4. 66 Sicilia shall her Archimede forget, While all the world the British Dames admire." This effusion is signed with the initials "D. M." In the "Preface to the Reader " is written :- "It cannot be thought I am at all ambitious of being an author, having been always careful to conceal my name; but an affair I have voluntarily engaged myself in, as the last page of the Diary will shew, may in some measure discover me." This undertaking was "a proposal for a New Survey of Warwickshire, on a Map four feet deep and three broad, by a scale of one mile in an inch." Whether it was ever carried out or not I cannot say, but the prices for subscribers are ridiculously low compared with modern times. The initials seem to stand for Da. Meredith, but of him I know nothing. Poor Robin (No. 10) has the peculiarity in the Calendar of providing a column for Sinners as well as Saints, both being duly set down in rubric opposite their respective days. B. E. N. I have a volume of almanacs bound in red morocco, evidently by authority, of the year 1751. They are fourteen in number, are printed uniformly in style, and are bound with small parchment tabs as indices. The titles are as namely: [Those above, numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, are repeated.] "The Gentleman's Diary, or Mathematical Repository." "Speculum Anni Redivivum. By Henry Leason." "Araç Ovpàvios; the Celestial Atlas. By Robert White." W. PHILLIPS. CARDINAL WOLSEY (5th S. iv. 109.)-The statement is made by Dr. Conyers Middleton, in the dedication to his Letter from Rome, showing the exact Conformity between Popery and Paganism. He says: "In the very infancy of printing amongst us, Cardinal Wolsey saw the effect of it; and in a speech to the clergy publicly forewarned them, that if they did not destroy the Press, the Press would destroy them."-Middleton's Works, 1752, iii. p. 4. 66 Grove, in his Life and Times of Cardinal Wolsey, says, in reference to this passage, we should gladly know where it is to be found," and adds that it seems very improbable, as Wolsey was the great encourager of learning and learned men, and had magnificent designs in promoting both, that he should have pressed the clergy to destroy the press in England, whilst he had power to have done so himself had he been so inclined (vol. i. p. 349). EDWARD SOLLY. MOTES: MOATS: MOTE HILLS (5th S. iv. 167.) In the first volume of the Rev. William Mackenzie's History of Galloway, printed and published by John Nicholson, Kirkcudbright, in 1841, much light is thrown upon the history of the people who constructed the moats, found in large numbers throughout Galloway at the present day. the author draws the conclusion that they could After minutely describing the principal structures, "only have been the work of the British tribes who resided in Galloway, perhaps nearly a thousand years before the epoch of any foreign invasion"! There is no good ground for supposing that these ancient forts, with their ramparts and fosses, were sepulchral in their origin. The duns or doons were the largest of the forts, while the smaller ones are, "in modern language, denominated moats." The constructors were, undoubtedly, the Selgova and the Novantes. The Statistical Account of Scotland would also yield L. much valuable information as to the situation, number, and present condition of the moats. 66 E. N. H. THE HUMANITY OF EARLIER TIMES (5th S. iv. 168.)—If J. J. P. had written a book containing such a sentence as And yet, in earlier times, legal authorities may have humanely forborne to take notice of it," one would have had to rest contented by vigorously underscoring it, with margin indications of equally vigorous dissent. When, however, it is "N. & Q." that contains such a sentence, one is enabled to ask him, and he will please consider that I ask in a position of incredulity, what he means by the humanity of earlier times. Can he give instances of early writers withholding facts on account of their brutality, savage barbarity, inhumanity, or even obscenity? Of course, any one could give instances where the writers in earlier times revelled in, dilated upon, and gloated over all these things; but what I want to know is, are there any instances of legal authorities in earlier times withholding anything on account of its inhumanity? O. H. SIGNIFICANT NAMES (5th S. iii. 206.)—All, I believe, now living :-"Sister Emma," not unfrequently met with as a nurse. "Wm. Toe," shoemaker, Drayton Parslow. "J. Death," coroner for Buckingham and district. "Doctor Coffin," a purveyor of pills in Oxford Street. "Danger," a publican in the Huntingdon Road, Cambridge. This man, being ejected from his house, built another immediately opposite, on which he posted, "Danger, from over the way"; whereupon his opponent retaliated, "No Danger here now" (local paper). Drayton Parslow. THOS. ARCHER TURNER. OLIVER CROMWELL (5th S. iv. 108.)-The name of his family was not originally Cromwell, but Williams. Morgan Williams, the representative of an ancient Welsh family, married the sister of the famous Thomas Lord Cromwell, who was created Earl of Essex by Henry VIII. By her he had a son named Richard, who in due time was knighted by Henry, and took the name of his uncle Cromwell, though he retained the arms of Williams. This, I think, is the accepted origin of the Protector's family, and is it not probable that the tradition given by MR. ROBERTS sprang from it? CH. ELKIN MATHEWS. ARMS OF CLEVES (5th S. iv. 128.)-These, according to Willement, were:-1. Gules, an inescutcheon argent, over all an escarbuncle of eight rays pomettee and floree or-Cleves. 2. Or, a lion rampant sable-Juliers or Gulick. 3. Azure, a lion rampant, crowned or-Schwarzenburg. 4. Argent, a lion rampant, queue fourche, gules, crowned or-Berg or Mons. 5. Or, a fesse chequy argent and gules-La Marck or March. 6. Argent, a lion rampant, gules, crowned 7. Argent, three chevronels, gules-Ravensburgh. The translation required is:-The house of Cleves bears gules, an inescutcheon argent, a label of five points. Afterwards they added to their arms an escarbuncle placed above the shield. The crest of Cleves was a bull's head. The crest of La Marck was a coronet, or, encircled by a band chequy of three tiers, gules and argent, and out of the coronet a wing issuing, or. G. W. W. Cheltenham. "MY WIFE'S AT THE 'MARQUIS OF GRANBY"" (5th S. iv. 109.)-This is not a fragment of a song, but a versicle sung at drunken revels. Time, midnight; scene, the parlour of an hostelry at B-1. Sir Hildebrand Snooks wishes the company good night, and makes his exit rather unsteadily. The president proposes the health of Sir Hildebrand, and all join in chorus after drinking it :— "For he's a jolly good fellow ! (ter.) And she's as drunk as she can be, So we won't go home till morning, till morning, till morning, We won't go home till morning, Hip! hip hip! hurrah! (bis) This divertissement is generally concluded by singing "A very good song, very well sung, Of course the above varies in different quarters; but there is, unfortunately, no MS. that enables me to give a more correct version. VIATOR (1). VALUE OF MONEY (5th S. iv. 169.)—I think J. T. F. will find some of the information he requires in Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations, chap. iv. p. 35, where the origin, use, and value of both English and foreign money are treated upon. W. S. Manchester. CORNER HOUSES (5th S. iv. 169.)-The superstition that corner houses are unlucky is very common in Herefordshire. I once resided next to a corner house, and was frequently congratulated on having escaped that unenviable position, while, if I had been in any way unfortunate, my friends would exclaim, "No wonder-living next to a corner house." CHUNE. Gloucester. WAGER OF BATTLE (5th S. iv. 180.)-There was no statute which allowed wager of battle. The right sprang from very ancient institutions, which were alluded to in the arguments in the case of Ashford and Thornton in the Queen's Bench, which arguments extended over several days. This was the last wager of battle. The next preceding one at Westminster was in the Common Pleas, 13 Eliz., 1571, and was concluded in Tothill Fields, Westminster. There was, however, one in the Court of Chivalry, 1631, and another in the County Palatine of Durham in 1638. The statute 59 Geo. III. abolished the right of wagers of battle and wagers of law. GEORGE WHITE. THE PASSAGE OF THE ISRAELITES THROUGH THE RED SEA (5th S. iii. 347; iv. 30, 98.)-The conclusion against the general opinion of the vio 66 lent death of Pharaoh is shown by MR. WOOL- me that the French and the German languages RYCH to be possible; but is it probable? The are, like the Grecian, Lutheran. Lutteur and conclusion savours of what in these days is called | Leut-herr are lingual tokens of Protestant contest viewiness," a limp sort of treatment that is and conquest. EDMUND LENTHALL SWIFTE. wanting in grasp of the subject. I wish to illustrate this by a similar view taken of another hardhearted Scriptural character, Judas Iscariot, by no less a personage than De Quincey, in his Essay upon Judas Iscariot. St. Luke, in his narrative, and St. Peter, in the Acts, vary, it is true, about the incidents they relate as to the death of Judas; but it is clear that the facts related by them are by no means incompatible with each other. St. Luke's Gospel has it that Judas committed suicide, while St. Peter's words (Acts i. 18) are these καὶ πρηνὴς γενόμενος ἐλάκησε μέσος, and all his bowels gushed out." So that both agree as to the physical end of the traitor, which was death by violence. 66 Yet that acute writer, De Quincey, arrives at the conclusion that the language used in the Gospel and the Acts on this subject is merely a figurative statement, and settles it that Judas "came to utter and unmitigated ruin, and died of a broken heart." Now anything can be turned into anything by this valetudinarian manipulation of history. I do not care to say more about the subject, especially as the discussion scarcely seems to be within your lines. But I think this parallel case of Judas Iscariot really deserves a place in " N. & Q." as another instance of curious "wresting" of Holy Scripture, both interesting and instructive! Churchdown. F. S. LUTHER (5th S. iii. 486; iv. 58, 146, 193.)-The opinions of a scholar notable as is LORD LYTTELTON among the perpauci of our literature might in some degree have been anticipated, had not the acknowledgment of MR. SKIPTON'S corrections, which I posted on July 22, failed-whether in reaching the editor of "N. & Q." or of obtaining a corner by lack of room, I know not. My reply contained an almost re-written distich on the Lutheran Eeepos, more closely formed on the ipsissima verba of the Saviour himself, as recorded by their ear-witness, the Evangelist John; and its non-appearance still more disappointed me when I read LORD LYTTELTON'S strictures on its predecessor. I now, therefore, submit a faithful transcript of the renovated distich, relieved of its pristine "obscurity," but retaining its reference to the "omnes" per se of all mankind, not to the omnes" qui of persons or purposes :— Luther Elev@spoc est: pretiosum Filius Ipse Munus EXεvlepias certè largitur ad omnes. We are not all of us polyglots; a reasonable stock of Greek and Latin, added to our mother-tongues, generally suffices. LORD LYTTELTON has taught M. DEROZARIO'S "COMPLETE MONUMENTAL REGISTER" (5th S. iv. 184.)-Your correspondent's description of this valuable work is not quite accurate, and conveys an unjust idea that it is incomplete. The compiler states distinctly on his title-page that the volume contains "all the epitaphs, inscriptions, &c., in the different churches and burial-grounds in and about Calcutta"; and this is all that he attempted to do-the few inscriptions from Madras, the Isle of France, &c., being probably appended because he chanced to have them in his possession. It is, therefore, most unfair to stigmatize his work as " very incomplete" because it does not include the whole of the East Indies, when he carefully states that he confined himself to Calcutta. Your correspondent also says that the volume " covers the limited period of, at the utmost, fifty years"; and entirely ignores the fact that there are nine pages (4-12), containing upwards of thirty inscriptions (doubtless all there were), the dates of which range from 1692 to 1764, most of which are of great interest and importance. If, as we have the right to assume from his own assurance, M. Derozario gave us every inscription eristing in Calcutta and its vicinity at the date of his publication (1815), proposing to do no more, surely he ought not to be taxed with incompleteness, but commended for his carefulness and zeal; especially as he also gave us-what is so rarely found in similar publications even at the present day-a trustworthy Index. That he did not detract from the value of his work by appending “genealogical or heraldic annotations" is, in the opinion of competent genealogists, greatly to his credit. THE WRITER OF "CERTAIN REMARKS." "ERIMACAUSIS" (5th S. iv. 187.)-This "magnificent word seems to owe its origin to a mere mistake of Mr. Seymour Haden's. As has been pointed out by more than one correspondent to the London papers-and, amongst others, by Mr. Pope, of Lincoln College, in a letter to the Times, shortly after the publication of Mr. Haden's letter it is apparently a misspelling and misreading for Eremacausis, peμakavots, which is obviously compounded of péua, "stilly, quietly, softly," and kaío, I burn." This explanation is also given by the Spectator of May 29th last. C. C. T., OXONIENSIS. Ἤρεμακαυσις was the word coined by Liebig to express "slow combustion." It is derived from peμos, mitis, quietus, and means that slow chemical process by which vegetable substances, in the presence of moisture and air, decompose; "THE VULTURE AND THE HUSBANDMAN" (5th S. iv. 183.)—This parody already exists in print. It is contained in the first of two numbers of the Light Green, published at Cambridge in 1872; which contain also several other very witty parodies on well-known writers. Amongst them are "The Tichborne Trial, by Thomas Carr Lisle"; "Ding Dong, by Rosina Christetti"; "The May Dream, by Alfred Pennysong"; "The Heathen Pass-ee, by Bred Hard," &c. If your correspondent does not know them he will be very much amused with them. They seem to me quite above the average of ordinary Oxford or Cambridge facetiæ. C. C. T., OXONIENSIS. of the seventeenth century, of the particulars of whose life nothing can be ascertained; even his name has been considered a fictitious one. He is known only by one writing, Parænesis votiva pro pace ecclesiæ ad Theologos Augustana Confessionis. As early as 1736, J. G. Pfeiffer, Professor of Theology in Leipzig, feared that the writing might be lost, and caused it to be printed in his Miscel lanea Theologica, and from these Lücke has it in his work-"Upon the age, the author, the original form, In necessariis Unitas; in non necessariis Libertas; in and proper sense of the ecclesiastical formula of concord, utrisque Caritas, Göttingen, 1850." "Liicke tries to determine the time of Meldenius, when he made it apparent from the Paranesis that he was personally acquainted with John Arnd, and wrote this work between the twentieth and fortieth years of the seventeenth century. By means of the work Stabili mentum Irenicum, 1635, discovered in the Hamburg Library, in which some sentences of the Parænesis are quoted, this conjecture of Lücke's is confirmed. As to the author we discover indeed nothing, still it mentions him as a well-known man, with no indication that the name was fictitious. "Rupert Meldenius was a true exponent of the for"THERE WAS AN APE," &c. (5th S. iv. 149.) mula of concord; he does not think of a union of both The lines quoted by H. S. are from The British churches; but in the midst of the troubles of the Thirty Birds, a Communication from the Ghost of Aris-Years' War he longs for the inner peace of the Church, tophanes, pp. 48-9. This work, one of the cleverest for a practical piety instead of the dry controversial theology of the schools. Nevertheless, he is far from all satires of modern times, is now, I believe, out of extravagance; he is healthy throughout, in that time a print. A friend of mine, who wished to procure very rare phenomenon. The Paranesis consists of two a copy some months ago, searched the second-hand parts: in the first the author describes shortly the posi book-lists and the shops in Booksellers' Row for tion of the Lutheran Church, and in the second he presome time in vain. It is to be hoped Mr. Collins sents the remedy. He charges the theologians that they do not properly distinguish between things necessary will see his way to a re-issue of the book, but in a and unnecessary; one must be always prepared for commore holdable and serviceable size. It was origi- bat, but one must not continuously strive. In order nally published by "The London Publishing Com-effectually to build up a church the minister must be in pany, Limited," of 7, Quality Court, Chancery Lane. WALTER S. RALEIGH. Temple Club. LOCAL VENERATION OF SAINTS (5th S. iv. 129, 176, 197.)-To refer DELTA, who asks for information on the subject of English, Irish, and Scotch saints, to a work on the Welsh saints, may appear inappropriate; but, if he has not met with the following, he may find a reference to the volume interesting, An Essay on the Welsh Saints, or the Primitive Christians, usually considered to have been the Founders of Churches in Wales. By the Rev. Rice Rees. London, 1836. the holiness of his life blameless. Nothing is more to be dreaded than pharisaic hypocrisy, out of which proceed φιλόδοξια, φιλαργυρία and φιλονεικία. The chief faults of the theologian of the time the author describes in ten pages, and concludes with the exclamadistinction to these shortcomings, Rupert describes in tion, Serva nos. Domine, alioquin perimus. In contrathe second part the contrary virtues, humility, contentment, love of peace, which the Christian must practise. A lack of love is the cause of all sorrow. Knowledge there is enough of, but love, the true salt, is deficient. One can scarcely believe that a minister, whose sins are forgiven by God, should not cover the faults in the writings of his colleagues with the mantle of love. Omnium vero norma, says Rupert, sit caritas cum prudentia quâdam pia et humilitate non ficta conjuncta. Rupert does not altogether reject controversial theology, but there must be connected with it a pious and thoughtful moderation. It is very much to be feared that one would rather lose than win the love of Christ in his heart by the transgression of moderation in the discern ment of divine secrets. The old saying is familiar. Nimium altercando amittitur veritas. Then Rupert com. pares the former and present condition of Christendom, and concludes with saying, Si nos servaremus in necessariis Unitatem; in non necessariis Libertatem; in utrisque Caritatem, optimo certe loco essent res nostræ. . . . in these days of ours to have been soon forgotten withThis writing, with its breath of genuine piety, appears out particular effect; but it remains to us as a monument that God, even in those dreary times, did not lack men who could have led in the right way, but that he found none to listen."' DELTA. ARMORIAL BEARINGS (5th S. iv. 67, 155.)— Legal is rather a strong term, for I presume no magistrate could convict, nor action lie against, a daughter for using her father's arms, or even crest, if she knew no better than to do that. The master of a house is supposed to provide writing-paper, seals, forks and spoons, carriages, &c., not only for his family, but guests; and so long as they are understood to be his, the daughter may surely use them without blame. But the real ignorance and vulgarity is when a lady puts her own initials on paper, seals, &c., under her father's or husband's crest. This blunder makes her ridiculous, of course, for though she is entitled to her father's arms and to impale her own coat with her husband's, she can never be entitled to the crest. Women may be quite sure their rights will never go so far as that. P. P. YORKSHIRE AND OTHER VILLAGE GAMES (5th S. iii. 481; iv. 51, 157.)-The following version of this game is given in Halliwell's Nursery Rhymes, p. 132 (2nd edit., 1843): : "We are three brethren out of Spain, For her beauty she must be sold. We'll call again another day. Turn back, turn back, thou scornful knight, Of my spurs take you no thought, For in this town they were not bought. Turn back, turn back, thou scornful knight, Is pretty Nancy, come to me. Here comes your daughter safe and sound, The editor states, in a note, that the word "knights" is sometimes substituted for "brethren," and that the versions of this game vary considerably from each other. B. P. SWIMMING FEATS (5th S. iv. 86, 154, 179, 186.) -J. M. (p. 86) and CROWDOWN (p. 154) are both incorrect in one or two particulars. I copy the following from Baines's History of Lancashire, Harland and Herford's edition, 1870, vol. ii. p. 315: "July 10th, 1827. Dr. Bedale and Mr. Matthew Vipond swam for a wager from the Queen's Dock, Liver pool, to Runcorn, which the doctor won by about half a mile, having accomplished his task in three hours and thirty-five minutes." To the above I wish to add that Bedale was not a surgeon, but a quack, being by trade an operative cotton-spinner. G. H. S. Heaton Chapel, near Stockport. Miscellaneous. NOTES ON BOOKS, &c. A Complete Collection of the Protests of the Lords. With Historical Introductions. Edited from the Journals of the Lords. By James E. Thorold Rogers. 1624-1874. 3 vols. (London, Macmillan ; Oxford, Clarendon Press.) HERE are materials for history, extending over two centuries and a half, of which no one seems to have thought before. In addition, Prof. Rogers gives in his Preface-likely to be, perhaps, the most popular part of his book-a vast amount of information, not only pertinent to the subject, but of importance to every reader of English history. We make note from this well-written introductory chapter that the Journals of the Lords begin with the reign of Henry VIII. (1509); from 1515 the attendance of the Lords is registered; attendance was compulsory; a fine was levied on absentees without leave, or who failed to provide proxies. The Journals between 1515 and 1533 are lost. At first there was no registering opinions; in the year 1540 the words Nemine discrepante appear; and in the year 1542 dissentients to a measure are named for the first time, in the persons of the Duke of Suffolk and Lord Dacres, who objected to a Bill to empower butchers to sell "at their liberty," that is, by weight or otherwise. In the reign of Edward VI. the bishops appear among the remonstrants against the progress of the Reformation. "On the other hand," says the Professor, "the dissentients to the Bill of 1552, by which the marriage of priests was permitted, were all laymen." Of the twenty-two records of dissent during Mary's reign, all but one are made against secular measures. "Bonner, Bishop of London 1554, dissents from the Bill which repeals all statutes made against the See of Rome since 20 Henry VIII." In this reign occurs the first notice of a division. On the same day (May 5, 1554) one Bill is passed, "Majore procerum numero consentiente"; another rejected, "Majore procerum numero dissentiente." In Elizabeth's time, when the voting was equal, the negative sense accepted. A freely outspoken Parliament existed fort of the sovereign. Outspokenness from early times, much to the occasional discom66 owes its first legal recognition to the most despotic of English monarchs, Henry VIII." But freedom of speech was legally recognized when speeches were not made public; and the recognition applied to all future Parliaments. In the old times many things were said because they would go no farther than to King and Court; now much more is said because it can go unquestioned to the ends of the world. But on this and on parliamentary history generally we must refer our readers to these valuable volumes. Prof. Rogers assigns to these Protests the highest place in the literature of was |