REM. If the plur. ends in, acc. (for,), these

ین

terminations become, before a following gen., -, -; and if the genit. begins with an elif conjunct., the final, takes damma, and the

final ☛ kèsra, instead of the gèzma; as aulas, dul ékes (§ 20, c). -Regarding the I otiosum which is often, though incorrectly, added to the nominal term. 9- and-, see §. 7, rem. a.

316. If a pronominal suffix is added to an undefined noun, the following changes take place.

a) Triptotes and the plur. sanus fem. lose the tènwin, the

dual and plur. sanus masc. the terminations

5

99

5 199

and

19-99

as زن

كتاب its ظلماتها,darkness ظلمات : his book كتابه ,a book

ހވ ހ

بنون كتابات

كِتَابَانِ

darkness; two books, thy two books; sons, Í thy sons.

b) Before the pronominal suffix of the 1st p. sing. (see §. 185, rem. a, and §. 317), the final vowels of the sing., plur.

fractus, and plur. sanus fem. are elided; as my book,

كلب my dogs, from plur. fract. of کلابی کتاب from :

my followers, from, plur. fract. of; wi

my gardens, from, plur. sanus of i.

c) If the noun ends in 8, this letter is changed into (or

5/0

rather, resumes its original form of); as i a favour or

نعمتي ,benefit

d) If the noun ends in êlif mobile or hèmza, this letter

passes before the suffixes into, when it has damma (Nom.),

and into when it has kèsra (Gen.); as

دی

women, nom.

with suffix 8,, his women, gen. . But when it has

fètha (Acc.), it remains unchanged, as acc. 8.

نساءه

REM. Of the words mentioned in §. 315, rem. a,, and,

or che; his or chis. — has regularly;

هنگ هَنَاكَ

وَفَتِكَ .acc وفيه فيك .gen وه و .but more usually, nom ;فيه رقمه :

.my

„,; gen., ;

Ib, b; and, my mouth, in all the three cases. —,3 is not used

with suffixes. On some dialectical varieties of see §. 315, rem. a, note *.

APPENDIX.

The Pronominal Suffixes, which denote the Genitive.

317. The pronominal suffixes attached to nouns to denote the genitive, are exactly the same as those attached to verbs to denote the accusative (§. 185), with the single exception

of the suffix of the 1st p. sing., which is

نی and not دری

ني

REM. a. The suffix of the 1st word ending in êlif makṣūra (—), in the long vowels (_,

or

S-, 3-, in the diphthongs and, becomes, the kèsra of the original form (see §. 185, rem. d) being simply elided. Further, when

into, and likewise forms. E. g. my love, for, from

وخطية plur. fract of خَطَايَا from خَطَايَاء my sins, for خطایای هوی غُلامان from ,غُلاماء my too slaves, for علاماتی

nom. dual of X;

وَغُلَامٌ

my Muslims for مسلمی ; قَاضٍ from ,(قَاضِيئِي) قاضي my judge for قاضی .plur مُسْلِمِينَ مُسْلِمُونَ from (مُسْلِمِينِي مُسْلِمِييَ or (مُسْلِمُوءِى) مُسْلِمُوى علامينِ from غُلامی غلامی my too slaves for غلامی مسلم sanus of مصطفى or (مُصْطَفَوئِي مصطفوی my elect, for مصطفى : غلام genit. dual of

;

like,, the form,, is used dialectically instead of,

دفم رهن ,فو and

قفای أخ أب On

see §. 316, rem.

REM. 6. Just as the verbal suffix is sometimes shortened into (§. 185, rem. c), so the nominal suffix occasionally becomes =9 particularly when the noun to which it is attached is in the vocative;

-,

REM. C. What has been said in §. 185, rem. b, of the change of the damma in,,,, into kèsra after-, -, or -, applies to the nominal as well as the verbal suffixes. E. g. of his

كتابه

كتابهم وكتابها his murderers قاتليه his too female slaves جاريتيه ,book

(in verse

كتابهم

etc.

B. THE NUMERALS.

1. The Cardinal Numbers.

318. The cardinal numbers from one to ten are:

REM. a. For 6, 6, we may also write, and for

. .rem ,6 .) ثَنِيَّةٌ ثَمَانِيَةٌ

a). - stands, according to the Arab lexicographers, for (compare §. 14, c), and that for. The correctness of this view is proved by the diminutive, the

fraction, a sixth, and the ordinal adj., sixth.

REM. b. If we compare the above numerals with those of the cognate languages, it is easy to perceive their perfect identity; and, therefore, only one or two forms deserve notice here.—The Assyrian for one in the sing. masc. is istin (Ay), apparently identical with

(for TN). — The Aram. n, f. 1, is a contraction for

אַחַת = אחת) but the fem. is shit ; עַשְׁתֵּי עָשָׂר in עַשְׁתֵּי .the Heb

ת) שְׁנַיִם .which may be either the equivalent of the Heb ,תְּרַיִן

becoming, as in N, snow,=, and exchanging with 7, as

H

to rise,=); or, as others think, derived from the rad.

as it were the dual of, single, sole. The daghesh in the Heb.

fem. D (also pronounced D) indicates the loss of the n in

pronounced) שְׁתַּיִם

-The Heb. W,, stand for WT, UT and compare the Æth. sěděstū and sěssu, for sědsū).

(see rem. a,

The Chaldee

form (),, is identical with the Arabic; whilst in the

Syriac så▲ or så▲], the original doubling has left its trace in the

hard sound of the t (compare D'n).

319. The cardinal numbers from 3 to 10 take the fem. form, when the objects numbered are of the masc. gender; and conversely, the masc. form, when the objects numbered

ހހހގ

رجال عشرة

are fem. E. g. Jy, or J, ten men (lit.,

نساء or عشر

عشرة

men, a decade, and a decade of men); show,

women.

ten

REM. a. The cause of this phenomenon, which also occurs in the other Semitic languages, seems to lie in the effort to give prominence to the independent substantive nature (§. 321) of the cardinal numbers, in virtue of which they differ from the dependent adjectives, which follow the gender of their substantives.-That

,, etc., are really masc.,—and consequently,,, etc.,. fem.,—is evident from the construction of, in the sense of ten days, either as a singular masc. or as a broken plur. (viz. the

WE

с

... C

eithers, mell

الأوسط مِنْ رَمَضَانَ We may say, for example, either .(أيام implied

the last ten days العشر الأخير من رمضان the middle ten days of Ramadan

of R., or bull,, etc. See also §. 322, rem. b.

REM. b. An undefined number from 3 to 10 is expressed by

(literally, a part or portion); as,

in a few years. The use of belongs to post

320. The cardinal numbers from 1 to 10 are triptote, with

اثنتان and اثنان the exception of the duals ثمان - ثنتان or اثنتان and

321. The cardinal numbers from 3 to 10 are always