LESSON V.-FIGURES OF SYNTAX.

FIGURE IV.-ENALLAGE.

Let me tell you, Cassius, you yourself

Are much condemned to have an itching palm,
To sell and mart your offices for gold.-Shakspeare.
Come, Philomelus; let us instant go,

O'erturn his bow'rs, and lay his castle low.-Thomson.

Then palaces shall rise; the joyful son

Shall finish what the short-lived sire begun.-Pope.
Such was that temple built by Solomon,

Than whom none richer reign'd o'er Israel.-G. Brown.
He spoke with fatal eagerness we burn,

And quit the shores, undestin'd to return.--Day.
Still as he pass'd, the nations he sublimes.-Thomson.
Sometimes, with early morn, he mounted gay.-Id.

FIGURE V.-HYPERBATON.

Such resting found the sole of unblest feet.-Milton.
Yet, though successless, will the toil delight.—Thomson.
Where, 'midst the changeful scen❜ry ever new,
Fancy a thousand wondrous forms descries.-Beattie.
Yet so much bounty is in God, such grace,
That who advance his glory, not their own,
Them he himself to glory will advance.-Milton.
But apt the mind or fancy is to rove
Uncheck'd, and of her roving is no end.-Id.

No quick reply to dubious questions make;
Suspense and caution still prevent mistake.-Denham.

LESSON VI.-FIGURES OF RHETORIC.

FIGURE 1.-SIMILE.

Human greatness is short and transitory, as the odour of incense in the fire.-Dr. Johnson.

Terrestrial happiness is of short continuance: the brightness of the flame is wasting its fuel, the fragrant flower is passing away in its own odours.-Id.

Thy nod is as the earthquake that shakes the mountains; and thy smile, as the dawn of the vernal day.-Id.

Plants rais'd with tenderness are seldom strong;

Man's coltish disposition asks the thong;

And without discipline, the fav'rite child,
Like a neglected forester, runs wild.-Cowper,

FIGURE II.-METAPHOR.

Cathmon, thy name is a pleasant gale.-Ossian.

Rolled into himself he flew, wide on the bosom of winds. The old oak felt his departure, and shook its whistling head.-Id. Carazan gradually lost the inclination to do good, as he acquired the power; and as the hand of time scattered snow upon his head, the freezing influence extended to his bosom.Hawkesworth.

The sun grew weary of gilding the palaces of Morad; the clouds of sorrow gathered round his head; and the tempest of hatred roared about his dwelling.-Dr. Johnson.

The tree of knowledge, blasted by disputes,
Produces sapless leaves in stead of fruits.-Denham.

LESSON VII.-FIGURES OF RHETORIC.

FIGURE III.-ALLEGORY.

"But what think ye?-A certain man had two sons; and he came to the first, and said, 'Son, go work to-day in my vineyard.' He answered and said, 'I will not:' but afterward he repented, and went. And he came to the second, and said likewise. And he answered and said, 'I go, sir:' and went not. Whether of them twain did the will of his father?" They say unto him, "The first."-Matt., xxi, 28.

FIGURE IV.-METONYMY.

Swifter than a whirlwind, flies the leaden death.-Hervey. 'Be all the dead forgot,' said Foldath's bursting wrath. 'Did not I fail in the field ?'--Ossian.

Their furrow oft the stubborn glebe has broke.—Gray.
Firm in his love, resistless in his hate,

His arm is conquest, and his frown is fate.-Day.

At length the world, renew'd by calm repose,

Was strong for toil; the dappled morn arose.-Parnell.
What modes of sight betwixt each wide extreme,
The mole's dim curtain and the lynx's beam!

Of hearing, from the life that fills the flood,

To that which warbles through the vernal wood!--Pope.

FIGURE V.-SYNECDOCHE.

'Twas then his threshold first receiv'd a guest.-Parnell.

For yet by swains alone the world he knew,

Whose feet came wand'ring o'er the nightly dew.Id.

Flush'd by the spirit of the genial year,

Now from the virgin's cheek a fresher bloom

Shoots, less and less, the live carnation round.-Thomson.

LESSON VIII.-FIGURES OF RHETORIC.

FIGURE VI.-HYPERBOLE,

I saw their chief, tall as a rock of ice; his spear, the blasted fir; his shield, the rising moon; he sat on the shore, like a cloud of mist on the hill.--Ossian.

At which the universal host up sent

A shout that tore Hell's concave, and beyond
Frighted the reign of Chaos and old Night.-Milton.
Will all great Neptune's ocean wash this blood
Clean from my hand? No; this my hand will rather
The multitudinous seas incarnadine,

Making the green one red.-Shakspeare.
Endless tears flow down in streams.-Swift.

FIGURE VII.--VISION.

How mighty is their defence who reverently trust in the arm of God! How powerfully do they contend who fight with lawful weapons! Hark! 'Tis the voice of eloquence, pouring forth the living energies of the soul; pleading, with generous indignation, the cause of injured humanity against lawless might, and reading the awful destiny that awaits the oppressor!-I see the stern countenance of despotism overawed! I see the eye fallen that kindled the elements of war! I see the brow relaxed that scowled defiance at hostile thousands! I see the knees tremble that trod with firmness the embattled field! Fear has entered that heart which ambition had betrayed into violence! The tyrant feels himself a man, and subject to the weakness of humanity!-Behold! and tell me, is that power contemptible which can thus find access to the sternest hearts? -G. Brown.

LESSON IX.-FIGURES OF RHETORIC.

FIGURE VIII.-APOSTROPHE.

Yet still they breathe destruction, still go on
Inhumanly ingenious to find out

New pains for life, new terrors for the grave;
Artificers of death! Still monarchs dream
Of universal empire growing up

From universal ruin. Blast the design,
Great God of Hosts! nor let thy creatures fall
Unpitied victims at Ambition's shrine.-Porteus.

FIGURE IX. PERSONIFICATION.

Hail, sacred Polity, by Freedom rear❜d!

Hail, sacred Freedom, when by Law restrain'd!
Without you, what were man? A grov'ling herd,
In darkness, wretchedness, and want enchain'd.-Beattie.
Let cheerful Mem'ry, from her purest cells,
Lead forth a goodly train of Virtues fair,
Cherish'd in early youth, now paying back
With tenfold usury the pious care.- -Porteus.

FIGURE X.-EROTESIS.

He that chastiseth the heathen, shall not he correct? he that teacheth man knowledge, shall not he know?—Psal., xciv, 10. Can the Ethiopian change his skin, or the leopard his spots ? then may ye also do good, that are accustomed to do evil.Jeremiah, xiii, 23.

FIGURE XI.-ECPHONESIS.

O that my head were waters, and mine eyes a fountain of tears, that I might weep day and night for the slain of the daughter of my people! O that I had in the wilderness a lodging place of way-faring men, that I might leave my people, and go from them!-Jeremiah, ix, 1.

LESSON X.-FIGURES OF RHETORIC.

FIGURE XII.—ANTITHESIS.

On this side, modesty is engaged; on that, impudence: on this, chastity; on that, lewdness: on this, integrity; on that, fraud: on this, piety; on that, profaneness: on this, constancy; on that, fickleness: on this, honour; on that, baseness: on this, moderation; on that, unbridled passion.-Cicero.

She, from the rending earth, and bursting skies,
Saw gods descend, and fiends infernal rise;
Here fix'd the dreadful, there the blest abodes;
Fear made her devils, and weak hope her gods.--Pope.

FIGURE XIII.-CLIMAX.

Virtuous actions are necessarily approved by the awakened conscience; and when they are approved, they are commended to practice; and when they are practised, they become easy; and when they become easy, they afford pleasure; and when they afford pleasure, they are done frequently; and when they are done frequently, they are confirmed by habit: and confirmed habit is a kind of second nature.

FIGURE XIV.-IRONY.

And it came to pass at noon, that Elijah mocked them, and said, 'Cry aloud; for he is a god: either he is talking, or he is pursuing, or he is in [on] a journey, or peradventure he sleepeth, and must be awaked!'-1 Kings, xviii, 27.

Some lead a life unblamable and just,
Their own dear virtue their unshaken trust;
They never sin-or if (as all offend)

Some trivial slips their daily walk attend,
The poor are near at hand, the charge is small,
A slight gratuity atones for all.-Cowper.

CHAPTER VI.-EXAMINATION.

QUESTIONS ON PROSODY.

LESSON I.-PUNCTUATION.

Of what does Prosody treat?

What is Punctuation?

What are the principal points, or marks?

What pauses are denoted by the first four points?

What pauses are required by the other four?

What is the general use of the comma?

How many rules for the comma are there? and what are their heads? What says Rule 1st of simple sentences?-Rule 2d of simple members?-Rule 3d of more than two words?-Rule 4th of only two words?-Rule 5th of words in pairs?-Rule 6th of words put absolute?-Rule 7th of words in apposition?-Rule 8th of adjectives?—Rule 9th of finite verbs?-Rule 10th of infinitives?-Rule 11th of participles ?-Rule 12th of adverbs?-Rule 18th of conjunctions?-Rule 14th of prepositions?-Rule 15th of interjections ?— Rule 16th of words repeated ?-Rufe 17th of dependent quotations?

LESSON II.-PUNCTUATION.

How many and what exceptions are there to Rule 1st for the comma?-to Rule 2d?-to Rule 3d ?to Rule 4th ?-to Rule 5th 3-to Rule 6th ?-to Rule 7th ?-to Rule 8th ?-to Rule 9th ?-to Rule 10th ?-to Rule 11th ?to Rule 12th?-to Rule 13th ?-to Rule 14th-to Rule 15th ?-to Rule 16th-to Rule 17th?

When are different words said to be in the same construction?

LESSONS III.-PUNCTUATION.

What is the general use of the semicolon?

How many rules are there for the semicolon? and what are their heads? What says Rule 1st of compound members?-Rule 2d of simple members?— Rule 3d of words in apposition?

What is the general use of the colon?

How many rules are there for the colon? and what are their heads?

What says Rule 1st of additional remarks?-Rule 2d of greater pauses?— Rule 3d of independent quotations?

What is the general use of the period?

How many rules are there for the period? and what are their heads?

What says Rule 1st of distinct sentences?-Rule 2d of allied sentences ?-Rule 3d of abbreviations?