LESSON II.

You

I have been sick. Thou hast been taught. He had not found them. She will not go. We shall be preserved. will not meet him. They will have been sold.

I saw the whole transaction: both parties disgraced themselves. They had a fierce dispute.

Their friends have been informed of all that has occurred, and have promised to repair the damage.

If the pupil has genius, application to study will improve and adorn it.

A soul inspired with the love of truth, will summon all its powers to the pursuit of it.

LESSON III.

I shall consider it a particular favour, if you will send me the goods which were selected.

Think on me, when it shall be well with thee.—Bible.

It deserves our best skill to inquire into those rules by which we may guide our judgment.-Murray.

If we do not exercise our faculties, they will become impaired.-Allen.

When thou hast received a favour, remember it; when thou hast granted one, forget it.

If we have sauntered away our youth, we must expect to be ignorant men.-Blair.

LESSON IV.

Avarice and cunning may acquire an estate; but they cannot gain friends.-Murray.

They had acquired such a love for learning, that no allurements to indulgence could withdraw them from the pleasure of improving their minds.-Allen.

It may have escaped his notice; but such was the fact. He must indeed have been a very extraordinary man, if he had never felt any sentiment of this kind rising in his breast. By carrying some praiseworthy dispositions to excess, he bordered sometimes on what was culpable, and was often betrayed into actions that exposed him to censure.— -Robertson.

The Scriptures are an authoritative voice, reproving, instructing, and warning the world; and declaring the only means ordained and provided for escaping the penalties of sin.

LESSON V.

Having discovered this transaction, he suspected their design; and, by withdrawing privately, eluded their craftiness.

A spirit less vigorous than Luther's, would have shrunk from dangers which he braved and surmounted.-Robertson. natural intrepidity did not forsake him at the approach -Id.

do not attack the good man by surprise, and not overwhelm him.-Blair.

divine grace to enjoy with moderation the advantages of the world, neither lifted up by success, nor enervated by sensuality, he meets the changes of his lot without unmanly dejection.—Id.

LESSON VI.

Who covered the earth with such a pleasing variety of fruits and flowers? Who gave them their delightful fragrance, and painted them with such exquisite colours? Who causes the same water to whiten in the lily, that blushes in the rose? Do not these things indicate a cause infinitely superior to any finite being ?—Maxcy.

Acquaint thyself with God, if thou wouldst taste
His works. Admitted once to his embrace,
Thou shalt perceive, that thou wast blind before:
Thine eye shall be instructed; and thine heart,
Made pure, shall relish with divine delight,

Till then unfelt, what hands divine have wrought.-Cowper.

CHAPTER VIII.-OF ADVERBS.

An Adverb is a word added to a verb, a participle, an adjective, or an other adverb; and generally expresses time, place, degree, or manner: as, They are now here, studying very diligently.

OBS. 1.-Adverbs briefly express what would otherwise require several words; as, Now, for at this time-Here, for in this place- Very, for in a high degree-Diligently, for in an industrious manner.

OBS. 2.-There are several customary combinations of short words which are used adverbially, and which some grammarians do not analyze in parsing; as, Not at all, at length, in vain. But all words that convey distinct ideas, should be taken separately.

CLASSES.

Adverbs may be reduced to four general classes: namely, adverbs of time, of place, of degree, and of

manner.

I. Adverbs of time are those which answer to the question, When? How long? How soon? or How often? including these which ask.

OBS.-Adverbs of time may be subdivided as follows:

1. Of time present; as, Now, yet, to-day, presently, instantly, immediately. 2. Of time past; as, Álready, yesterday, lately, recently, anciently, heretofore, hitherto, since, ago, erewhile."

3. Of time to come; as, To-morrow, hereafter, henceforth, by-and-by, soon, erelong.

4. Of time relative; as, When, then, before, after, while, or whilst, till, until, seasonably, betimes, early, late.

5. Of time absolute; as, Always, ever, never, aye, eternally, perpetually, continually.

6. Of time repeated; as, Often, oft, again, occasionally, frequently, sometimes, seldom, rarely, now-and-then, daily, weekly, monthly, yearly, once, twice, thrice, or three times, &c.

7. Of the order of time; as, First, secondly, thirdly, fourthly, &c.

II. Adverbs of place are those which answer to the question, Where? Whither? Whence? or Whereabout? including these which ask.

OBS.-Adverbs of place may be subdivided as follows:

1. Of place in which; as, Where, here, there, yonder, above, below, about, around, somewhere, anywhere, elsewhere, everywhere, nowhere, wherever, within, without, whereabout, hereabout, thereabout.

2. Of place to which; as, Whither, hither, thither, in, up, down, back, forth, inwards, upwards, downwards, backwards, forwards.

3. Of place from which; as, Whence, hence, thence, away, out.

4. Of the order of place; as, First, secondly, thirdly, fourthly, &c.

III. Adverbs of degree are those which answer to the question, How much? How little? or, to the idea of more or less.

OBS.-Adverbs of degree may be subdivided as follows:

1. Of excess or abundance; as, Much, too, very, greatly, far, besides; chiefly, principally, mainly, generally; entirely, full, fully, completely, perfectly, wholly, totally, altogether, all, quite, clear, stark; exceedingly, excessively, extravagantly, intolerably; immeasurably, inconceivably, infinitely.

2. Of equality or sufficiency; as, Enough, sufficiently, equally, so, as, even. 3. Of deficiency or abatement; as, Little, scarcely, hardly, merely, barely, only, but, partly, partially, nearly, almost.

4. Of quantity in the abstract; as, How, (meaning, in what degree,) however, howsoever, everso, something, nothing, anything, and other nouns of quantity used adverbially.

IV. Adverbs of manner are those which answer to the question, How? or, by affirming, denying, or doubting, show how a subject is regarded.

OBS.-Adverbs of manner may be subdivided as follows:

1. Of manner from quality; as, Well, ill, wisely, foolishly, justly, quickly, and many others formed by adding ly to adjectives of quality.

2. Of affirmation or assent; as, Yes, yea, ay, verily, truly, indeed, surely, certainly, doubtless, undoubtedly, certes, forsooth, amen.

3. Of negation; as, No, nay, not, nowise.

4. Of doubt; as, Perhaps, haply, possibly, perchance, peradventure, may-be.

5. Of mode or way; as, Thus, so, how, somehow, however, howsoever, like, else, otherwise, across, together, apart, asunder, namely, particularly, necessarily. 6. Of cause; as, Why, wherefore, therefore.

CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS.

Adverbs sometimes perform the office of conjunctions, and serve to connect sentences, as well as to express some circumstance of time, place, degree, or manner: adverbs that are so used, are called conjunctive adverbs.

OBS. 1.-Conjunctive adverbs often relate equally to two verbs in different clauses, on which account it is the more necessary to distinguish them from others; as, "They feared when they heard that they were Romans."—Acts, xvi, 38.

OBS. 2.-The following words are the most frequently used as conjunctive adverbs: after, again, also, as, before, besides, else, even, hence, however, moreover, nevertheless, otherwise, since, so, then, thence, therefore, till, until, when, where, wherefore, while or whilst.

OBS. 3.-Adverbs of time, place, and manner, are generally connected with verbs or participles; those of degree are more frequently prefixed to adjectives or adverbs.

OBS. 4.-The adverbs here, there, and where, when prefixed to prepositions, have the force of pronouns: as, Hereby, for by this; thereby, for by that; whereby, for by which. Compounds of this kind are, however, commonly reckoned adverbs. They are now somewhat antiquated.

OBS. 5.-The adverbs how, when, whence, where, whither, why, and wherefore, are frequently used as interrogatives; but, as such, they severally belong to the classes under which they are placed.

MODIFICATIONS.

Adverbs have no modifications, except that a few are compared after the manner of adjectives: as, Soon, sooner, soonest;-often, oftener, oftenest;-long, longer, longest.

The following are irregularly compared: well, better, best; badly or ill, worse, worst; little, less, least; much, more, most; far, farther, furthest; forth, further, furthest.

OBS. 1.-Most adverbs of quality, will admit the comparative adverbs more and most, less and least, before them: as, wisely, more wisely, most wisely; culpably, less culpably, least culpably. But these should be parsed separately: the degree of comparison, as an inflection, belongs only to the adverb prefixed; though the latter word also may be said to be compared by means of the former.

OBS. 2.-As comparison does not belong to adverbs in general, it should not be mentioned in parsing, except in the case of those few which are varied by it.

CHAPTER IX.-OF CONJUNCTIONS.

A Conjunction is a word used to connect words or sentences in construction, and to show the dependence

of the terms so connected: as, "Thou and he are happy, because you are good."-L. Murray.

CLASSES.

Conjunctions are divided into two general classes, copulative and disjunctive; and some of each of these sorts are corresponsive.

I. A copulative conjunction is a conjunction that denotes an addition, a cause, or a supposition: as, "He and I shall not dispute; for, if he has any choice, I shall readily grant it."

II. A disjunctive conjunction is a conjunction that denotes opposition of meaning: as, "Be not overcome [by] evil, but overcome evil with good."—Rom., xii, 21.

III. The corresponsive conjunctions are those which are used in pairs, so that one refers or answers to an other: as, "John came neither eating nor drinking."-Matthew, xi, 18.

LIST OF THE CONJUNCTIONS.

The following are the principal conjunctions:

1. Copulative; And, as, both, because, even, for, if, that, then, since, seeing, so.

2. Disjunctive; Or, nor, either, neither, than, though, although, yet, but, except, whether, lest, unless, save, notwithstanding.

3. Corresponsive; Both-and; as—as; as—so; if—then; either—or; neither-nor; whether-or; though or although -yet.

CHAPTER X.-OF PREPOSITIONS.

A Preposition is a word used to express some relation of different things or thoughts to each other, and is generally placed before a noun or a pronoun: as, The paper lies before me on the desk.

OBS.-Every relation of course implies more than one subject. In all correct language, the grammatical relation of the words corresponds exactly to the relation of the things or ideas expressed; for the relation of words, is their dependence on each other according to the sense. To a preposition, the antecedent term of relation may be a noun, an adjective, a pronoun, a verb, á participle, or an adverb; and the subsequent term may be a noun, a pronoun an infinitive verb, or a participle. The learner must observe that the term: of relation are frequently transposed.