statement as to the employments of women in early times; (2) that -ster, as a modern English termination, was not from the feminine -estre, but "from -steora, skill," 66 as in steer-age"; (3) that his accompanying list of about thirty words gave proof of this new derivation. To begin with the last, (3) DR. BREWER'S list has been shown to be a jumble of words of various languages and formations, involving some very gross mistakes on his part; next, (2) he has produced no single proof, or even argument, in support of -steora being the origin of -ster in any one word, and has made no attempt to get over the difficulties of meaning, spelling, or accent, indeed, he seems quietly to have dropped his rash guess. As for the employments carried on "exclusively by women," (1) no doubt DR. BREWER was right enough in saying that the statement is too strong; but discussion on that point was of small importance, for it was a point of inference, not of grammar, neither March nor Mätzner notice it; the very fact that the two forms-masc. -ere, fem. -estre, as webbere, webbestre-occur side by side in Ang.-Sax. contradicts the inference, at any rate, for the earliest times. I never supposed this the main point, nor evidently did MR. SKEAT. Ι do not quarrel so much with DR. BREWER'S conclusions now (except that No. 2 is oddly and unfairly stated), for he seems to have changed his view much, and to have learnt much, but I do quarrel with the statement that these conclusions confirm the main points with which he started. Did he start by thinking that -ster was at one time more freely used with feminine nouns? Does he still hold to the derivation of -ster from -steora, skill? O. W. TANCOCK. Sherborne. 66 ST. LUKE ii. 3 (5th S. iv. 89.)-In conducting a census "the Roman practice" was not to require Jews or others "to betake themselves to their own city," but to go to have their names registered in the place where they were residing. With the Jews it was different, and every male person had to go to his " own city," that is, the place of their extraction. Hence Joseph also went up from Galilee, out of the city of Nazareth, into Judea, unto the city of David, which is called Bethlehem (because he was of the house and lineage of David)." "The enrolment was by order of the Roman emperor, but as Judea was under the Jewish king Herod, it was conducted after the Jewish manner.' See Alford's Greek Testament in loco. EDMUND TEW, M.A. See Dean Alford's note. Most likely the Jews were induced to go "every man into his own city" by their own feelings and wishes rather than by Roman ordinance. Joseph was the heir to David's family estates, and they would have reverted to him at the jubilee, had the Mosaic law been fully in force. He would naturally wish his claim, whatever it might be worth, to be recorded on the spot. Dean Alford makes two statements which seem to me to require corroboration. 1. "In the Roman census men, women, and children were all obliged to go and be enrolled." But I doubt whether women were obliged to attend in person: their names were given in by the paterfamilias. 2. "This census was made at their dwelling-place, not at that of their extraction." The first part of this statement is surely too decided. Would not an owner of land in Africa, residing at Athens for purposes of study, have been allowed to register himself in Africa rather than at Athens? And would not the citizen of a town possessing privileges and immunities take care to go there to be enrolled, even though he were residing at a distance? J. C. RUST. Augustus and the Oracles (5th S. iv. 129.)— The authority for the incident is Suidas, s. v. AvyovSTOs, vol. i., col. 649, ed. Gaisford, Oxon. Cl. Pr., 1834. In this edition it is :— Пais 'Eẞpatos Keλetai με Θεοις μακαρεσσιν ἀνασσων, τονδε δομον προλιπειν, καὶ ἀϊδὴν ἀνθις ἱκεσθαι, λοιπον άπιθι σιγων ἐκ βωμων ἡμετέρων. The words are arranged somewhat differently for the sake of the metre in Kuster's edition. Cedrenus (Script. Byzant.) cites the history as from Eusebius, in his Hist. Compend., ed. Par. 1647, p. 182. Suidas states that Augustus went to consult the oracle at Delphi as to who his successor should be, and adds that on hearing this answer he went out of the temple and raised an altar in the Capitol with a Latin inscription, rendered by him : Ὁ βωμος ουτος ἐστι του Πρωτογονου Θεου. Nicephorus, a later writer than the other two, has a similar notice (Hist., lib. i., cap. xvii., vol. i. p. 83, B., Par. 1630), with some additional particulars. He states that it was a hecatomb which Augustus offered, and that it was not until a second sacrifice was offered that he received any answer, upon asking τι το πολυφθογγον μαντείον vvv avavdov? He also states it to have been a very large altar, peyiorov ẞopov, which Augustus built at Rome. The old Latin translation of Nicephorus renders the lines somewhat differently from that of Cedrenus. Both are metrical. There is an English version, which is referred to by Sir K. Digby in his notes to Sir Thomas Browne's Religio Medici. Broughton's Hist. Dict. of all Religions, Lond.,. A similar English version is to be seen in T. 1756, vol. ii. p. 201, s. v. Oracles": "An Hebrew child, whom the blest gods adore, Has bid me leave these shrines and pack to hell: Therefore my Oracles consult no more, But leave my Fane in silence, and farewell! " Broughton satisfies the metre by placing wais at the end of the first line.... waɩs, and having an addition of γε after ἡμετέρων. The statement thus made was long since disputed. Is. Casaubon, in his Exercitationes ad Baron. Annal., ex. x. p. 90 sqq., Lond. 1614, inquires into the subject, and shows that while Cedrenus states that the narrative was derived from Eusebius, it may be traced from Eusebius to G. Syncellus, Thes. Temporum, and adds that it is to be looked upon as one "inter alias fabulas quæ apud Suidam et Nicephorum leguntur." He thinks that it cannot be considered to be of authority, but must be taken to be fabulous. family motto? Laidir is strong, powerful; a boo is for, or to, victory; gart is obsolete for head-suppose leader; if so, the motto may mean the leader powerful in (securing) victory. The spelling is bad. There is no doubt about ladir a boo; it is only garrt that one cannot be certain about. Garrt may be carraid, a conflict. There is also a third Gaelic word, gart, a threatening look. Boo is extremely phonetic; it is buadh, victory, success. At one time the d was sounded; then, from laziness, it was not sounded, and h was written after it to show that it was silent. Buad, or buadh, is akin to the Latin pot, in potest, potestas, &c. Glancing at Irish mottoes, as compared with Scotch and English, one is struck with the great “FREE” GRAMMAR SCHOOLS (5th S. iv. 148.)-number of the first that express religious feeling. This subject is ably discussed in a paper written by Prof. Kennedy, when Head Master of Shrewsbury, and handed by him to the Public Schools Commission. I cannot at this moment give the reference, but it will be easily found through the Index to the Commissioners' Report. ED. MARSHALL. Opinions still differ; but I myself believe Dr. Kennedy proves that libera schola has nothing to do with payment, and means a school exempt from superior jurisdiction. LYTTELTON. As an old "Free School" boy, a quondam alumnus of Coventry School, of which Philemon Holland was master in ancient days, and to the library of which Lord Falkland was in the habit of resorting in his studious youth, I may perhaps be allowed to say that this foundation derived its name from the fact that it was a school for the sons of the freemen, or burgesses of the city, who are still allowed certain privileges in connexion with it, though not, I believe, an entirely gratuitous education. This, I imagine, is the common origin of the term "Free School." V.H.I.L.I.C.I.V. I do not venture to be positive, but I have always heard that a pupil in these schools had a right to his Latin and English learning free (and this of course implied instruction in reading), but that all other branches had to be paid for, and this enabled the schoolmaster to live. P. P. LE TELLIER, ARCHBISHOP OF RHEIMS (5th S. iv. 128.)-Charles Maurice le Tellier was the younger son of Michel le Tellier, the Minister of Louis XIV. He was born at Turin (1642), became Archbishop of Rheims in 1671, presided at the Assembly of the Clergy of 1700, and died in 1710, bequeathing his library of 50,000 vols. to the Abbey of Sainte Geneviève. His brother was the celebrated Marquis de Louvois. Ayr Academy. HENRI GAUSSERON. "GARRT LADIR A Boo" (FITZ-PATRICK) (5th S. iv. 149.)-It is asked, what is the meaning of this Does this show that the heads of Irish clans were 66 I looked to-day at a work on heraldry, where the writer refers to mottoes with this ending, and speaks of boo as being identical with the warwhoop or yell of North American Indians. He is mistaken, as it is the highly respectable word buadh (pronounced somewhat like boo). In another work on heraldry, the motto "Crom a boo" (Duke of Leinster) is referred to; and it is said that here Crom is the name of a castle once owned by that family. I have my doubts about this. Was there ever a castle of this name? The to bend, to incline. This is not a likely name for Gaelic adjective crom means bent; the verb means a castle. Stoke, Devonport. THOMAS STRATTON, M.D. THE POET LAUREATE AND THE QUEEN'S ENGLISH; "THOU" AND "YE" (5th S. iv. 148.)-The difference between thou and ye in Elizabethan English is fully explained in Abbott's Shakespearian Grammar; and the difference between the same in Middle English of the fourteenth century is fully explained in my Introduction to the Romance of William of Palerne (Early English Text Society). WALTER W. SKEAT. Cambridge. Without attempting to go into the general question as to the use by Shakspeare of the pronouns thou and you, I would point out that generally the former is used by a superior addressing an inferior, and vice versa. The passage cited from Rich. II. by MR. RALEIGH is an in-cott's (librarian of the London Institution) collecstance of this. A striking example may be seen in the grand scene in Othello (Act iii. sc. 3), where the Moorish general invariably addresses his antient as thou, and the latter addresses his superior as you. T. J. A. 29 66 TANTIVIES (5th S. iv. 128.)-On reference to Bailey's Dictionary, I find "Tantivy," a nickname given to a worldly-minded Churchman, who bestirs himself for preferment." J. A. SPARVEL-BAYLY, F.S.A. RICHARD BRATHWAYT (5th S. iv. 49.)-I am disposed to think that this Richard Brathwayt was the father of Miles Brathwayt, the first of that name in Barbadoes, whose daughter was the mother of the wife of John (?) Ashby, of that island, about 1686-94. Any information on this subject would much oblige. SP. "LET THE GALLED JADE WINCE" (5th S. iv. 106.) -For an earlier use of this proverb, see Latimer's sermon, Of the Plough, preached Jan. 18, 1548:-"If they be pricked, they will kicke, if they be rubbed on the gall, they will wince," &c. And again, in his sermon on St. Andrew's Day, 1552 :"There is a common saying, that when a horse is rub'd on the gall, he will kicke," &c. T. W. W. S. LYING IN WESTMINSTER ABBEY (5th S. iv. 105.) -W. B. has attributed the note appended to the character of William Pulteney, afterwards Earl of Bath, to Lord Chesterfield himself, the author of the well-known Characters. He does this upon the authority of the first edition of the Characters, a little 12mo. volume now before me, and which was "printed for William Flexney, Holborn, 1777." This volume, however, contains but seven of the seventeen characters which were written by Lord Chesterfield, the originals of which, in his lordship's autograph, are in my possession. That of "Mr. Pultney, afterwards Earl of Bath," was written in 1763; but the note beginning "vanity," and ending with "free cost," is not to be found in it; nor has Lord Stanhope reprinted it in his edition of Lord Chesterfield's Letters, &c., published in 1845. I conclude, therefore, that the note relating to the tomb in Westminster Abbey was written not by Lord Chesterfield, but by the editor of the first edition of the Characters in 1777.* Ev. PH. SHIRLEY. COLLECTIONS FOR A HISTORY OF OXFORDSHIRE (5th S. iv. 128.)-Query as to the late Mr. Up It has been stated, but I know not on what authority, that the MS. of Lord Chesterfield's Characters was obtained by Dr. Dodd from Lord Chesterfield's study, and sold to Mr. Dilly for 1007. I possess them as the personal representative of Philip Dorner Stanhope, fourth Earl of Chesterfield. tions for a history of Oxfordshire. To this I add another query:-What has become of a similar collection made by a Mr. Richardson, who in 1831 was a Parliamentary candidate for Woodstock? A collection in MS. by the Rev. P. Simmonds, formerly Vicar of Eynsham, is understood to be preserved in our county hall, and detached accountsof places within our county are numerous; but, though we have Brewer's meagre book, and a more recent one full of inaccuracies, we are sadly his Buckinghamshire, or Baker in his Northamptonin want of a writer as painstaking as Lipscomb in shire. One of the inaccuracies in the recent history mentioned above is a ludicrous statement that Bishop Bagot became fifth Earl of Jersey. I reiterate J. M.'s hope that the Rev. Edw. Marshall may have health and leisure to continue his topographical labours, of which his Iffley Church, Enstone, Sandford, Woodstock, and Wootton are such interesting results. WILLIAM WING. The reference to "Collections for a complete Titles and Collations of every Work relating to Bibliography of British Topography; consisting of the Topography and County History of all the English, Scotch, and Irish Shires, Provinces, and Counties. By William Upcott," is British Museum, 15,925. Also consult the catalogue of the library of Upcott, sold by Messrs. Evans, Sotheby & Co., June 15, 1846, when the Collections for Northamptonshire and Oxfordshire realized 1,4007., bought principally by Lilley, Newman, Pickering, and Rodd; and a Bibliographical Account of the Principal Works relating to English Topography, by Upcott, 3 vols. 8vo., 1818. JOHN TAYLOR. Northampton. SAMUEL BUTLER (5th S. iv. 108.)-"The Genuine Remains in Verse and Prose of Mr. Samuel Butler, author of Hudibras, published from the original manuscripts formerly in the possession of W. Longueville, Esq., with notes by R. Thyer keeper of the Public Library at Manchester," were printed for Tonson, in 2 vols. 8vo., 1759, and published by subscripton, the list of subscribers containing many of the most noted names of the time. Bishop Warburton said of this work that it was very carelessly edited; in fact, that the editor always was in the wrong when there was a possibility of his mistaking. The modern edition to which your correspondent refers is probably that of 1827, 1 vol. 8vo., of which Lowndes says:— ELISHA COLES (5th S. iv. 129.)-This worthy old lexicographer was born in Northamptonshire about 1640. He was educated at Oxford; taught for some time the Latin and English languages in London, and ultimately removed to Ireland, where he died about 1700. Such is the brief account of him in The Imperial Dictionary of Universal Biography. More may be seen in Chalmers's Biographical Dictionary. In 1682 he was living in Russell Street, Covent Garden, where (it is probable) he kept a school. I have a small oil painting of him, in which he is represented as a swarthy hard-faced man in wig and bands. EDWARD F. RIMBAULT. In the second volume of the Biographia Britannica (London, MDCCCXLVIII.), at pp. 1401, 1402, is a succinct account of this ". curious and critical person in the English and Latin tongues," who "did much good in his profession, and wrote " as many as eight "useful and necessary books for the instruction of beginners." To transcribe their titles would encroach too much on your valuable space. Cf. also Wood's Ath., edit. 1721, vol. ii., col. 680, 681. The article in Rose's Biographical Dictionary, vol. vi. p. 401, is merely a copy from the Biog. Brit. WILLIAM PLATT. 115, Piccadilly. Reformer, but a Saxon divine (nat. 1555, ob. 1621), exhibits, in his Vier Bücher vom wahren Christenthum, 1605, a larger amount of liberal sentiment than of Lutheran orthodoxy. But who and what was Meldenius, and did he borrow from Melanchthon the maxim which Baxter derived from him? V.H.I.L.I.C.I.V. FASTING COMMUNION (5th S. i. 307; iii. 133; iv. 56.)-The rubric of the Church of Rome is as follows: 'Si quis non est jejunus post mediam noctem, etiam post sumptionem solius aquæ, vel alterius potus, aut cibi, per modum etiam medicinæ, et in quantumcumque parva quantitate, non potest communicare, nec celebrare."De defectibus in celebratione missarum occurrentibus, Missale Romanum: Rubrica generales Missalis, section sub-section ix., De defectibus dispositionis corporis. J. FENTON. Hampstead. ARMS OF THE SCOTISH SEES (5th S. iii. 463; iv. 14, 50.)-MR. WOODWARD and MR. WARREN are both correct as to its being properly St. Nicholas (Abp. of Myra, conf. A.D. 342), and not St. Michael, in the arms of the bishopric of Aberdeen, the heraldic authority of Lyon King-ofArms in 1674 being erroneous in this case, or owing, as suggested, to a clerical mistake. As for "amulet" in the arms of Glasgow, it is a misprint An account of him will be found in Wood's for "annulet," which might, of course, be otherAthena Oxon., to which may be added that he wise styled a gem-ring," as is sufficiently obvious. was a chorister of Magdalen College, Oxford, 1658- "Crosiers" are doubtless "pastoral staves," but is 1661; matriculated March 26, 1659. He was not this correction rather bordering on hyperson of John Coles, schoolmaster of Wolverhampton. criticism? Nor am I prepared to admit that the On the death of his father, in the early part of former term is erroneous, as given in the arms of 1678, he was unsuccessfully a candidate for that either Ross, Galloway, or Argyle. I shall also gladly place. The company of Merchant Taylors on his welcome, at the hands of MR. WOODWARD or other ill-success presented him with a small sum for his competent ecclesiastical antiquary, any additions charges to Oxford. He was appointed second to our present scanty knowledge of the correct under-master of Merchant Taylors' School, Aug. 3, blazons of both Scottish and Irish episcopal sees; 1677, and resigned the office, Jan. 10, 1679, on and I quite admit that the opinion that the bearbeing appointed master of Galway School by Erasing of such insignia heraldically is, in Scotland at mus Smith the founder. J. R. B. [See "N. & Q.," 4th S. ii. 471, 590.] BAXTER'S MAXIM "IN NECESSARIIS," &c. (5th S. iv. 129.)-The following occurs in a leading article of the Inquirer newspaper for Saturday, 7th August, 1875:— "The obscure German author referred to was Rupert Meldenius, whose only known and very scarce work, published about 1630, A Paranesis; or, Admonition concerning the Peace of the Church, is several times quoted in the Saints' Rest. Of Meldenius nothing is known except that he was the friend of John Arnd, who was, again, one of the early Dutch Reformers of the mystical school, whose treatise on The True Christianity was, and is still, a popular and powerful exposition of catholic as distinct from dogmatic theology.' "Catholic as distinct from dogmatic theology" is a curious expression; but the writer probably means that John Arndt, who was not a Dutch The least, a post-Reformation custom, appears susceptible of sufficient proof. If we take the arms of the Church dignitaries, as displayed in the heraldic ceiling of the cathedral church of St. Machar, Aberdeen, it is evident in every case that the arms of these bishops of Scotland are those of the individuals, and not of their sees, of which no armorial insignia appear on these shields. episcopal seals still existing, appended to different charters, entirely bear this out; and, in conclusion, I beg to repeat that my original note was merely offered as an attempt at giving the arms of the sees, and that it was meagre and jejune is readily granted; indeed, all judicious criticisms will be most welcome. Richmond. A. S. A. LOCAL VENERATION OF SAINTS (5th S. iv. 129, 176.)—In the Kalendars of Scottish Saints, by the Right Rev. A. P. Forbes, Bishop of Brechin, DELTA will find an elaborate alphabetical list of the saints worshipped in Scotland, in which the author endeavours "to fix the districts of their several missions, and the churches where they were chiefly had in remembrance." This work is invaluable to all students of Scottish hagiology. ANDREANUS. F. N. C. MUNDY (5th S. iii. 123, 280, 304, 351, 425; iv. 110.) In those spitefully-conceived volumes, Autobiography, Times, Opinions, and Contemporaries of Sir Egerton Brydges, Bart., occurs the following criticism of Mr. Mundy and his poems : "Mundy was a man of genius, as his Needwood Forest proves; but having been severely treated by the Reviews on the publication of his first collection of poems, he printed privately his future compositions, and would never allow them to be published. His son lately represented the county of Derby. The poet was nephew of Sir Robert Burdett, and married his daughter. He was a shy, recluse man, of rather a morbid temper; a great sportsman and an active magistrate; much respected and of considerable influence in his county. His poetical talent lay in the description of natural scenery. lived to an advanced age. He was a well-grown, dark, sallow-looking, grave countenanced man, with rather high features, and a long face; so, at least, he appeared to me, but I only saw him once" (vol. i. p. 56). He The bibliographers of this county who have already written to "N. & Q." on this subject imply that there was no publication of any poems of F. N. C. Mundy before the year 1830, in which opinion I am inclined to humbly concur. But is it not possible that some small volume of poems may have been anonymously published by Mundy previous to the composition of Needwood Forest? Otherwise this criticism of Sir Egerton Brydges on the Derbyshire poet may not only be stamped as spiteful, like most of his reflections on his contemporaries, but also as untrue. Chevin House, Belper. J. CHARLES COX. AN OLD BIBLE (5th S. iv. 107, 155.)-MR. J. R. DORE, in his reply to W. H. S., has not, if he will allow me to say so, been quite explicit, and therefore is liable to be misunderstood. There is no Tyndale's Bible before that of Rogers or Matthew, which is the first Bible called Tyndale's, though only parts of it are Tyndale's version, and those parts somewhat altered; this was dated 1537, and is a folio. The New Testament in this folio, 1537, has 179 renderings which differ from the New Testament of Tyndale of November, 1534; and that of 1535, thirty-four; no doubt his last edition. If any edition has verse 5 in Psalm xci. reading buggs where we have terrors, it is not a proof that it was printed before 1539. Taverner's version was printed in 1539. Other editions of the Bible have this reading long after 1539, in an edition as late as 1553. If the Bible W. H. S. possesses is of the year 1551 it will have the reading buggs, as may easily be seen by referring to the books. G. B. B., on the same subject, I think, implies that the first Tomson was issued in 1600. No Bible can be called a Tomson. The New Testament called Tomson's was first printed in 1576, small 8vo. The title of it is "The Nevv Testament of ovr Lord Jesus Christ Translated Ovt Of Greeke By Theod. Beza," &c.; and also short expositions on the phrases, &c., Englished by L. Tomson. This title is found in many of the editions of the Bible of the Genevan version. The Lives of the Saints. By the Rev. S. BaringGould, M.A. Vols. I. to IX. (Hodges.) A HUNDRED and two years have passed away since Alban Butler went to his rest, bequeathing to the world for the maintaining of his name upon earth that collection of The Lives of the Saints which is still often read, and even oftener referred to. The appearance of a new collection of Lives is no cause for wonder. Good Alban Butler is frequently dull, not unfrequently prolix, and he uses the biographies as opportunities for making slowlydelivered comments, when the reader would prefer a brilliant and rapid recital of facts. When Butler's work was first published, in 1745, it was said to be the result of thirty years of labour; but, as he was born in 1710, it is hard to imagine that he commenced his hagiography when he was five years old. Butler had more zeal than scholarship, consequently his Lives, though good in reference to dates, lacks authority. It was time, therefore, that the volumes from the pen of the amiable president of the College of St. Omer should be supplemented, or rather substituted, by those of Mr. Baring-Gould, who needs no introduction to the readers of "N. & Q." He is known to them, as he is to the general public, as a writer singularly gifted in his power to tell a story with admirable spirit. He is never dull, he abhors prolixity, and he has a touch of quaintness which is to his details very much what sauce |