CHAPTER XIX.

SETTLEMENT Of Georgia.

General James Edward Oglethorpe-His Efforts to Reform Prison Discipline of England-Proposes to Found a Colony in America for the Poor and for Prisoners for Debt-A Charter Obtained from the King-Colonization of Georgia-Savannah Settled -First Years of the Colony-Labors of Oglethorpe -Arrival of New Emigrants-Augusta FoundedThe Moravian Settlements--The Wesleys in America-George Whitefield-War between England and Spain-Oglethorpe Invades Florida-Failure of the Attack upon St. Augustine-The Spaniards Invade Georgia-Oglethorpe's Stratagem—Its Success -Battle of "Bloody Marsh "-Close of the WarCharges against Oglethorpe-His Vindication-His Return to Europe--Changes in the Colonial Government-Introduction of Slavery into Georgia -Prosperity of the Colony.

CHAPTER XX.

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THE FRENCH in the ValleY OF THE MISSISSIPPI. Origin of the Hostility of the Iriquois to the French -Settlement of Canada--Plans of the French respecting the Indians-The Jesuits--Their Work in America--Success of their Missions-The Early Missionaries-Foundation of a College at QuebecEfforts of the Jesuits to Convert the Iroquois-Father Jogues-Death of Ahasistari-Father Allouez-The Missions on the Upper LakesFather Marquette-His Exploration of the Upper Mississippi - Death of Marquette-La SalleEfforts of France to Secure the Valley of the Mississippi-La Salle Descends the Mississippi to its Mouth-His Effort to Colonize the Lower Missis sippi The First Colony in Texas--Its Failure Death of La Salle--Lemoine d'Ibberville--Settlement of Louisiana-Colony of Biloxi--Settlement Mobile-Crozat's Monopoly-Founding of New Orleans--Detroit Founded--Slow Growth of the French Colonies-Occupation of the Ohio Valley by the French-Wars with the Indians-Extermination of the Natchez Tribe-War with the Chickasaws.

CHAPTER XXI.

CONFLICTS BEtween the English and FRENCH. Relations Between the English and the Five Nations -The Hostility of the Latter to the French-King William's War-Destruction of Dover-The Jesuit Missionaries Incite the Indians to Attack the English-Expedition against Quebec-Attack on Dus

241

251

tin's Farm-Peace of Ryswick-Hostility of the English to Roman Catholics-Queen Anne's War -Burning of Deerfield-Eunice Williams-Cruel. ties of the French-Effort of New England to Conquer Acadia-Capture of Port Royal-Failure of the Expedition against Quebec-King George's War-Expedition against Louisburg-Its Composition-Arrival of the Fleet at Cape Breton-Good Conduct of the Provincials-Capture of Louisburg -Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle-Unjust Treatment of the Colonies by England-Sentiment of the Americans towards England. .

BOOK III.

The French and Indian War.

CHAPTER XXII.

OUTBREAK OF HOSTILITIES.

TAGS

267

England Claims the Valley of the Ohio-Organiza. tion of the Ohio Company-The French Extend their Posts into the Ohio Country-Washington's Mission to the French at Fort Duquesne-His Journey-Reception by the French-His Journey Home -A Perilous Undertaking-Organization of the Virginia Forces-Washington Made Second in Command-The French Drive the English from the Head of the Ohio-Fort Duquesne Built by Them -Washington Crosses the Mountains-The Fight at Great Meadows--Beginning of the French and Indian War-Surrender of Fort Necessity to the French-Unjust Treatment of the Colonial Officers --Congress of the Colonies at New York-Franklin's Plan of a Union of the Colonies-Its FailureReasons of the British Government for Rejecting It -England Assumes the Direction of the War-Arrival of General Braddock-Plan of CampaignObstinacy of Braddock-He Passes the Mountains -Defeat of Braddock-Heroism of WashingtonRetreat of Dunbar beyond the Mountains-Vigorous Action of Pennsylvania-Armstrong Defeats the Indians and Burns the Town of Kittanning 278

CHAPTER XXIII.

SANGUNIARY STRUGGLES ON THE FRONTIER. Expedition against Acadia-Brutal Treatment of the Acadians They Are Expelled from their Country -A Sad Story-Fate of the Acadians-Johnson at Lake George March of Dieskau-Battle of Lake George-Failure of Shirley's Expedition-Arrival of the Earl of Loudon-Montcalm in Canada

Capture of Oswego by the French-Outrages of the Earl of Loudon upon New York and Philadelphia -Expedition against Louisburg-How the Earl of Loudon Beat the French-Capture of Fort William Henry by Montcalm-Massacre of the Prisoners by the Indians--Efforts of Montcalm to Save ThemThe Royal Officers Attempt to Cover Their Failures by Outraging the Colonies.

CHAPTER XXIV.

END OF THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. Change for the Better--William Pitt Prime Minister -Vigorous Measures Adopted-Recall of the Earl of Loudon-Capture of Louisburg-Abercrombie on Lake George-Advances against TiconderogaDeath of Lord Howe-Failure of the English Attack upon Ticonderoga-Disgraceful Conduct of Abercrombie-His Retreat-Capture of Fort Frontenac-Advance of General Forbes-Grant's Defeat -The Virginians Again Save the Regulars--Capture of Fort Duquesne-Washington Retires from the Army-Ticonderoga and Crown Point Occupied by the English-Capture of Fort Niagara-The Expedition against Quebec--Failure of the First Operations--Despondency of Wolfe-He Discovers a Landing-place--The Army Scales the Heights of Abraham--Montcalm's Surprise-Battle of the Plains of Abraham Death of Wolfe - Defeat of the French-Death of Montcalm-Surrender of Quebec -Capture of Montreal-Treaty of Paris-Canada Ceded to England-France Loses all Her American Possessions-The Cherokee War-Hostility of the Indians to the English-Pontiac's War-Death of Pontiac-Bouquet Relieves Fort Duquesne-Results of the War..

BOOK IV.

The American Revolution.

CHAPTER XXV.

CAUSES OF THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE. Injustice of Great Britain towards Her Colonies-The Navigation Acts—Effects of these Laws upon the Colonies-Great Britain Seeks to Destroy the Manufactures of America-Writs of Assistance-They Are Opposed-Home Manufactures Encouraged by the Americans-Ignorance of Englishmen Concerning America--Great Britain Claims the Right to Tax America--Resistance of the Colonists-Samuel Adams-The Parsons' Cause-Patrick Henry

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England Persists in Her Determination to Tax America-Passage of the Stamp Act-Resistance of the Colonists-Meeting of the First Colonial Congress --Its Action-William Pitt-Repeal of the Stamp Act-Franklin before the House of CommonsNew Taxes Imposed upon America-Increased Resistance of the Colonies-Troops Quartered in Boston--The "Massacre "-The Non-Importation Association-Growth of Hostility to England-Burning of the "Gaspé”—The Tax on Tea Retained by the King-Destruction of Tea at Boston--Wrath of the British Government--Boston Harbor Closed --Troops Quartered in Boston--The Colonists Come to the Assistance of Boston-Action of the Virginia Assembly-General Gage in Boston--The Regulating Act-Its Failure-Gage Seizes the Massachusetts Powder-Uprising of the Colony--Meeting of the Continental Congress---Its Action-Addresses to the King and People of England-The Earl of Chatham's Indorsement of Congress--The King Remains Stubborn. 327

CHAPTER XXVI. PROGRESS OF THE WAR.

Gage fortifies Boston Neck-He Summons the General Court-Recalls his Proclamation--The Provincial Congress of Massachusetts--It takes Measures for Defence The Militia Organized-The Minute Men-Friends of America in England-Gage resolves to seize the Stores at Concord-Midnight March of the British Troops-The Alarm givenSkirmishes at Lexington and Concord-Retreat of the British-A Terrible March-Uprising of New England-Boston Invested-Dunmore seizes the Virginia Powder-Is made to pay for it--Uprising of the Middle and Southern Colonies--The Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence-Capture of Ticonderoga and Crown Point-Meeting of the Second Cantinental Congress-Congress resolves to sustain Massachusetts-Renewed Efforts for PeaceCongress Assumes the General Government of the Colonies-A Federal Union Organized-Its Character-A Continental Army formed-George Washington Appointed Commander-in-chief-General Officers Appointed-Condition of the Army before Boston-Inaction of Gage-Battle of Breed's Hill -A Glorious Defence-The Battle Equivalent to a Victory in its Effects upon the Country-Arrival of Washington at Cambridge-He takes Command of the Army-He Reorganizes the Army-Difficulties of the Undertaking-The Invasion of Canada Resolved upon-March of Montgomery and ArnoldRapid Successes of Montgomery-He Captures

Montreal-March of Arnold through the Wilderness-Arrival before Quebec--Forms a Junction with Montgomery-The Siege of Quebec-The Ice Forts-Failure of the Attack-Death of Montgomery-Retreat of the Americans from Canada-Lord Dunmore's War in Virginia-Destruction of Norfolk-The Thirteen United Colonies-Burning of Falmouth-Naval Matters-Action of Great Britain -The War to be carried on--The Hessians . .

CHAPTER XXVII.

THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. The Siege of Boston-Difficulties of the American Army-Activity of the Privateers—Clinton's Expetion-Colonel Knox arrives from Ticonderoga with Cannon-Seizure of Dorchester Heights by Washington-The British Evacuate Boston-Royalist Plots in New York-Paper Money Issued by Congress-Gates sent to the North-The British Attack Charleston-Battle of Fort Moultrie-The Howes in New York Bay-Change in the Character of the War --Growing Sentiment in Favor of Independence— -Virginia Proposes the Colonies Assert their Independence-Action of Congress-The Declaration of Independence-Articles of Confederation Adopted by Congress-Lord Howe's Efforts at Conciliation— Addresses a Letter to Washington-Battle of Long Island-Defeat of the Americans--Retreat from Long Island-Evacuation of New York by the Americans-Loss of Fort Washington- Washington Retreats through New Jersey-He Crosses the Delaware-Darkest Period of the War-Washington's Determination to Continue the War-Lord Howe's Proclamation-Its Effect-Congress at Baltimore-Carleton invades New York-Defeats Arnold on Lake Champlain-Carleton Retires into CanadaBattle of Trenton-Happy Effects of the Victory -Congress confers Dictatiorial Powers upon Wash ngton-Commissioners sent to France

CHAPTER XXVIII.

THE YEAR 1777.

fowe Attempts to Crush Washington--Battle of Princeton--The British Confined to the Seaboard— Recovery of New Jersey-The American Army in Winter Quarters at Morristown-Effects of the American Successes--Difficulty of Procuring Troops -Washington Pefuses to Exchange Prisoners-His Course Approved by Congress--Measures of Congress—Naval Affairs-Tryon Burns Danbury--Gallantry of Arnold-Troubles in the Northern Department-Congress Adopts a National Flag-"The Stars and Stripes”—Course of France towards the United States-France Decides to Assist the Amer

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icans-Lafayette-Iis Arrival in America--Capture of the British General Prescott-Howe Threatens Philadelphia. Washington Moves SouthwardBattle of the Brandywine-Washington Retreats to the Schuylkill--Wayne's Defeat at Paoli-Philadelphia Exacuated by the Americans--It Is Occupied by the British-Battle of Germantown--The British Attack the Forts on the Delaware-They Are Aban. doned by the Americans-Burgoyne's Army in Canada--Advance of Burgoyne into New York— Investment of Ticonderoga-It Is Abandoned by the Americans-The Retreat to Fort Edward-Burgoyne Reaches the Hudson-Murder of Miss McCrea-Siege of Fort Schuyler-Battle of Bennington-Critical Situation of Burgoyne-Gates in Command of the American Army-Battles of Behmus' Heights and Stillwater-Surrender of Burgoyne's Army-Clinton in the Highlands . . 405

CHAPTER XXIX.

AID FROM ABROAD.

Sufferings of the Army at Valley Forge-Appeals of Washington to Congress-The British in Philadelphia-The Conway Cabal-Its Disgraceful Failure -Efforts to Improve the Army-Worthlessness of Continental Bills-General Lee Exchanged-Effect of Burgoyne's Surrender upon England—The King Is Forced to Agree to Measures of Conciliation-Action of France-Louis XVI. Recognizes the Independence of the United States-Alliance Between. the United States and France-Failure of the Britsh Measures of Conciliation-Clinton Evacuates Philadelphia-Battle of Monmouth-General Lee Dismissed from the Army-Attack upon Newport -Its Failure-Withdrawal of the French Fleet to the West Indies-Outrages of the British on Long Island Sound-Massacre of Wyoming—the Winter of 1779-80-The Army in Winter Quarters— Robert Morris-Condition of Congress-Georgia Subdued by the British-Prevost Attempts to Take Charleston-Siege of Savannah-Its Failure-Capture of Stony Point-Capture of Paulus Hook-. The Indians Punished-Naval Affairs-Exploits of John Paul Jones-Evacuation of Newport-Settlement of Kentucky-Conquest of the Illinois Country by George Rogers Clarke-Settlement of Tennessee. 4

CHAPTER XXX.

THE CLOSE OF THE WAR. Severity of the Winter of 1779-80-Sufferings of the American Army-Clinton Sails for the Carolinas-Colonel Tarleton-Capture of CharlestonConquest of South Carolina-Gates in Command of the Southern Army-Battle of Camden--Exploits

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of Marion and Sumter-Advance of CornwallisBattle of King's Mountain-Gates Succeeded by General Greene-Knyphausen's Expeditions into New Jersey-Arrival of the French Fleet and Army-Arnold's Treason-The Plot for the Betrayal of West Point-Arrest of Major André— Flight of Arnold-Execution of André-Mutiny of the Pennsylvania and New Jersey Troops—Measures of Congress-Arnold Captures Richmond, Virginia-Battle of the Cowpens-Masterly Retreat of General Greene-Cornwallis Baffled Battle of Guilford Court House-Cornwallis at Wilmington -Battle of Hobkirk's Hill-Siege of Ninety-SixExecution of Colonel Hayne-Battle of Eutaw Springs Washington Decides to Attack New York -The French Army on the Hudson-Financial Affairs-Resumption of Specie Payments-Message from the Count De Grasse-Cornwallis at Yorktown-The American Army Moves SouthwardSiege of Yorktown-Surrender of Cornwallis--Ef fect of the News in England-Indian TroublesEfforts in England for Peace-Negotiations Opened -Treaty of Paris-- End of the War The Army Disbanded-Washington Resigns His Commission 450

BOOK V.

From the Close of the Revolution to the Civil War.

CHAPTER XXXI.

THE ADOPTION OF THE CONSTITUTION-WASHINGTON'S

ADMINISTRATION.

Unsettled Condition of the Country-Failure of the Articles of Confederation-Desire for ReformMeeting of the Federal Convention at Philadelphia -The Constitution of the United States-Adoption of a Decimal Currency-The Northwest Territory -Washington Elected President- His Journey to New York-Establishment of the New Government -The First Cabinet-Financial Measures-Removal of the Capital Agreed Upon-The Government at Philadelphia-The First Census-The Indians of the Northwest Conquered—Re-election of Washington-Division of Parties-The French Revolution-The United States Neutral-Citizen Genet-Efforts to Commit the United States to the French Alliance-Genet's Recall Demanded-The

CHAPTER XXXII.

THE ADMINISTRATIONS OF JOHN ADAMS AND THOMAS JEFFERSON.

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Inauguration of John Adams-Aggressions of France upon the United States-The American Commissioners Insulted by the French Government--The Alien and Sedition Laws-The United States Prepare for War with France-France Signifies her Willingness to Treat-New Commissioners Appointed—Settlement of the Dispute-Hostilities at Sea-Capture of the 'Insurgente" and "Vengeance"-Death of Washington-Removal of the Capital to Washington City-The Second CensusInauguration of Thomas Jefferson-The President's Message-His First Measures-Admission of Ohio -Louisiana Purchased by the United States-War with the Barbary Powers-Burning of the "Philadelphia"-Re-election of Mr. Jefferson-Aaron Burr Kills Alexander Hamilton in a Duel-Burr's Subsequent Career-Fulton's Steamboat-Outrages of England and France upon American Commerce— American Vessels Searched and American Seamen Impressed by England-Efforts to Settle these Questions-Affair of the "Chesapeake" and "Leopard"-The Embargo-Results of this Measure— Losses of the Eastern States-Election of James Madison to the Presidency-Repeal of the Embargo. 496

CHAPTER XXXIII.

THE ADMINISTRATION OF JAMES MADISON-THE SECONT WAR WITH ENGLAND. Inauguration of Mr. Madison-Negotiations with Mr. Erskine Their Failure-Seizure of American Vessels in France-Sufferings of American Ship-owners -Great Britain Stations her Ships of War off Amercan Ports-Affair of the "President" and "Little Belt"-Trouble with the Northwestern IndiansTecumseh-Battle of Tippecanoe-Meeting of the Twelfth Congress-Measures for Defence-Admis. sion of Louisiana into the Union-Death of George Clinton-The British Ultimatum-War Declared Against Great Britain—Opposition to the War—The British Offer of Settlement Rejected-The War for "Free Trade and the Sailors' Rights"-Mr. Madison Re-elected-Campaign of 1812-Preparations for the Invasion of Canada--General Hull Surenders Detroit to the British-Loss of the Northwestern Frontier-Failure of the Attack on Queenstown-Exploits of the Navy-Capture of the "Guer rière" by the "Constitution"-The PrivateersRussia Offers to Mediate between the United States and England—Financial Affairs--Harrison's Cam paign-Massacre at the River Basin-Defence of Forts Meigs and Stephenson-Perry's Victory on Lake

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Erie Battle of the Thames-Death of TecumsehRecovery of the Northwest-Capture of YorkBritish Attack on Sackett's Harbor RepulsedRemoval of General Dearborn-Failure of the Campaign on the Lower Lakes-The Creek WarJackson's Victories-Naval Affairs-The British Outrages in Chesapeake Bay-Negotiations for Peace -Capture of Fort Erie-Battles of Chippewa and Lundy's Lane-Siege of Fort Erie-Successes of the Americans-Advance of Prevost-Battle of Plattsburgh-Macdonough's Victory on Lake Champlain-Battle of Bladensburg-Capture of Washington-Destruction of the Public Buildings by the British-Attack on Baltimore-Death of General Ross-"The Star-Spangled Bunner"—The British Attack on the New England Coast-Opposition of New England to the War-The Hartford Convention-The British in Florida-General Jackson Expels Them-Jackson at New Orleans-Arrival of the British Expedition off the Coast-Vigorous Measures of Jackson-Battle of New Orleans-Defeat of the British-Naval Affairs-The Treaty of Peace-The Barbary Powers Humbled-The Tariff-The Bank of the United States-Admission of Indiana-James Monroe Elected President. 512

CHAPTER XXXIV.

ADMINISTRATIONS OF JAMES MONROE AND JOHN QUINCY ADAMS.

Inauguration of Mr. Monroe-His Tour through the Eastern States-Admission of Mississippi into the Union-Troubles with the Indians-General Jackson's Vigorous Measures against the Spaniards in Florida—Purchase of Florida by the United States -Illinois Becomes a State-The First Steamship -Maine Admitted into the Union-The Slavery Question--The Missouri Compromise-Admission of Missouri as a State-The Fourth Census-Reelection of Mr. Monroe-The Tariff-Protective Policy of the Government-Recognition of the Spanish Republics-The Monroe Doctrine-Visit of Lafayette to the United States-Retirement of Mr Monroe-John Quincy Adams Elected President-His Inauguration-Rapid Improvement of the Country-Increase of Wealth and Prosperity-Internal Improvements-The Creek Lands in Georgia Cerled to the United States-Death of Thomas Jefferson and John Adams-The Anti-Masons-The Tariff of 1828- Andrew Jackson Elected President . . . 548

CHAPTER XXXV. ADMINISTRATIONS OF ANDREW JACKSON AND MARTIN VAN BUREN. Character of Andrew Jackson-Indian Policy of this Administration--The President Vetoes the Bill to

Renew the Charter of the United States Bank-Debate Between Hayne and Webster-Jackson's Quarrel with Calhourn-Death of ex-President Monroe -The Cholera-Black Hawk's War-Re-election of President Jackson—The Tariff-- Action of South Carolina-The Nullification Ordinance-Firmness of the President-The Matter Settled by Compromise-Patriotism of Henry Clay-The Removal of the Deposits-The Seminole War Begun-Great Fire in New York-Settlement of the French Claims Arkansas Admitted into the Union-The National Debt Paid-Death of ex-President Madison-Martin Van Buren Elected President-Michigan Admitted into the Union-The Panic of 1837Causes of It-Suspension of Specie PaymentsGreat Distress throughout the Union-The SubTreasury-Repudiation of State Debts-The Canadiar. Rebellion-The President's Course-The Seminole War Ended-The Anti-Slavery PartyResolutions of Congress Respecting SlaveryWilliam Henry Harrison Elected President-The Sixth Census . .

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561

CHAPTER XXXVI. ADMINISTRATIONS OF WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON AND JOHN TYLER.

An Extra Session of Congress Summoned-Death of President Harrison-John Tyler Becomes President of the United States-Meeting of Congress—The Bankrupt Law-President Tyler Vetoes the Bills to Revive the United States Bank-His Quarrel with his Party-The "Tyler Whigs"-The Tariff of 1842-The Treaty of Washington-The United States Will Not Tolerate the Exercise of the Right of Search-Dorr's Rebellion-The Mormons--Invention of the Electric Telegraph-Explosion on the "Princeton "-Efforts to Secure the Annexation of Texas-Early History of Texas-The Texan War of Independence-Battle of San JacintoTexan Independence Established-Texas Applies for Admission into the Union-Opposition to the Measure-Significance of the Vote at the Presiden tial Election-James K. Polk Elected President-Texas Admitted into the Union-Iowa and Florida Become States . .

CHAPTER XXXVII. ADMINISTRATION OF JAMES K. POLK-THE WAS WITH MEXICO.

The Oregon Question-Position of President Polk Respecting It-The Question Settled-Treaty for Settlement of Claims against Mexico-Mexico Resents the Annexation of Texas-General Tavlor Ordered to Texas--He Advances to the Rio Grande

579