under this act, and in or from all or any of the courts of Quebec.

The acts of Parliament of Canada and of the legislature of Quebec shall be printed and published in both those languages.

134. Until the legislature of Ontario or of Quebec otherwise provides, the lieutenant-governor of Ontario and Quebec may each appoint under the great seal of the Province the following officers, to hold office during pleasure, that is to say: the attorneygeneral, the secrotary and registrar of the Province, the treasurer of the Province, the commissioner of crown-lands, and the commissioner of agriculture and public works, and in the case of Quebec the solicitor-general; and may, by order of the lieutenant-governor in council from time to time prescribe the duties of those officers and of the several departments over which they shall preside, or to which they shall belong, and of the officers and clerks thereof; and may also appoint other and additional officers to hold office during pleasure, and may from time to time prescribe the duties of these officers, and of the several departments over which they shall preside, or to which they shall belong, and of the officers and clerks thereof.

135. Until the legislature of Ontario or Quebec otherwise provides, all rights, powers, duties, functions, responsibilities, or authorities at the passing of this act vested in or imposed on the attorney-general, secretary and registrar of the Province of Canada, minister of finance, commissioner of crownlands, commissioner of public works, and minister of agriculture, and receiver general, by any law, statute, or ordinance of Upper Canada, Lower Canada or Canada, and not repugnant to this act, shall be vested in or imposed on any officer to be appointed by the lieutenant-governor for the discharge of the same or any of them; and the commissioners of agriculture and public works shall perform the duties and functions of the office of minister of agriculture at the passing of this act imposed by the law of the Province of Canada, as well as those of the commissioner of public works.

136. Until altered by the lieutenant-governor in council, the great seals of Ontario and Quebec respectively shall be the same, or of the same design, as those used in the Provinces of Upper Canada and Lower Canada respectively before their union as the Province of Canada.

137. The words "and from thence to the end of the then next ensuing session of the legislature," or words to the same effect, used in any temporary act of the Province of Canada not expired before the union, shall be construed to extend and apply to the next session of the Parliament of Canada, if the subject matter of the act is within the powers of the same as defined by this act, or to the next sessions of the legislatures of Ontario and Quebec respectively, if the subject matter of the act is within the powers of the same as defined by this act.

135. From and after the union, the use of the words "Upper Canada" instead of "Ontario," or "Lower Canada" instead of "Quebec," in any deed, writ, process, pleading matter, document, matter or thing, shall not invalidate the same.

159. Any proclamation under the great seal of the Province of Canada issued before the union to take effect at a time which is subsequent to the union, whether relating to that Province or to Upper Canada, or to Lower Canada, and the several matters and things therein proclaimed, shall be, and continue of like force and effect as if the union had not been

made.

140. Any proclamation which is authorized by any act of the legislature of the Province of Canada to be issued under the great seal of the Province of Canada, whether relating to that Province, or to Upper Canada, or to Lower Canada, and which is not issued before the union, may be issued by the lieutenant-governor of Ontario or Quebec, as its sub

ject matter requires, under the great seal thereof, and from and after the issue of such proclamation the same and the several matters and things therein proclaimed shall be, and continue of the like force and effect in Ontario or Quebec, as if the union had not been made.

141. The penitentiary of the Province of Canada shall, until the Parliament of Canada otherwise provides, be and continue the penitentiary of Ontario and of Quebec.

142. The division and adjustment of the debts, credits, liabilities, properties and assets of Upper Canada and Lower Canada, shall be referred to the arbitrament of three arbitrators, one chosen by the government of Ontario, one by the gov ernment of Quebec, and one by the government of Canada; and the selection of the arbitrators shall not be made until the Parliament of Canada and the legislatures of Ontario and Quebec have met, and the arbitrator chosen by the government of Canada shall not be a resident either in Ontario or Quebec.

143. The governor-general in council may from time to time order that such and so many of the records, books and documents of the Province of Canada as he thinks fit shall be appropriated and delivered either to Ontario or to Quebec, and the same shall thenceforth be the property of that Province; and any copy thereof, or extract therefrom, duly certified by the officer having charge of the original thereof, shall be admitted as evidence.

144. The lieutenant-governor of Quebec may from time to time, by proclamation under the great seal of the Province, to take effect from a day to be appointed therein, constitute townships in those parts of the Province of Quebec in which townships are not then already constituted, and fix the metes and bounds thereof.

X. INTERCOLONIAL RAILWAY.

145. Inasmuch as the Provinces of Canada, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick have joined in a declararation that the construction of the intercolonial railway is essential to the consolidation of the union of British North America, and to the assent thereto of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, and have consequently agreed that provision should be made for its immediate construction by the government of Canada; therefore, in order to give effect to that agreement, it shall be the duty of the government and Parliament of Canada to provide for the commencement, within six months after the union, of a railway connecting the river St. Lawrence with the city of Halifax in Nova Scotia, and for the construction thereof without intermission, and the completion thereof with all practicable speed.

XI. ADMISSION OF OTHER COLONIES. 146. It shall be lawful for the Queen, by and with the advice of her majesty's most honorable privy council, on addresses from the houses of the Parliament of Canada, and from the houses of the respective legislatures of the Colonies or Provinces of Newfoundland, Prince Edward Island, and British Columbia, to admit those Colonies or Provinces, or any of them, into the union, and on address from the houses of the Parliament of Canada, to admit Rupert's Land and the Northwestern Territory, or either of them into the union, on such terms and conditions in each case as are in the addresses ex

pressed and as the Queen thinks fit to approve, subject to the provisions of this act; and the provisions of any order in council in that behalf shall have effect as if they had been enacted by the Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

147. In case of the admission of Newfoundland and Prince Edward Island, or either of them, each shall be entitled to a representation in the senate of

Canada of four members, and (notwithstanding anything in this act) in case of the admission of New foundland the normal number of senators shall be seventy-six, and their maximum number shall be eighty-two; but Prince Edward Island when admitted shall be deemed to be compromised in the third of the three divisions into which Canada is, in relation to the Constitution of the Senate, divided by this act, and accordingly, after the admission of

Prince Edward Island, whether Newfoundland is ad. mitted or not, the representation of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick in the senate shall, as vacancies oe cur, be reduced from twelve to ten members respect ively, and the representation of each of those Provinces shall not be increased at any time beyond ten, except under the provisions of this act for the ap pointment of three or six additional senators under the direction of the Queen.

REED INSTRUMENTS (OF MUSIC). The great improvements which have been made in reed instruments within a few years past, entitle them to a place in a record of the advance of mechanical science and art. The first application of the vibration of a free tongue of metal to the production of musical sounds is probably due to that very unmusical people, the Chinese. As might have been expected, there was not much concord or harmony in the sounds they produced. There is some doubt whether an instrument invented by Armiot in the last century, but which never came into use, was or was not a reed instrument. The Eolodicon, invented by Eschenberg, of Bohemia, about 1806, did produce musical sounds by the vibration of elastic tongues of metal, but it was a rude affair. The Accordion, invented about 1821, and claimed by both European and American inventors, followed this. It possessed some advantages, but more disadvantages in its use as an accompaniment to the voice, and has been used rather as a musical toy than as a musical instrument of much value. The Rocking Melodeon, introduced soon after, was at first but little more than a larger accordion, blown by the knees instead of the hands. The principle on which these early melodeons, of which there was a considerable variety in style, size, and form, were all constructed, was that of forcing the air out through the reeds, by means of the bellows, in order to produce the desired musical sounds. As the metallic tongues were not usually made with the most mathematical precision or perfection of finish, and as they were, moreover, very often clogged or obstructed by particles of dust or other slight difficulties, which impeded their free vibrations, there was almost necessarily a hesitancy and trouble in producing the desired note with the requisite promptness; the instrument did not "speak" so readily as the performer wished, and not unfrequently on some notes could not be made to "speak" at all. Several manufacturers in New England and New York had, however, as early as 1840, adopted some improvements which rendered their instruments preferable to those hitherto made, and rendered them a tolerable accompaniment for church music, though not a very desirable one. The most important of these improvements was that by which the reeds were each fastened to, and vibrated in a small square metallic pipe, which was inserted through

the top of the wind-chest, with the points of the reeds down; the rear ends of the keys resting on the open ends of these metallic pipes, and thus forming the valves.

The lap, or rocking melodeon, to which about this time (1840) slight legs were added, and a contrivance for working the bellows by the foot, was becoming popular for schools and small churches as a substitute for the stringed instruments which had hitherto been used as accompaniments for church music. It was as yet, however, very far from being perfect. A modification, which greatly improved the tone, was adopted by most of the manufac turers, though it cannot now be ascertained by whom it was first suggested. The reeds were riveted upon a piece of brass, swedged or bent so as to form three sides of a square, the edges of which were then inserted in grooves made for them upon the upper side of the wind-chest, directly over the valve mortice; and in order to bring the point of the reed to vibrate on the inside (the air being forced outward), the reeds were made to pass through their sockets to the under side, and this naturally took the form of a double curve, resembling somewhat the letter S. This curving of the reeds improved the tone, but it rather increased than diminished the promptness of the vibra tions, where, as was yet the case with all reed instruments, the air was forced outward. In 1846 Mr. Jeremiah Carhart, then of Buffalo, now and for some years of the manufacturing house of Carhart and Needham, secured a patent for a certain construction of bellows with other combinations, to operate the reeds by suction or drawing in, instead of forcing out, the air. This process, since known as the "exhaust plan," which had been previously though unsuccessfully attempted, was the first considera ble step in improving reed instruments, and rendering them really valuable as accompari ments to the voice. It was only a first step, but it has been followed by numerous others which have made these instruments superior to the piano, and, for home music, to the parlor organ, in expression and feeling. Mr. Carhart's invention, as was justly claimed, gave to the instrument an improved quality of tone, greater durability, more simplicity of construction, increased promptness of utterance, a uniformity of tones, and equal distribution of power through the entire scale.

The melodeons made on this plan by Carhart, and soon afterward by Prince & Co., were, at first small, having only four octaves of reeds, and were uniform in size and in their extreme plainness of style. The melodeon of that day was only an ugly, oblong box, with a dependent bellows, a simple treddle like that of the oldfashioned small spinning-wheel, and four very small, rickety legs. After two or three years, they were increased in size and extended to four and a half and five octaves, with two sets of reeds. The form of the bellows was also changed, the exhauster being placed on the upper side of the reed-board instead of underneath the bellows. The result of this change was a decided improvement in the means for operating the bellows.

There was still, however, a difficulty in regard to the tones of the instrument. They lacked softness, and, though improved by curving the reeds, had still too much of the harsh and metallic sound. In 1849 Mr. Emmons Hamlin, now of the firm of Mason & Hamlin, but then with Prince & Co., made and patented the discovery that, by slightly twisting each already curved reed, or as it is now technically called, "voicing" the reed, this harshness of, tone could be entirely obviated. The cut shows the appearance of the reed after "voicing."

This great improvement increased the popularity of the instrument, and was adopted at once by all the best manufacturers. Another difficulty, however, in the use of the melodeon for any thing except church music, or the simpier tunes of secular music, was its want of scope. It was believed impossible, and probably was so, without material changes in its mode of construction, to extend it much beyond four and a half or five octaves, and two sets of reeds. A few instruments were manufactured having two manuals, or key-boards, but they were not popular. In 1855, Messrs. Mason & Hamlin, who had commenced the manufacture of melodeons the previous year, completed their first "organ harmonium," introducing for the first time four sets of reeds, and having two

The same year they adopted the vertical, in the place of the horizontal position of the bellows, which gave the opportunity for a more elegant and tasteful form to the instrument, which thenceforward became as elegant an addition to the furniture of the parlor as it had been previously ungraceful and objectionable. The simpler construction, the vertical bellows, and the improved form, were at once applied to the organ harmonium, and greatly improved its appearance and power. To this remodelled instrument, the name of cabinet organ was given in 1862. Many of these improvements have since been adopted by other manufacturers, who have taken the name of organ with some other prefix, as Cottage, Gem, or Monitor, and have been enabled by the use of these improvements to manufacture melodeons of much better quality than they could make six or eight years since; but Messrs. Mason & Hamlin, who, by their enterprise, have become much the largest manufacturers of reed instruments in the United States, have been constantly adding other improvements, most of which are peculiar to their instruments. Of these the most important are the double-bellows, which greatly increases the power of the instrument, the improved selfadjusting reed-valves, the automatic bellows swell, a simple affair, but one of the most valuable additions made to the instrument; it is a simple hook attached to the bellows in such a way as to graduate the opening or closing of the swell automatically. Its action will be seen in the cuts.

Other improvements, introduced by them, are

CCC in the "bourdon" to C'""" in Alt, or seven octaves. To this instrument were applied two blow-pedals, which gave to the performer a better control of it, and enabled him to produce effects not hitherto attained by any reed instrument in this country. Its fine, sonorous tones, and the increased power and variety of its stops, brought it at once into popular favor, and removed much of the prejudice hitherto entertained against reed instruments.

In 1861, after numerous experiments and modifications, the same firm offered to the public their "school harmonium," an instrument of great simplicity of construction, but retaining

octave coupler, which nearly doubles the power of the instruments; noiseless safety-valves, to regulate the escape of wind and the pressure upon the wind-chest, and thus prevent the hissing sound so disagreeable in some reed instruments; and the improved combination register, to facilitate the drawing and closing the stops. These improvements, and the great care taken in its construction, have rendered the "Cabinet Organ" the best and most complete reed instrument yet produced, though the other instruments manufactured by the other large manufacturers are greatly superior to the best of the European instruments, all of which yet adhere to the old system of forcing the air outward. So rapid has been the advance in the improvement of the American reed instruments, that the poorest instrument of any respectable manufacturer at the present time is greatly superior to the best of ten years since. Stops, analogous to those in use in pipe organs, have been introduced into the higher grades of these instruments, and add materially to their beauty and variety of tone. One of these, the Vox Humana stop, applied to the Estey organ, is a somewhat complicated contrivance of fans driven by clock-work, to communicate at will a more tremulous motion to the vibrations of the reeds; and, but for its liability to frequent derangement, might prove a valuable adjunct to the instrument. The energy and genius which are devoted to the construction of these instruments, and the vigorous competition which is maintained, render it certain that every modification which will aid in perfecting them, and rendering them preferable to all others for the family, the school, or the smaller class of churches, will be tried, and if found desirable, adopted. The amount of annual production of reed instruments in the United States exceeds three millions of dollars.

REFORMED CHURCHES. I. Reformed Dutch Church.-This church reported, in 1866, the following statistics: One general synod; three particular synods (New York, Albany, and Chicago); thirty-two classes (or presbyteries); churches, 431; ministers, 407; candidates, 11; communicants, 55,917; received last year on confession, 3,120; by letter, 1,855; infants baptized, 3,307; adults, 607; children in Sabbathschools, 44,414; contributions for benevolent uses, $241,129.55; for congregational purposes, $649,540.83; moneys for benevolent uses under control of the several boards-education, in addition to the income from invested funds, $8,500; domestic missions, $24,589.98; building fund, $4,433.58; mission schools, $1,157.14; foreign missions, $55,783.75; publication, $2,175.72. These amounts are apart from what was contributed to the widows' fund, ministers' fund, to the theological seminary at New Brunswick, and to Hope College. There are in connection with the church two colleges, one at New Brunswick, N. J., and the other at Holland, Michigan.

The General Synod of the church, which met

in the city of New York, on June 5th, received an interesting communication from Rev. S. R. Bowen, a missionary of the church at Yokohama, who sent a circular, addressed to Christians, in Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Pacific isles, as well as in the United States, asking the active cooperation of all Christians in the conversion of Japan. The young men of rank there, the missionary says, are being instructed in the English language by the missionaries, at the desire of the Government, and much good is accomplished in this way; but although the people are ready and anxious to learn of Christ, the old laws, which are exceedingly severe, are still in force, prohibiting the teaching of Chris tianity in the empire. A letter of Christian greeting was received from the Free Church of Scotland, and also one from the moderator of the General Assembly of that church.

The following resolutions were passed rela tive to a change of the official name of the church:

Whereas, It is alleged that many persons who would be glad to connect themselves with the Reformed Dutch Church, and would do so if not repelled by the word "Dutch" in the name of said Church;

and

Whereas, In the opinion of many of our ministers and members, a change in our style and title that would obviate objections based upon this ground would decidedly promote the growth and interests of the denomination; therefore,

Resolved, That a committee, consisting of four ministers and three elders, be appointed to examine into the expediency and propriety of this change, and report at the next meeting of the General Synod.

It was resolved to hold the next meeting of the General Synod in the village of Geneva, New York, on the first Wednesday in June, 1867.

II. German Reformed Church.-The Triennial General Synod of the German Reformed Church in the United States, convened in Dayton, Ohio, on Wednesday evening, November 28th. Both the classes of the church in the Confederate States (Virginia and North Carolina), which by the war had been for some time cut off from the main body, were represented by delerates, and the unity of the church was thus fully restored. The following persons were elected officers: Rev. Dr. D. Zacharias, president; Rev. D. Winters and Dr. S. R. Fisher, vicepresidents. One of the most important subjects which engaged the attention of the synod was the relation with the Dutch Reformed Church. The delegate of the latter denomination, Rev. Dr. Chambers, made an address, in which he submitted an invitation to cooperate with his church in the work of foreign missions. The Western Synod (one of the two particular synods into which the German Reformed Church is divided) requested the Geaeral Synod to take measures to effect a closer union with the Dutch Church. The committee, to which the action of the Western Synod was referred, took a favorable view of the subject, and, after some discussion, the further consideration of it was deferred until the next triennial

session of the General Synod. The preceding General Synod had requested the general classes to take action on the omission of the word “German" in the official name of the church, a change which the General Synod deemed to be of vital importance to the interests of the church. It appears that a number of classes voted against the omission, under the impression that it would endanger the title of the church to its property, and that thus the constitutional number of classes necessary for adoption did not vote for the change. The present General Synod, believing that the fear of danger to the church property involved in the change to be entirely groundless, again resolved to request the classes to take action on the omission of the word German. The new liturgy, which has for many years been a cause of considerable discord, as it is regarded by its opponents as being pervaded by a high-church spirit, came up again for discussion. The Western committee not being able to submit their work, and asking for further time to complete it, the majority of the committee of the General Synod on "liturgy recommended that the final action on the liturgy be postponed, and that the Western committee be allowed to go forward with their work as proposed, and that the revised liturgy, as presented by the Eastern Synod, be in the mean time allowed for the use of the churches and families under the jurisdiction of the synod. A report from the minority of the committee was presented, in which, for a series of reasons given, viz, that the revised liturgy, in the judgment of the minority, is not adapted to the wants of the church, and is not in harmony with the spirit and standards of the church and involves a revolution of the established order of worship, they recommend that the revised liturgy of the Eastern Synod, together with the work of the Western committee, as far as prosecuted, be placed in the hands of a new committee, with instructions to prepare, from this material, and such other sources as may be accessible, a liturgy adapted to the want of the church, and in full harmony with its standards, genius, and order of worship, and lay the result of their labors before the synod at its next triennial session. After a long and animated discussion the resolution was adopted, by a vote of sixty-four yeas against fifty-seven nays.

RENNIE, GEORGE, C. E., F. R. S., an eminent engineer and writer on engineering topics, born in Surrey, in 1791; died in London, March 30, 1866. He was a son of John Rennie, C. E., F. R. S., etc.; was educated at the classical schools of Isleworth, and St. Paul, London, and in 1807 accompanied his father in his annual tour through England, Ireland, and Scotland. On his return to Edinburgh he was entered a student in the University, giving his attention to classical and mathematical studies and chemistry, and was two years under the tuition of Professor John Playfair. In 1811 he returned to London and engaged in practical engineering.

In 1818 he was appointed Inspector of Machinery and Clerk of the Dies in the Royal Mint, which post he held nearly eight years, acquiring during that time an intimate knowledge of the art of coining, and especially of the machinery necessary. Subsequently, upon the death of his father in 1821, he entered into partnership with his brother in civil engineering, furnishing machinery for the mints of Mexico, Peru, Lisbon, London, Calcutta, Bombay, etc. They furnished, also, machinery of various kinds for the Russian Government, constructed marine engines for the Peninsular, Oriental, Sardinian, Transatlantic, and other companies, planned bridges, and surveyed railroads, besides executing many other works in Great Britain and Ireland. The brothers Rennie were the first to introduce screw propellers into the British navy in 1840. They also laid out the line of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway and carried it across Chat Moss at a cost of £57,000 less than the estimates. In 1822 Mr. Rennie was made a Fellow of the Royal Society, which he served in the offices of treasurer and vice-president for three years, and was subsequently elected a member of other important societies. He was the author of several scientific papers in the "Transactions" of the Royal Society, and of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, such as "On the Strength of Materials," "On Hydraulics,” "On the Expansion of Arches of Stone and Iron," and on bridges, water-wheels, dredging, and mechanics. He was also the author of many miscellaneous reports on civil engineering topics.

REUSS, the name of two German principalities. I. REUSS-GREIZ. Prince, Henry XXII., born March 28, 1854; succeeded his father, November 8, 1859. Area, 148 square miles; population, in 1864, 43,924. II. REUSS-SCHLEIZ. Prince, Henry LXVII., born October 29, 1789; succeeded his brother, June 19, 1854. Area, 297 square miles; population, in 1864, 86,472. During the German-Italian war Reuss-Greiz sided with Austria, and Reuss-Schleiz with Prussia. After the war both joined the North German Confederation.

RIIGOLENE. Dr. Henry J. Bigelow, of Boston, gives a description of a petroleumnaphtha (for which he proposes the name of Rigolene), boiling at seventy degrees F., and possessing the property of causing an intense degree of cold by the rapidity of its evaporation. It is a hydro-carbon destitute of oxygen; is the lightest of all known liquids, having a specific gravity of 0.625, and is supposed to be a combination of some of the known products of petroleum with those volatile and gaseous ones not yet fully examined. Several of these combinations are already known in trade as benzolene, kerosene, kerosolene, gasolene, all naphthas, but varying with different manufacturers. Kerosolene, the boiling-point of which is about ninety degrees, has been found to be an efficient anaesthetic by inhalation. The dis