P. HIGHER EDUCATIONAL. INSTITUTIONS.

a. General.

b. Finance, lands, support; scholarships.

c. State universities and colleges.

d. Municipal institutions.

Q. PROFESSIONAL AND HIGHER TECHNICAL EDUCATION. a. Teachers' colleges, and normal schools.

b. Agricultural colleges.

c. United States grant.

d. Mining schools.

e. Military schools.

f. Other technical and professional.

R. PRIVATE AND ENDOWED HIGHER INSTITUTIONS: STATE CONTROL. a. Higher institutions.

b. Corporations of an educational character.

S. LIBRARIES AND MUSEUMS.

a. General.

b. Public-school libraries.

T. EDUCATION OF SPECIAL CLASSES. a. General.

b. Deaf and dumb.

c. Blind.

d. Crippled and deformed.

e. Feeble-minded; schools for the retarded.

f. Tuberculous children.

U. WELFARE OF DEPENDENTS AND DELINQUENTS.

a. General.

b. Wrongs to children.

c. Juvenile courts.

d. Conduct of children.

e. Truant, detention, reform schools, and schools for dependents.

STATE LAWS RELATING TO EDUCATION, ENACTED IN 1918 AND 1919.

A. GENERAL ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROL AND SUPERVISION OF PUBLIC EDUCATION.

(a) General.

Alabama: To provide for a complete educational system of the State, etc. (New school code.)

Public-school fund.-Following sums for maintenance: (1) Interest at 6 per cent on proceeds of lands granted to the State and townships thereof for school purposes; (2) interest at 4 per cent on Surplus Revenue fund of 1836; (3) rents, incomes, and profits from lands hereafter granted for school purposes; (4) escheats; (5) poll tax (to be retained in county where collected); (6) license taxes required by law to be paid to school fund; (7) a special State tax of 30 cents on the hundred dollars; (8) appropriations by the legislature. (Also county and district taxes.)

State board of education.--State board composed of governor and State superintendent, ex officio, and 6 members appointed by governor with consent of senate. No 2 appointive members shall reside in same congressional district. Term of appointive members, 12 years; overlapping terms, 2 being appointed every 4 years. Governor may remove an appointive member for cause after hearing on at least 10 days' notice. Annual meeting in October; other regular meetings in December, February, and May; special meetings may be held. Member shall receive $10 per day for not over 25 days in a year, and necessary expenses. State board shall exercise through State superintendent general control and supervision over the public schools, except the university, Alabama Polytechnic Institute, and Technical Institute and College for Women; shall adopt rules and regulations for the sanitation of schools and the physical examination of school children; shall prescribe rules for standardizing schools; shall, on recommendation of State superintendent, prescribe minimum contents of courses of study for public elementary and high schools. Subjects required in elementary schools: Reading, writing, arithmetic, English, geography, history of United States and Alabama, community civics, agriculture, elementary science, hygiene, and sanitation, physical training, and other subjects prescribed by State board. English shall be the only language employed in the first six grades. State board shall prescribe textbooks to be used in elementary schools and in high schools, except in cities of over 2,000 population; shall appoint a textbook committee not to exceed seven. Board shall prescribe rules and regulations for the certification of teachers and for the acceptance of diplomas of normal schools, colleges of Alabama, and of other States; shall prescribe rules for taking the biennial school census; shall prescribe uniform series of forms and blanks for reports and require reports accordingly; shall require annual reports of private, denominational, and parochial schools, and also monthly attendance reports from such schools to county superintendents or city superintendents as the case requires. Board may employ additional experts for special investigations. Board shall cooperate with Federal Board for Vocational Education in promoting vocational education. Board may accept for Alabama any Federal appropriation for the removal of illiteracy, teaching immigrants, or for other educational purposes. Trustees of normal schools for white

persons, of the A. and M. College for Negroes, State Normal School for Colored Students at Montgomery, the 9 district agricultural schools, Northeast Alabama Agricultural and Industrial Institute, the State High School Commission, the State Textbook Commission, the State Board for Vocational Education, and the Alabama Illiteracy Commission, as now constituted, are abolished, but State board may appoint an advisory board of 5 or more persons for any institution for negroes. State board shall have general supervision of educational work of charitable, penal, reformatory, and child-caring_institutions, maintained wholly or in part by the State, through its executive officer, who shall be a member of the governing board or boards of such institutions. Board shall report annually to governor and shall make recommendations as to changes in the school law. Board may remove for cause, and after a hearing, any officer appointed by it. Board may hold real and personal property. Board may use for equalizing school terms 80 per cent of revolving fund created by legislature. State superintendent of education.-To be chief executive officer of State department of education; term 4 years; elected by popular vote. He shall be a person of recognized ability as a school administrator, with academic and professional qualifications equivalent to graduation from a standard college or university. He shall annually apportion the school funds. He shall decide controversies arising involving the administration of the school system. He shall hold conferences of school officers, superintendents, teachers, etc.; shall prepare and publish the school laws, regulations of State board, and other educational pamphlets. State superintendent shall prepare or cause to be prepared, subject to approval of State board, rules and regulations for construction of school buildings, certification of teachers, protection of health and physical welfare of school children, grading and standardizing public schools, county high schools and State aid therefor, taking the biennial school census, enforcement of school attendance, and the administration of vocational education. He shall also prepare or cause to be prepared, subject to approval of State board, minimum contents of courses of study, forms of contract between boards of education and employees, forms and blanks for use of county and city boards and officers and teachers in reporting, State school budget, and the annual report of State board. He shall be responsible, under State board, for administration of State department, which shall be provided with necessary clerical and professional assistants. State department is divided into following divisions: (1) Executive and business management; (2) teacher-training, certification, and placement; (3) statistics; (4) rural schools; (5) elementary schools; (6) secondary education; (7) physical education; (8) vocational education; (9) exceptional education, and (10) school and community betterment. Three series of publications by State department: (1) Monthly circular of information; (2) series of bulletins, including results of special studies, manual, school law, etc.; (3) annual reports.

County board of education.-General administration and supervision of public schools of county, except in cities of 2,000 population or more, is vested in county board of education, except as herein otherwise provided. Board composed of 5 members elected by qualified voters at general election in November; term, 6 years, 2, or 1 as case requires, being elected every 2 years. Annual meeting in November and other regular meetings in February, May, and September; special meetings may be held; allowed $5 per day and expenses but for not over 12 days in any year. Board shall appoint county superintendent as executive officer and secretary. Board shall also elect treasurer of school funds. School property vested in county board. Board shall prescribe rules and regulations for public schools, but not for cities of more than 2,000 population. Board shall provide sanitary, suitable, and convenient water-closets for each school; shall consolidate schools where practicable and provide transportation where possible, but consent of district trustees must be obtained for consolidation; shall appoint, on recommendation of county superintendent, principals, teachers, and clerical and professional assistants, and may dismiss such enployees for cause; shall prepare and furnish to teachers courses of study; shall open schools as nearly as practicable on the same date; shall appoint persons to take biennial school census and fix their compensation; shall prepare and publish an annual report; shall provide separate schools for white and colored children, which schools shall be free to children over 6 years of age, but incidental fee may be charged. Public schools shall include elementary schools (grades 1 to 6), junior high schools (grades 7 to 9), and senior high schools (grades 10 to 12). Board shall enforce compulsory attendance law; shall provide conditions of entrance to junior and senior high schools; shall report to

State board as required; shall have right to acquire and hold real estate, and may acquire by condemnation proceedings. Board shall appoint for each school, 1, 2, or 3 persons as school trustee or trustees, who shall look after the school and report on its needs from time to time. Board shall see that each public schoolhouse is insured.

County superintendent.-To be chief executive officer of county board of education. Appointed by board; term, 2 years to 5 years, in discretion of board. Superintendent (except in case of present incumbent) must be a graduate of a standard normal school, or must have completed equivalent courses approved by State board, or must hold a first grade or life certificate, and in addition thereto must have had at least 3 years of successful experience in teaching. He shall devote entire time to duties of his office, and shall receive not less than $1,500; county board may remove superintendent for cause. He shall see that school laws and rules of State and county boards are enforced; shall recommend kind, grade, and location of schools; shall recommend policies; shall hold conferences of principals, teachers, trustees, attendance officers, and citizens; shall recommend building program and plan of laying out districts; shall recommend the condemnation of insanitary school buildings; shall recommend repairs, sites, etc.; shall prepare for board rules for admission to junior and senior high schools; shall represent State board in examinations for teachers; shall nominate to county board all principals, teachers, and other regular employees; shall organize county institutes; shall prepare annual school budget for county board; shall direct biennial school census; shall see that compulsory attendance law is enforced; shall report annually to State superintendent; shall publish annual financial statement in county paper; shall prepare monthly pay roll for teachers and other employees.

School trustees.-For each school 1, 2, or 3 trustees shall be appointed by county board. Annual meeting in June, and at least 2 other meetings in scholastic year. Principal teacher shall be secretary. Trustees may, 30 days or more before opening of school, reject original assignment of any teacher to their school and county superintendent shall nominate another. Trustees may fix incidental fee, with approval of county board; may recommend appointment of a janitor; shall visit school once a month; shall have care of building and grounds, but must have approval of county board for expenditures other than those from local district funds; shall see that outhouses are kept in proper condition; may authorize use of schoolhouse for social, civic, recreational, and community meetings.

City board of education.-City shall include all incorporated municipalities of 2,000 population or more, but a town of 1,000 to 2,000 population may, through its council or other governing body, elect to be governed by this article. City board of education shall consist of 5 members, residents of the city but not members of council or city commission; appointed by council or commission as case requires; term, 5 years, one appointed each year. Annual meeting in May, and other meetings as determined by board. Superintendent of schools may be appointed; city treasurer to be custodian of school funds. City board of education is vested with all powers necessary or proper for the administration of the free public schools of the city. Board shall cause to be taken the biennial school census; shall hold in trust all school property and may acquire necessary sites, buidings, equipment, libraries, fuel, supplies, etc.; may establish and maintain schools, including kindergartens and playgrounds, for children between 5 and 21 years of age. City and county boards may enter agreement by which pupils from one may attend schools in the other. Board shall, on recommendation of superintendent, appoint necessary professional, clerical, accounting, and statistical assistants; shall fix salaries of all employees; may acquire land for school or playground purposes by condemnation proceedings; may request council or commission to call an election to determine the question of issuing bonds for providing sites, buildings, and equipment. Shall grade and standardize schools and prescribe courses of study. Shall prepare annual school budget showing what funds will be available from State, county, local tax, and other sources; and council or commission shall, if practicable, make up any deficit from general municipal funds. City board shall make required reports to State board. May establish and maintain public libraries, separately or in connection with public schools, and also special schools for backward, defective, truant, or incorrigible children and day or night schools for adult illiterates and for the Americanization of foreigners. Board shall publish annual report. This article not applicable in "city and county school system"

(Mobile) nor to election of board of education in city where members hold office for life (Selma). Board shall maintain free schools for children over 6 years of age; incidental fee may be charged, but shall not operate to exclude from school children between 8 and 16 years of age during compulsory attendance period.

City superintendent of schools.—Appointed by board of education for not more than 5 years; board may remove superintendent for cause. He shall be executive officer of board, explain intent of school law, decide controversies, nominate employees of the board, outline building program, report on condition of buildings, prepare rules for standardizing schools, prepare courses of study, organize institutes, prepare forms and blanks, prepare annual budget for board, direct taking of school census, nominate attendance officer, and see that attendance law is carried out, prepare reports of board, and perform other duties required by board.

Apportionment of public school funds.-State auditor to certify amount available from each source. State superintendent to make apportionment. After setting aside certain funds as required by law, superintendent shall apportion State funds to counties on basis of school census. In making apportionment to any county, State superintendent shall first set aside amount due each township therein from the State for interest on its sixteenth-section funds and rents on school lands, and such township shall receive no part of other apportionment until schools of other townships having no trust funds shall have received from general fund an equal per capita apportionment with townships having such trust funds. County board of education shall apportion State funds so as to provide as nearly as practicable school terms of equal length, exclusive of schooling provided by local funds. County to receive poll tax collected therein. Local county and district funds shall be expended in county or district where collected as may be prescribed by county or city board of education, as the case may be. Appropriation for contingent fund of State department shall be expended as best interests of schools require.

One-mill county school tar.-On petition of 200 or more voters, county commissioners shall call election to determine question of levying a 1-mill county school tax. Three-fifths vote of qualified voters necessary to authorize such tax. Said election shall also determine length of time such tax is to continue. Three-mill county and district school tax.-On petition of 200 or more voters or on request of county board of education, county commissioners shall order election to determine question of levying a county school tax of not exceeding 3 mills on the dollar. On similar request of city board of education, commissioners shall call election in such city on question of not exceeding 3-mill tax in such city. Majority vote determines. But no city or rural school district shall levy local district tax until county containing such city or district has levied a county tax of 3 mills. Tax not exceeding 3 mills may be levied in any rural district; may be voted by qualified voters at election called therein by county commissioners on request of county board of education.

Local tax bonus fund.-State bonus of $1,000 to county levying 1-mill tax; $2,000 for 2-mill tax; $3,000 for 3-mill tax.

County treasury of school funds shall be selected by county board of education.

School attendance.-Person in charge of any child between the ages of 8 and 16 shall send such child to a public, private, or denominational school, and such child shall attend school for entire term, unless county or city board of education shall reduce the compulsory attendance period at any individual school to not less than 100 days. Compulsory period must begin with beginning of school unless county or city board otherwise determines. Child over 14 who has completed elementary school course or equivalent and who is lawfully employed shall be exempt. Other exemptions: (1) Child between 8 and 16 living 2 miles or more from school, unless transportation is furnished; (2) child physically or mentally incapacitated, but school authorities may require physician's certificate of such incapacitation. Where parent or guardian is found by court to be unable to provide books and clothing for child, such child shall be turned over to juvenile court or to State child welfare department. County board of education shall divide county into one or more attendance districts and appoint attendance officers therefor, and each city board of education shall appoint one or more such officers. Such officer may be jointly appointed by county and city. County superintendent shall furnish each principal teacher a list of children between 8 and 16 years of age who belong to such teacher's school, and teacher