amongst other things, the price at which | principle of compulsory interference was other proprietors have sold their land, the common to Ireland and to the colony; but arrears of rent, the gross rental already the reasons which were thought to render paid by the tenants during the previous the application of the principle expedient six years, and the net receipts of the pro- were as different as the economic circumprietor, the number of acres held by ad- stances of the two countries. The remeverse claimants, and the possibility of dies were also unlike, for in Ireland proejecting them, and the condition of the prietors have not been compelled to sell original grants from the crown. As the their estates, and in Prince Edward Island tenants have for many years, with the con- there are no evicted tenants to receive currence of the legislature, baffled and compensation. In one country land was thwarted the proprietors by all possible scarce and dear, and it was the object of means in their efforts to assert their rights, incessant competition. Prince Edward their resistance to the law is now reward- Island is thinly settled, and some of the ed by a proportional diminution in the proprietors owned large tracts of unculticompensation allowed to the proprietor. vated land. The universal establishment of Adverse claimants are probably squatters, freehold tenures will probably promote with no title but possession; and the un- population and prosperity. Ireland was doubted difficulty of ejecting them from twenty years ago over-peopled; and it has their holdings authorizes a further deduc- at present a sufficient number of inhabtion from the amount of compensation. itants. It is a cause for regret that the The proprietors had protested loudly leasehold tenures in Prince Edward Island against all the measures of the provincial were not voluntarily commuted some years Assembly, including the act of 1875; but ago, when their proprietors might probably it is not surprising that the smallness of have secured more liberal terms. A simthe sums awarded by the commissioners ilar measure would not be applicable to is regarded, not as a necessary conse- England, where the accumulation of large quence of previous legislation, but as a new estates, and the customary relation of landand distinct grievance. No objection can lord and tenant, result in a great degree be made to a provision that no percentage from economical causes; but there can be should be allowed for compulsory pur- no doubt that the precedent will often be chase. Residents in England who had quoted. The Irish Land Act passed on inherited large tracts of land in a distant the assurance of the government that the colony could not be supposed to feel any recognition of exceptional circumstances sentimental attachment to their estates. would not affect the security of property It must not be forgotten, that all the deduc-in other parts of the United Kingdom; tions allowed by the act really corresponded to drawbacks from the value of the property. If no transfer had been effected, the leaseholders would constantly have become more turbulent and more contumacious. but one of Mr. Gladstone's colleagues has often since publicly contended that the principle of the Irish Act must in consistency be applied to England. Lord Dufferin and Lord Carnarvon may be acquitted of willingness to tamper with the foundations of property; but their authority will be hereafter invoked in favour of schemes for the redistribution of land. UTILIZATION OF THE SUDS FROM THE washing-bowls into vats, and there treated WASHING OF WOOL. In nothing has the ad- with sulphuric acid. The fats rise to the survance of practical science been more clearly face in a mass of grease a foot or more in evidenced than in the extent to which sub-thickness, which is carefully collected and stances formerly wasted and lost are now re-treated in various ways, mostly by distillation. claimed and made to constitute an important element in the profits of the manufacturer. One of these applications consists in the recovery of soap-suds from the washings of wool in woollen factories. These were formerly allowed to run down the sewers and into the streams, to the great pollution of the latter; but in Bradford, they are now run from the The products are grease, used for lubricating the cogs of driving-wheels in the mills; oleic acid, which is worth about £30 per ton, and used as a substitute for olive-oil; stearin, worth £80 per ton, etc. It is said that some large mill-owners are now paid from £500 to £1,000 a year for these suds, which a few years ago were allowed to run to waste. PUBLISHED EVERY SATURDAY BY TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION. For EIGHT DOLLARS, remitted directly to the Publishers, the LIVING AGE will be punctually forwarded for a year, free of postage. An extra copy of THE LIVING AGE is sent gratis to any one getting up a club of Five New Subscribers. Remittances should be made by bank draft or check, or by post-office money-order. if possible. If neither of these can be procured, the money should be sent in a registered letter. All postmasters are obliged to register letters when requested to do so. Drafts, checks and money-orders should be made payabie to the order of LITTELL & GAY. Single Numbers of THE LIVING AGE, 18 cents. Save us this once-a-week, AT REST. SLOW creep the shadows through the curtained room, As dies the crimson sun from out the west, And round the sleeper falls a solemn gloom. Rest, baby, rest! Hush! for the wind moans through the branches hoar, And snowflakes' wings against the pane are prest. Hush for an angel's step hath passed the door. Rest, baby, rest! Hush! for a sound of tears that needs must flow Filleth the air, with stillness else opprest, As wild a wounded heart sobs out its woe. Rest, baby, rest! To let the sown seed grow, not always Around thee fairest flowers will soon be spread, Their blossoms breathing sweetness on thy breast Flowers that are sacred to the early dead. From The British Quarterly Review. But a few months ago few Englishmen It and Bosnia, the former of which provinces is chiefly peopled by savage Moslems, more addicted to war than husbandry. On the north run the magnificent rivers the Save and the Danube, the latter almost as good an outlet as the sea, nay, better, if the seaboard has not good ports. Here is the progressive civilizing side of Servia ; but here again she has not been highly favoured, for civilizing influences have had to be filtered through the somewhat barbarous natives of Hungary, a nation whose culture is decidedly second-hand, for there is no question that the Germans or Saxons are the pioneers of human progress in these Danubian regions. Servia, like Hungary, has been overrun by the most barbarous of those Mahomedan powers which at one time menaced the civilization and religion of Europe. This must be the apology for her backward condition. She is the youngest of the European family. The earliest part of the history of Servia, like that of our own country, is much mixed up with fable and confused with the stories of other tribes; but we are told that the Servians (or Serbs) are a race of Slavonians who emigrated from a district north of the The country is part of that incoherent Carpathians in Galicia, and came as an organized community, commanded by and troublesome empire for whom we have during the last twenty years shed chiefs, to the Danubian lands, being inmuch blood and wasted millions of treas-vited by the emperor Heraclius to people ure — an empire the name of which at this moment carries pain and grief to many a desolate English home-it is part of the Ottoman empire, but only nominally a province of Turkey, for it has fought for and won home rule, and now merely pays a fixed and annual tribute to the sultan. a desolated country laid waste by the Avars. These Servian colonists were politically very much in their present position, that is, living in suzerainty to the emperor at Constantinople, though enjoying the advantages of autonomy, or selfgovernment, under their native rulers. On their adoption of Christianity about half the tribe fell under the spiritual dominion of the Romish and half under that of the Greek Church, an unhappy event, which, by dividing the people and sowing the seeds of theological rancour in their midst, has had a sinister influence on their political life. As the Byzantine empire grew weak the Slavonians grew strong (history repeats itself, for the same proc(2.) The History of Modern Serbia. By ELODIE ess is going on at the present time); Geographically the country presents the form of a rough triangle. On the east and south-east it is bounded by Bulgaria, naturally a very rich country, but rendered poor by Turkish misgovernment. On the south-west Servia is bordered by Albania (1.) The History of Servia and the Servian Revolution, with a Sketch of the Insurrection in Bosnia. By LEOPOLD RANKE. Translated from the German by Mrs. ALEX. KERR. Bohn. LAWTON MIJATOVICS. W. Tweedie. 1872. they gained an independence so complete that the kingdom of Slavonia made its mark in mediæval history: its kings inter married with the royal and imperial fami- | no one was or could be rich but the Turk lies of France, Venice, and Constantino- ish oppressor, the lawless acts of Kara ple, and even waged war with the latter. George and his comrades assumed the Meantime an Asiatic tribe of Tartary, complexion of heroic deeds in a righteous having organized into a nation its numer-cause, so that to seize, plunder, and murous conquered tributaries, and received der a wealthy Moslem was no sin in the the fiery impulse of Mahomedanism, and, eyes of the peasantry who fed and shelabove all, having adopted the principle of tered the patriot band. a standing army in the form of the terri- Perhaps at no period of the Ottoman ble Janissaries, recruited by levies of the history has that power been in such a state finest Christian boys, was steadily advan- of anarchy as about the period of 1798. cing from the east. These new people The Dahis and Janissaries, to whom the were the Ottoman Turks. In place of empire had owed all its military force, had the luxurious and feeble Byzantine Chris- now become a source of weakness. Eutian rule there was established the new rope had copied their discipline and imMahomedan power, nor was it long be- proved upon it, while these military organfore it came into collision with the brave izations had thrown off all civil authority, chivalry of the Servian czar Stephen recognizing but faintly the obligations of Dushan and his knightly following on the their religion and obeying only their own fatal field of Kossova in 1389, and there officers. If war was declared against a was lost the independence of Servia. foreign power the Janissaries had to be And here we must needs leave a great bribed to march, while during the intervals gap in the history of Servia, which at that of war they wasted the districts in which time included the present principality they were quartered, ruined the peasantry with Bosnia, Montenegro, Herzegovina, by their exactions, and at times drove them and most of the neighbouring pashaliks. to despair and revolt, as in the case of The people become Ottoman subjects, Servia. In some cases these Turkish the nobles adopted the Mahomedan re- chiefs pursued a remarkable method in ligion, which henceforward became the their exactions: they marched through State Church, in order to preserve their the villages, bound and tortured the profeudal privileges, and were hereafter | called Turks, while the common people clung to their faith and submitted to ages of tyranny and oppression. A deep sleep of Asiatic torpor and barbarism settled on the doomed land, which became one of the dark places of the earth, full of the habitations of cruelty; nor did an awakening occur until the years 1806 and 1807, a date within the memory of many old folks now amongst us. About the year 1804, when we were struggling with Napoleon, a simple peasant of a darker complexion than usual, hence named Kara George (Black George), having fled to the mountains a ruined man, leaving a home desolated by the Turk and with a heart on fire for revenge, gathered together a number of men made desperate like himself, and became a renowned haiduk or brigand, not of the modern Greek or Italian sort-neither a Manzi nor a Takos, but a kind of Robin Hood, who waged war on the rich; but as prietors, and made them sign certain titledeeds making over their landed property. The country was indeed ripe for revolt, but a long course of unresisted oppression had bred a profound contempt for these rayahs in the minds of the oppressors. When twenty mounted Servians would alight from their horses on meeting even a Turkish boy, they were naturally looked upon as sheep made to be fleeced and treated accordingly. The insubordination of the Dahis or Turkish chiefs had proceeded to such lengths that the sultan was compelled to make war upon them, and committed the fatal error of putting arms into the hands of the Christians against his rebellious Moslem subjects. The rage of these latter can only be compared to the indignation of the Southern planters in America when they saw opposed to them the "nigger regiments." Like the latter, the Christians fought well, and, what is more, the charm of superiority was broken, for more than once they saw Moslems fly |