With the failure of the settlement at Roanoke Raleigh relinquished his hope of colonizing Virginia. He had expended nearly his entire fortune in the undertaking, and the remainder of his life was passed under the cloud of undeserved misfortune. His career as a statesman was honorable to himself and to his country, and he proved himself in all his acts a loyal subject and a devoted patriot. His zeal in behalf of knowledge made him a generous friend of the learned, and he merits the gratitude of the American people, not. only for his efforts to colonize our shores with his countrymen, but for the liberality with which he spread a knowledge of America throughout England by his publication of the reports of Hariot and Hakluyt. He opened the way for the dominion of the English in the new world, and his memory is preserved in the name of the capital city of the great State which he sought to make the seat of an English empire. Accused of High Treason. Upon the accession of James I., Raleigh, broken in health and fortune, but still the most illustrious Englishman of his day, was arraigned on a charge of high treason, of which not even his enemies believed him guilty, and was sentenced to the Tower, as the king did not yet dare to order his execution. During this period Sir Walter beguiled the weariness of his imprisonment by composing his "History of the World." He remained a prisoner for thirteen years, and was then released on condition of making a voyage to Guiana in search of gold. His failure to accomplish the object of the voyage sealed his doom, and on his return to England he was beheaded, not upon any fresh charge, but on his old sentence. His real fault was that he was too true an Englishman to sustain the sacrifice of the national honor by King James to the demands of Spain, and he was generally regarded by the nation as the victim of the king's cowardice. He met his fate with the calm bravery which had marked his whole life. Kidnapping Indians. Until now the voyage from England to America had been made by way of the Canary Islands and the West Indies. In 1602, Bartholomew Gosnold conceived the idea of proceeding direct from England to Virginia, as the whole region north of Florida was called by the English. Sailing directly across the Atlantic he reached Cape Elizabeth, on the coast of Maine, after a voyage of seven weeks. Proceeding southward along the coast he reached Cape Cod, to which he gave the name on the fifteenth of May, and went ashore there. He was thus the first Englishman to set foot in New England. He continued his voyage along the coast and entered Buzzard's Bay. To the westernmost of the islands of this stately sound he gave the name of Elizabeth-a name which has since been applied to the entire group. Loading his ship with sassafras root, which was then highly esteemed for its medicinal virtues, Gosnold sailed for England, and arrived home safely after a voyage of less than four weeks. He gave the most favorable accounts of the region he had visited, and other adventurers were induced by his reports to undertake voyages for the purpose of trading with the natives. Among these was George Waymouth, who reached and explored the coast of Maine in 1605. On his return voyage Waymouth kidnapped five Indians and carried them to England, "to be instructed in English, and to serve as guides in some future expedition." The voyages of Gosnold and Waymouth to the coast of New England were followed by those of numerous other English adventurers. In 1614, Captain John Smith, who had already distinguished himself by his services in Virginia, made a voyage to America with two ships, furnished at the expense of himself and four merchants of London. The voyage was for the purpose of trading with the natives, and was very successful. Smith took advantage of the opportunity to explore the coast from Penobscot to Cape Cod. He prepared a map of the coast, and named the country New England-a title which was confirmed by the Prince of Wales, afterwards Charles I. sea. After Smith's return to England, Hunt the commander of the other vessel, succeeded in inducing twenty of the natives, with their chief, Squanto, to visit his ship, and as soon as they were on board put to He sold the savages as slaves in Spain. A few of them, Squanto among the number, were purchased by some kind-hearted monks, who instructed them in the Christian faith in order to send them back to their own people as missionaries of the cross. Squanto escaped to England in 1619, and there learned the language, and was afterward an interpreter between the English settlers and his people BOOK II Settlement of America CHAPTER VI Captain John Smith and Pocahontas Formaation of the London Company-Conditions of its Charter-Departure of the First Colony-Quarrels During the Voyage-Arrival in the Chesapeake-Settlement of Jamestown-Formation of the Government-Character of Cap tain John Smith-Exploration of the James River-Newport and Smith Visit Powhatan-Smith Admitted to the Government-Explores the Chickahominy-Is Captured and Sentenced to Death-Is Saved by Pocahontas-Gains the Friendship of Powhatan for the Colony-Returns to Jamestown-His Decisive Measures-Return of Newport-Smith Explores the Chesapeake Bay-The New Emigrants-Smith Compels Them to Labor-Smith is Wounded and Com pelled to Return to England-Disasters to the Colony-Arrival of Sir Thomas Gates -Jamestown Abandoned—Ar• rival of Lord Delaware-The Return to Jamestown-A Change for the Better-New Settlements-Sir Thomas Gates Arrives With Reinforcements-Capture of Pocahontas by Captain Argall-She is Baptized-Marries John Rolfe--Sir Thomas Dale's Administration-Yeardley Governor-The First Legislative Assembly-Representative Government Established in America-The Colonists Obtain Wives-Changes in the Government. T HE favorable reports which had been brought back to England by the voyagers to the new world had prevented the interest of Englishmen in America from entirely dying out, and some ardent spirits still believed it possible to make that continent the seat of a prosperous dominion dependent upon England. The former assistants of Raleigh, in particular, held to the convictions which their chief had entertained to the day of his death. The selfish and timid policy of King James having made it impossible for men to acquire distinction by naval exploits, as in the days of Elizabeth, the more adventurous classes lent a willing ear to the plans for colonizing America, which were discussed in various parts of the kingdom. Bartholomew Gosnold, who had explored the New England coast, was especially active in seeking to induce capitalists to send out a colony to it. His glowing accounts of the New World awakened a good deal of enthu siasm, and men who had money to invest, and were somewhat inclined to indulge in speculation, were ready to aid any scheme that promised to be lucrative and advan tageous to themselves. Sir Ferdinand Gorges, a wealthy gentle man and Governor of Plymouth, had been greatly interested in America by the accounts of Waymouth, who had given him two of the Indians he had brought to England. These succeeded in interesting others in their plans, and the result was that early in the reign of King James two companies were formed in England for the colonization of America. One of these was the "London Company," composed chiefly of noblemen and merchants residing in London. The other was the "Plymouth Company," composed of "knights, gentlemen and merchants," residing in the west of England. King James divided Virginia into two parts. To the London Company he granted “South Virginia," extending from Cape Fear, is North Carolina, to the Potomac. To the | trial by jury was secured. In the former Plymouth Company he gave "North Virginia," stretching from the Hudson to Newfoundland. The region between the Potomac and the Hudson he left as a broad belt of neutral land to keep the companies from encroaching upon each other's domains. Either was at liberty to form settlements in this region within fifty miles of its own border. The London Company was the first to settle the country assigned it. A liberal charter was granted the company: the lands in the new world were to be held by it on the simple conditions of homage and the payment to the crown of one-fifth of the gold and silver and one-fifteenth of the copper that should be discovered. A general council, residing in England, was to have authority over the whole province, and the members of this council were to be appointed and removed by the king at his good pleasure. Each separate colony was to be under the control of a colonial council residing within its own limits, and the king retained the right to direct the appointment or removal of the members of these councils at his pleasure. Laws of the London Company. The king also reserved the supreme legislative authority over the colonies, and framed for their government a code of laws-" an exercise of royal legislation which has been pronounced in itself illegal." The colonists were placed by this code under the rule of the superior and local councils we have named, in the choice of which they had no voice. The religion of the Church of England was established as that of the colony, and conformity to it was secured by severe penalties. Death was the punishment for murder, manslaughter, adultery, dangerous seditions and tumults. In all cases not affecting life and limb offenders might be tried by a magistrate, but for capital offences cases the punishment of the offender was at the discretion of the president and council. The Indians were to be treated with kindness, and efforts were to be made for their conversion to Christianity. For five years at least the affairs of the colonists were to be conducted in a joint stock. The right to impose future legislation upon the province was reserved by the king. The Settlers Oppressed. Such was the form of government first prescribed for Virginia by England, in which, as Bancroft truly says, there was "not an element of popular liberty." "To the emigrants themselves it conceded not one elective franchise, not one of the rights of selfgovernment. They were to be subjected to the ordinances of a commercial corporation, of which they could not be members; to the dominion of a domestic council, in appointing which they had no voice; to the control of a superior council in England, which had no sympathy with their rights; and finally, to the arbitrary legislation of the sovereign." Under this charter the London Company prepared to send out a colony to Virginia. It was to be a commercial settlement, and the emigrants were composed altogether of men. One hundred and five persons, exclusive of the crews of the vessels, joined the expedition. Of these not twenty were farmers or mechanics. The remainder were gentlemen," or men who had ruined themselves at home by idleness and dissipatiɔn. A fleet of three small ships, under command of Captain Newport, was assembled, and on the nineteenth of December, 1606, sailed for America. The emigrants sailed without having per fected any organization. The king had foolishly placed the names of those who were to |