers. This to a certain extent is true, but in what follows I mean to bring forward two plans by which this objection will be overcome. The first plan is to spend all the funds except what is required for necessary expenses, in the purchase of paintings, and it is possible by this plan to add very considerably to the number of prizes; thus, the engraving and printing of the one print, will cost at least this year, L.1,250. Here is a fund that would at once add a third to the number of prizes; and doing so would, in my opinion, please all parties much better than wasting the same sum on a second-rate engraving. This sum, large as it is, could be, I think, very much increased by a little more economy on the part of the committee; thus, the funds at their disposal last year were L.5,641, 10s. 11d., the sum spent on works of art only L.2,047,-all the rest of this large sum is swallowed up in expenses of one kind or another, with the exception of L.1009, 11s. 6d., which is “reserved," but for what purpose I cannot tell. Surely something might be done to reduce the expenses; for instance who cares for the volume of reports issued every year, which costs the association L.200? a simple advertisement of the state of the funds and number

of subscribers, would answer every purpose, and thus four prizes of L.50 each would be obtained from this one unnecessary expense alone. But if it is found that the great mass of subscribers would still prefer having something like a certainty of obtaining a work of art every year, the second plan, while it retains the print system, would prevent the same print from being seen everywhere, and also do an immense deal more to improve and elevate the public taste, by giving variety, and works of a much higher standard. It is this-let the L.1250, (which is the cost of the one engraving) be spent in the purchase of the finest engravings that can be obtained in the British market, varying in price from 8s. to L.5; of course even L.1250 will not procure a print for every subscriber, but the chance of obtaining one would be very great, as will be afterwards shown; and I think no one would hesitate to take his chance of obtaining such a work of art as "John Knox Preaching," "Bolton Abbey," "First Reading of the Bible," "The Highland Drovers," or "Prince Charles entering Edinburgh," compared with the certainty of getting a print which no one values when obtained. L.1250 would not purchase many prints of the expensive class mentioned above, but prints a thousand times more welcome than the annual one, can be obtained for a sum very little above the actual cost of the Association-print, which is 6s. each; thus, for instance, the prints of "Finden's Gallery of Art" cost only 8s. each, but wholesale could be purchased for the very price paid for the Association print; and who would ever compare Stanfield's glorious "Trafalgar," engraved by Miller, with its transparent sea and life-like ships, with the "Castaway," or indeed with any print ever issued by the Association? The chance of obtaining a prize, too, at present is very small. This last year, the subscribers being 4108, and the works of art purchased 54, gives 1 in 76 only, whereas L.1250 spent in the purchase of prints would give, along with the paintings (taking them even at the same number as last year) a prize to every third member. By this plan a large patronage would be bestowed on engravers as well as artists, and printpublishers would be induced to issue works of a superior class, knowing that nothing which had not some standard of excellence in it would be purchased by the committee. There is yet another advantage worth mentioning: it is well known that all paintings do not answer for engravings, or, in other words, that a very splendid painting may, and often does, make but a very poor engraving. From this risk the committee would be entirely relieved by purchasing only prints which have stood the test, and been approved of by competent judges. In conclusion, I hope sincerely that the committee will take the above statements into their consideration at our next annual meeting; and I think that either of the above plans, or any other that will do away with the annual print, will insure a large addition to the list of subscribers. Adam Urquhart, Esq., stated at last meeting, that "while the subscriptions from other parts were large, the proportion from the citizens of Edinburgh was not so large as might have been expected." The print is the cause of this; the evil tells with tenfold effect here, where so many are distributed compared with any other place; give none, or give variety, and the evil is removed. T. J. B.

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Amounting together to

L.1 4 0 024

L.1 6 4

for the year 1844, ending at Whitsunday 1845. Upon hearing the appellant and surveyor, the case appeared to be as follows:

The appellant had not, during the year for which the charge was made, used or worn a family crest, or ensign, on a seal or otherwise. He had, by right of his office or appointment as one of the bishops of the Protestant Episcopal Church in Scotland, used two seals (impressions of which are herewith produced), and the smaller seal was worn, as well as used by him; the larger seal was only occasionally attached to letters of orders, and deeds of consecration. The appellant therefore contended, that seals of this kind were not of those described in schedule K. of the Act 48 Geo. III., cap. 55, under which he was charged, or, if they were, they came under the exemptions from the duties, as set forth in said schedule.

The surveyor contended, that by said schedule of the Act referred to, the appellant is clearly liable, in respect that the arms on the large seal, an impression of which is produced herewith, are the duly registered arms of the see of Brechin, to wit-Argent, three piles meeting at the points, in base, gules-see Robson's Peerage of Scotland, 1830; and as it was admitted, on the part of the appellant, that he was in the practice of using the small seal, upon which is engraved a "mitre," with the initials of his name underneath, an impression of which is also produced herewith, the surveyor contended, that as the seal bore underneath a mitre the initials of the appellant's name, he had thereby adopted the same as his arms or ensign, and which ensign, though connected with, and bearing upon, the appellant's ecclesiastical office, was nevertheless as clearly his arms or ensign as was the coronet of any peer or baron. Further, that the appellant's clerical office was not such as to entitle him to exemption for the private use of such seal, which is purely a heraldic ensign. Further, that the exemptions under the Act do not recognise any such exemption, being declared only in favour of the " Royal family, and others using their arms by appointment, or right of office, or those used in any city, burgh, or town corporate."

The commissioners considered the appellant entitled to relief from the charge appealed from, and relieved him of the same accordingly. But the surveyor being dissatisfied with that decision, requested that a case might be made for the opinion of her majesty's judges, which is hereby stated accordingly.

"13th January, 1846.-We are of opinion that the determination of the commissioners is wrong, in respect of the exemption in the statute being limited to any person who shall, by right of office or appointment, have worn or used any of the arms or insignia worn or used by the royal family, or used in any city, borough, or town corporate." F. JEFFREY. J. CUNINGHAME. KNIGHTHOOD.-Mr Murchison, the geologist, has been created a knight. Dr Kane has also been raised to the same dignity by the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland.

MR SAMONELLE. We regret to announce the death of this able entomologist. He was connected with the British Museum for 24 years, and died suddenly, in his 56th year, on Friday se'enight.

EDINBURGH: Printed by ANDREW JACK (of No. 29 Gilmore Place) at No. 36 Niddry Street, and published at No. 58 Princes Street, by WILLIAM AITCHISON SUTHERLAND of No. 1 Windsor Street, and JAMES KNOX of No. 7 Henderson Row, all in the City and County of Edinburgh.

EDINBURGH: SUTHERLAND and KNOX, 58 Princes Street, and sold by Houlston and Stoneman, Paternoster Row, London: W. Blackwood, Glasgow: L. Smith, Aberdeen: and may be had by order of every Bookseller in the United Kingdom.

Edinburgh, Saturday, February 28, 1846.

ENDOWED HOSPITALS AND SCHOOLS.

THE numerous endowed hospitals for the aged, and for the education of youth, made in latter times, had their origin from the monastic institutions of the middle ages. When first instituted, in those remote periods, they were, perhaps, the best suited for the times. When society was as yet but half-formed—when the majority of the people were poor and ignorant, and when frequent wars disturbed the country, these were sacred and secluded retreats, where the indigent might resort to find relief, and the ignorant, the young, and the helpless, might be received and educated, and trained to usefulness. Even such places were the centres and repositories of all the art and knowledge then in the possession of society, and while all was change and lawless rapine around, their sanctity and utility made them be respected and encouraged. No doubt such institutions then, as at all times, had their defects, and latterly ran into abuse; but as expedients suited for the times, their original intention was good, and they undoubtedly had a practical effect upon society. But what is tolerable in one age may be useless, or worse than useless, in another. The good and pious intentions of a founder of such places, in former times, may claim our just praise; but it may so happen, that the intentions and bequests of their modern followers may be looked upon only as vain-glorious and self-exalting exhibitions. If we consider such institutions, apart from any circumstances of the times, or of the state of society, they are in principle erroneous. The natural state of man in society is a mixture of old and young, of independent and dependent, of rich and poor,—hence, if a number of old people are huddled together, or if a number of young are collected exclusively into a permanent society, an artificial state of life is created, inimical to the full play of all those emotions and endowments of the human heart and intellect.

The poet Cowper compares men, when crowded too closely together in communities, to trees planted too thick, which will grow up weak, spindling, and imperfect, totally unlike the same trees when scattered over hill and dale, and rearing their strong, healthy trunks, and spreading their broad, flourishing branches, into the sky. We know not a more melancholy and depressing thing than to visit an hospital, or a poor-house, filled with old people, even when there is no want of mere physical comforts. The inmates may be clothed and fed tolerably well; but there is a languor and restlessness, a death-like depression, and an unimpassioned and unfeeling deportment, which is more like a living entombment than a real and earthly existence. Singular enough that, as the old increase in years, and even in sorrow and affliction, their sympathies turn more and more towards the young! The old blanched and withered cheek lights up with someTHE TORCH, NO. X.

what of a pristine glow at the chubby, rosy face of infancy-the almost extinguished eye sparkles at the wild and vivid gaze of boyhood-the fading memory of the aged, now loaded, and well; nigh overwhelmed with the mass of events, turns away from the present, and delights in going back to childish days, and is garrulous of childish sports, and visions long since swallowed up in the abyss of time. No scope has such a one for the exercise of his feelings amid the throngs of his aged companions around him; and we would rather see, even in the meanest cabin, the mingling notes and expressions of human sympathy,—the aged grandfather or grandmother, surrounded by her children and children's children,-than the better clothed and fed, though listless and monotonous, ranks of the art-regulated workhouse. But it will be said, such things are inevitable.-To a certain extent they may; but not to the full extent, as at present existing. And, perhaps, among the many causes which have tended to raise up, and fill our hospitals for the aged, have been our numerous hospitals for the young. If the old are not intended by nature to congregate exclusively together, so neither are the young. Man is a creature of imitation and experience; and if the young herd exclusively together, it is evident that they can learn nothing from each other, at least nothing that is salutary and humanizing. Take a boy of tender years, and view him at home, under the paternal roof. His intellect and feelings are just beginning to open up-that intense maternal affection, which he has drawn in as it were with his mother's milk, is beginning to manifest itself in rational love, respect, and obedience-the frowardness and coarseness of his nature are being tempered and refined by sisterly influence, and his inquiring faculties called into healthy play by brotherly collisionnot that the external discipline of the world is in the meantime excluded-the day-school, the playground, and the ramble in the fields, as well as in the crowded mart, are all at play on his character, sometimes eliciting good, and sometimes evil; but from all these he has the retreat of home to flee to, and its softer and purer influences to temper and subdue his expanding passions and propensities. If his home be a straitened one-and perhaps for him not the worse on this account-he has many lessons of prudence and forbearance taught him daily; and when, in return for some kindly office, his mother or sisters exact from him a promise of future kindly deeds, when he grows up to be able-bodied and rich, what a lasting stimulus does this idea impress upon his little swelling heart, and not unfrequently what ample fruits of future kind offices are the result! But suppose this same boy taken from home, and placed in some hospital, or great educational institution, his heart at first is

MARCH 7,1846.

eminent philanthropist, to whose report we alluded in a late paper, maintains that even the poorest can pay a small sum for education, and that they will and do think more of such education than if it had been bestowed in an eleemosynary way. There is no greater hope of individuals and of communities, than when even the lowest are willing and able to help themselves,-when they cease to slavishly or ignobly depend upon extrinsic aid. For this reason we regret to see proud palaces with glittering domes, rising in the present day, to form the secluded prisons either of the discontented and peevish old, or of groups of the young and artless, uprooted and transplanted from their native and more useful beds, where they might have withstood even the bitter blasts of poverty, and perhaps

sad, and he droops like a transplanted flower; one by one his affections deaden and wither-he must have companionship of some kind or another -he joins the crowd, and soon acts, and thinks, and feels as they do. In such seminaries, the intellect may be, and generally is, sufficiently cultivated, but the feelings and affections shrink up, and all but disappear; and in their place what can be substituted but selfish considerations, and too often vicious passions and indulgences. If in such institutions the discipline be imperfect or relaxed, of course idleness and licentiousness will be prevalent. If, on the contrary, the discipline be strict, then, although the intellectual advantages may be great, and even the moral conduct guarded, still there is a barrier to the full play of the best and most valuable of the affections. In thus generaliz-grown more hardy and brave-hearted in conseing we by no means exclude exceptions; but we think it will be found, that those exceptions are where institutions of the kind are placed as much as possible upon the model of domestic and family tuition. If, again, it be said that these generalizations are visionary, or at all events greatly exaggerated, we could bring proofs of the accuracy of our conclusions, and adduce evidence to show that the discipline of such institutions has been so defective, and the morals of the inmates so contaminated, as to fill with alarm the breasts of parents who had confided their children to them. But it will be said, do not idleness, and disobedience, and vice, and profligacy, prevail sufficiently in private families, or at least among individuals of such families, trained and cared for in the most anxious manner. True, this is the case. But vice in communities becomes inevitably contagious;-it grows and increases, and is transmitted from one year to another, with a faithfulness and pertinacity not easily to be overcome; while individual vices are more circumscribed, do less extensive harm, and may be weeded out, if not reclaimed. So obvious have become the evils of such institutions, that in Edinburgh propositions have emanated from several quarters to abolish them altogether, and substitute domestic education and training in their stead. An experiment of this kind is being tried with the orphan children of the city poor, and a proposition to extend this experiment to institutions of a higher grade, has been more than once mooted. It appears, indeed, as if the age for such institutions had entirely gone by. Their necessity is not now apparent,- -a good common education is now within the reach of every family, even of very humble means. Make even a first-rate education as cheap by the funds of our numerous endowments,-apply the surplus to the domestic board of orphans and destitute children, and every fitting and salutary purpose of the donors will be served. Such a system as at present exists, besides producing the evils we have enumerated, tends still farther to degrade the proper independent spirit which both children and parents, in all ranks, ought to cherish. An

quence of this discipline. Not, however, that we altogether blame the founders of such institutions. Though personal vanity may have been one of their chief prompters, and that other singular feeling, which almost always actuates great hoarders, a desire to keep their accumulated wealth in one great mass, and so to perpetuate it downward through all time, unbroken and unalienated, yet we believe other benevolent feelings may, and often have had their influence. Of this nature is that high estimate which every partially or un-educated man has formed in his mind of the paramount importance of learning and knowledge, and that benevolent desire which actuates him to do all that in him lies to procure that learning for others which he had not had the good fortune to command in early life for himself. Of this cast must the canny, industrious, and courtier-formed “gingling Geordie" have been when he formed the design of endowing Heriot's Hospital,—an institution which undoubtedly has been of service in its day, and which, in the present time, by a judicious extension of its founder's general intentions, has been the means of establishing excellent and cheap dayschools, throughout the most populous districts of this city. The fame and success of Heriot's institution, however, and the prospective eclat of similar glittering domes rising to the memory of others, have had a contagious effect upon many worthy citizens, who, finding they had more wealth than they had the heart to bestow upon their own needy relatives, have, from time to time, inundated the northern metropolis with their charity. Within the precints of the city there are not less than seven such hospitals, at which are educated and maintained about six hundred and fifty boys and girls; and there is besides, Donaldson's Hospital, which looks more like a magnificent palace than a place of charity, which is now nearly ready to receive some hundreds more; and a similar institution to be yet reared from the bequeathment of the late Sir William Fettes.

The actual intention of most of these donors was, that the charity should be confined to or

phans alone, who had been left unprovided for by their parents. This restriction it was always found difficult to observe, and as the institutions became richer, by the gradual increase in the value of property, the admissions also became more indiscriminate and promiscuous. The total annual expense of maintaining and educating each individual within such establishments is also comparatively high-much higher, in fact, than what is necessary to clothe, feed, and educate, in a private way, individuals of the same station in society, and destined for the common business of life-so that, on economical views alone, these establishments are based on erroneous principles; but when to this we add the moral considerations which we have already alluded to (and we must say, that we have merely hinted at evils which are quite palpable and notorious), the sooner some radical change is brought about the better, both for the interests of the young, and the community at large.

But one erroneous principle, if carried out in practice, is sure to bring other evils in its train. We have said that the eleemosynary education of so large a proportion of the community, especially so large a proportion of the poorer class, may have no little effect in bringing back to hospitals a considerable proportion of the old and infirm poor. Once impart an idea of an hospital in early life, and it becomes familiar afterwards,-many may trust to it themselves, and more may find it a convenient way of getting quit of the burden of their aged parents, or dependant sisters and relatives. It has been frequently remarked, both in England and Scotland, that where such institutions abound, trade and enterprise languish. It is not to our ancient cathedral cities, with their endowed stalls, and deaneries, and hospitals, and free schools, that we are to look for the greatest enterprise or the sounds of busy labour,-to stately York, or solitary Lincoln, or ancient Chester,—but to the unpinnacled Manchester, and Leeds, and Birmingham. Even those great and renowned halls of ancient learning, Oxford and Cambridge, now allow the cobwebs to accumulate in their corners, and the sleek and amply endowed professors sleep in soft slumbers, while the world around is all awake. The electric telegraph, that mechanic power which has rivalled the celerity of thought, did not originate there. The brilliant gas, which rose a meteor from the earth, did not first shine on the Cam or the Isis, neither did steam engine or railway carriage start from their classic abodes. Few Watts, or Boltons, or Windsors, that we are aware of, have ever issued either from ancient universities or endowed hospitals.

Few changes in society are more remarkable than the different position which the young now hold from what they did formerly. In the days of our ancestors young people held a very subordinate place. They were kept in strict discipline and subordination. They were taught to look up to

The

their elders with awe as well as reverence. system of apprenticeship was universal among the middle classes, and the master not only held the sway of command, but exercised a paternal surveillance over his young household. We do not affirm that all this was wisely done, or that in practice it was found uniformly advantageous. But if severity of treatment, restraint, and ceremony, were imposed upon the young of those days, the reverse is the case now. The youth of the present time may be said never to be young. They start from the cradle to the independence of manhood at one leap; the toga virilis of the Romans, that distinctive check of a people fond of salutary discipline, is never worn; every child is hurried into a forced precocity; restraint is deemed a cruelty or a mark of slavish oppression, and hence indulgence has its full and unrestrained swing. The very characteristics of youth, even under the best management, are, self-sufficiency, a tendency to hasty conclusions of thought, and a quick play of fresh and untamed passions, but the sway of unbounded liberty thus degenerates into boldness, rudeness, and every kind of selfishness. Formerly respect to the opinions of the old and experienced was deemed a virtue, and the "wisdom of our ancestors" was perhaps too tenaciously adhered to: now antiquity is despised in the gross,-neither its wisdom nor its errors claiming a passing glance of attention. All modern thought is hurried on to the future, we live not in the past or the present, but in what is to come, or rather in anticipation of what may come. Formerly Britons gloried in "Old England," now it is Young England, Young France, and Young America. An acute traveller has pointed out the remarkable prevalence of young opinions in the latter country. It would appear by their vital statistics that the proportion of young people as compared to middle-aged and old persons is more in America than in other countries in Europe; now this physical fact, joined to the precocious forcing of the young, and the universal go-a-head system of the country, has evidently produced a national effect, and hence the rashness and volatility of purpose, the self-sufficient boasting, that constitutes the chief foibles of that otherwise remarkable people.

In addition to the strict surveillance and subordination of former times, which we have just alluded to, as existing in all families of the community, there was also the discipline of the army and navy, and especially that discipline as exercised during states of long and trying warfare. This had no doubt an effect on the general manners of the community; and if there were any salutary advantages arising from it, it is now lost, by the relaxed discipline of these our "piping times of peace." It appears to us as if the training and fitting subordination of the young did not altogether keep pace with the improvements and refinements of the age.

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