Doubt not, little though there be,

That I'll cast a crumb to thee.

This rule is the best that can be given.

I have never seen any other way.

These are poor amends for the men and treasures that we have lost.

Dost thou know those boys?

This is a part of the estate of my uncle's father.

Many people never learn to speak correctly.

Some people are rash, and others timid: these apprehend too much, those too

little.

Is it lawful for us to give tribute to Cæsar or not?

It was not worth while to preserve any permanent enmity.

I no sooner saw my face in it, than I was startled at the shortness of it.
Every person is answerable for his own conduct.

They are men that scorn a mean action, and that will exert themselves to serve you.

I do not recollect ever to have paid it-the paying of it-the payment of it— or, that I ever paid it.

The stoics taught that all crimes are equal.

Every one of these theories is now exploded.

Any of these four will answer.

There is no situation in which he would be happy.

The boy that you thought so clever, has been detected in stealing.

I will meet thee there, if thou please.

He is not so sick, but that he can laugh.

These clothes do not fit me.

The audience were all very attentive.

Wert thou some star, which from the ruin'd roof

Of shak'd Olympus by mischance did fall!

LESSON V.

Was the master, or were many of the scholars, in the room?

His father and mother's consent was asked.

Who is he supposed to be?

He is a venerable old man.

It was then my purpose to visit Sicily.

It is only to the learner, and him that is in doubt, that this assistance is rec ommended.

There not the least hope of his recovery.

Anger and impatience are always unreasonable.

In his letters, there is not only correctness, but elegance.

Opportunity to do good is the highest preferment that a noble mind desires.

The year in which he died is not mentioned.

Had I known it, I should not have gone.

Was it thou, that spoke to me?

The house is pleasantly situated.

He did it as privately as he possibly could.

To subdue our passions-The subduing of our passions-The subjugation of our passions-or, That we subdue our passions, is the noblest of conquests.

James is more diligent than thou.

Words interwoven with sighs found out their way.

He appears to be excessively diffident.

The number of our days is with thee.

As a father pitieth his children, so the Lord pitieth them that fear him.
The circumstances of this case, are different.

Well for us, if some other such men should rise!

A man that is young in years, may be old in hours, if he lose no time.

The chief captain, fearing that Paul would be pulled into pieces by them, commanded the soldiers to go down, and to take him by force from among them.

Nay, weep not, gentle Eros; there are left us
Ourselves to end ourselves.

CORRECTIONS UNDER THE GENERAL RULE.

Are there, then, more true religions than one?

The laws of Lycurgus but substituted insensibility for enjoyment.
Rain is seldom or never seen at Lima.

The young bird raising its open mouth for food, exhibits a natural indication of corporeal want.

There is much truth in Ascham's observation.

Adopting the doctrine in which he had been taught—or, Adopting the doctrine which had been taught him.

This library contained more than five hundred thousand volumes.

The Coptic alphabet was one of the latest that were formed.

There are many evidences of men's proneness to vice.

To perceive nothing, and not to perceive, are the same-or, To perceive nothing, is the same as not to perceive.

The king of France or of England, was to be the umpire.

He may be said to have saved the life of a citizen; and, consequently, he is entitled [or, to be entitled] to the reward.

The men had made inquiry for Simon's house, and were standing before the gate.

Give no more trouble than you cannot possibly help.

That the art of printing was then unknown, was a circumstance in some respects favourable to the freedom of the pen.

An other passion which the present age is apt to run into, is a desire to make children learn all things.

It requires few talents to which most men are not born, or which, at least, they may not acquire.

Nor was Philip wanting in his endeavours to corrupt Demosthenes, as he had corrupted most of the leading men in Greece.

The Greeks, fearing to be surrounded, wheeled about and halted, with the river behind them.

Poverty turns our thoughts too much upon the supplying of our wants; and riches, upon the enjoying of our superfluities.

That brother should not war with brother,
Nor one despise and grieve an other.
Such is the refuge of our youth and age;
At first from hope, at last from vacancy-or,
Such is the refuge of our youth and age;
Of that from hope, of this from vacancy.
Triumphant Sylla! couldst thou then divine,
By aught but Romans Rome should thus be laid?

END OF THE KEY TO THE ORAL EXERCISES.

APPENDIX I.

(ORTHOGRAPHY.)

OF THE SOUNDS OF THE LETTERS.

In the first chapter of Part I, the powers of the letters, or the elementary sounds of the English language, were duly enumerated and explained; for these, as well as the letters themselves, are few, and may be fully stated in few words: but, since we often express the same sound in many different ways, and also, in some instances, give to the same letter several different sounds, or, it may be, no sound at all,-any adequate account of the powers of the letters considered severally according to usage,—that is, of the sound or sounds of each letter, with its mute positions, as these occur in practice, -must, it was thought, descend to a minuteness of detail not desirable in the first chapter of Orthography. For this reason, the following particulars have been reserved to be given here as an Appendix, pertaining to the First Part of this English Grammar.

The terms long and short, which are often used to denote certain vowel sounds, being also used, with a different import, to distinguish the quantity of syllables, are frequently misunderstood: for which reason, we have often substituted for them the terms open and close, the former, to denote the sound usually given to a vowel when it forms or ends an accented syllable; as, ba, be, bi, bo, bu, by, the latter, to denote the sound which the vowel commonly takes when closed by a consonant; as, ab, eb, ib, ob, ub.

I. OF THE LETTER A.

The vowel A has four* sounds properly its own:

1. The English, open, or long a; as in fame, favour, efficacious. 2. The French, close, or short a; as in bat, banner, balance.

3. The Italian, or middle a; as in far, father, aha, comma, scoria, sofa. 4. The Dutch, Old-Saxon, or broad a; as in wall, warm, water.

DIPHTHONGS BEGINNING WITH A.

The only proper diphthong in which a is put first, is the word ay, meaning yes; in which a has its middle sound, and y that of open e.

Aa, when pronounced as an improper diphthong, takes the sound of close a; as in Balaam, Canaan, Isaac.

E, a Latin improper diphthong, very common also in Anglo-Saxon, generally has the sound of open or long e; as in Casar, ænigma, pœan; sometimes that of close or short e; as in apheresis, diæresis, et cætera. Some authors reject the a, and write Cesar, enigma, &c.

Ai, an improper diphthong, generally has the sound of open or long a; as in vail, sail, vain. In a final unaccented syllable, it sometimes preserves the first sound of a, as in chilblain, mortmain; but oftener takes the sound of close or short i; as in certain, curtain, mountain, villain: in said, saith, again, and against, that of close e; and in the name Britain, that of close u.

Ao, an improper diphthong, occurs in the word gaol; now frequently written, as it is pronounced, jail; and in the adjective extraordinary, and its derivatives, in which, according to Walker, the a is silent.

* Some writers distinguish from the first of these sounds the grave sound of a, heard in care, fair, there, &c. But Walker teaches no difference.

Au, an improper diphthong, is generally sounded like broad a; as in cause, caught. Before n and an other consonant, it has the sound of middle a; as in aunt, flaunt, launch, laundry. Gauge is pronounced gage.

Aw, an improper diphthong, is always sounded like broad a; as in draw, drawn, drawl.

Ay, an improper diphthong, like ai, has the sound of open or long a; as in day, pay, delay in sayst and says, that of close e.

TRIPHTHONGS BEGINNING WITH A.

Awe is sounded au, like broad a. Aye, an adverb signifying always, has the sound of open a only, being different, both in sound and spelling, from the adverb ay, yes, with which it is often carelessly confounded.

II. OF THE LETTER B.

The consonant B has but one sound; as in boy, robber, cub.

B is silent before t or after m in the same syllable; as in debt, debtor, doubt, dumb, lamb, climb, tomb. It is heard in subtile, fine, but not in subtle, cunning.

III. OF THE LETTER C.

The consonant Chas two sounds; the one hard, like that of k, the other soft, or rather hissing, like that of 8.

C, before a, o, u, l, r, t, or when it ends a syllable, is generally hard like k; as in can, come, curb, clay, crab, act, action, accent, flaccid.

C before e, i, or y, is always soft like s; as in cent, civil, decency, acid.

In a few words c takes the flat sound of 8, like that of z; as in discern, suffice, sacrifice, sice.

"C before ea, ia, ie, io, or eou, when the accent precedes, sounds like sh; as in ocean, special, species, gracious, cetaceous.

Cis silent in czar, czarina, victuals, indict, muscle, corpuscle.

Ch is generally sounded like tch; as in church, chance, child. But in words derived from the learned languages, it has the sound of kas in character, scheme, catechise, chorus, chyle, patriarch, drachma, magna charta: except in chart, charter, charity. Ch, in words derived from the French, takes the sound of sh; as in chaise, machine.

Arch, before a vowel, is pronounced ark; as in archives, archangel, archipelago except in arched, archer, archery, archenemy. Before a consonant, it is pronounced artch; as in archbishop, archduke.

Uh is silent in schism, yatch, drachm; unsettled in schedule.

IV. OF THE LETTER D.

The general sound of the consonant D, is heard in dog, eddy, did.

D, in the termination ed, preceded by a sharp consonant, takes the sound of t, when the e is suppressed: as in faced, stuffed, cracked, tripped, passed; pronounced, faste, stuft, cract, tript, past.

D before ia, ie, io, or eou, when the accent precedes, generally sounds like j; as in Indian, soldier, tedious, hideous. So in verdure, arduous, education.

V. OF THE LETTER E.

The vowel E has three sounds properly its own:-
1. The open or long; as in me, mere, menial, melodious.
2. The close or short; as in men, merry, ebony.

3. The obscure or faint; as in open, garden, shovel, able. This third sound is scarcely perceptible, and is barely sufficient to articulate the consonant and form a syllable.

E final is mute, and belongs to the syllable formed by the preceding vowel

or diphthong; as in age, eve, ice, ore. Except-1. In the words, be, he, me, we, she, and the, in which it has the open sound. 2. In Greek and Latin words, in which it has its open sound, and forms a distinct syllable; as in Penelope, Pasiphae, Cyanee, Gargaphië, Arsinoë, apostrophe, catastrophe, simile, extempore, epitome. 3. In the terminations cre, gre, tre, in which it has the sound of close u; as in acre, meagre, centre.

Mute e, after a single consonant, or after st or th, generally preserves the open or long sound of the preceding vowel; as in cane, here, pine, cone, tune, thyme, baste, clothe; except in syllables unaccented; as the last of genuine; and in a few monosyllables; as bade, are, were, gone, shone, one, done, give, live, shove, love.

DIPHTHONGS BEGINNING WITH E.

E before an other vowel, in general, either forms with it an improper diphthong, or else belongs to a separate syllable.

Ea, an improper diphthong, mostly sounds like open e; as in ear, fear, tea: frequently, like close e; as in earl, head, health: sometimes, like open a; as in steak, bear, forswear: rarely, like middle a; as in heart, hearth, hearken. Ea unaccented, sounds like close u; as in vengeance, pageant.

Ee, an improper diphthong, has the sound of open e; as in eel, sheep, tree. The contractions e'er and ne'er, are pronounced air and nair.

Ei, an improper diphthong, mostly sounds like open a; as in reign, veil: frequently, like open e; as in deceit, either, neither, seize: sometimes, like open i; as in height, sleight: often, in unaccented syllables, like close i; as in foreign, forfeit, surfeit, sovereign: rarely, like close e; as in heifer, nonpareil. Eo, an improper diphthong, in people sounds like open e; in feoff, feoffment, leopard, jeopardy, like close e; in yeoman, like open o; in George, georgic, like close o; in dungeon, puncheon, sturgeon, &c., like close u. Feod, feodal, feodatory, are now written as they are pronounced, feud, feudal, feudatory.

Eu and ew have the diphthongal sound of open u; as in feud, deuce; jew, dew, few, new. These diphthongs, when initial, sound like yu. Nouns beginning with this sound, require the article a, and not an, before them; as, A European, a ewer. After or rh, eu and ew are commonly sounded like oo; as in drew, grew, screw, rheumatism. Shew and strew are properly spelled, as they are most commonly pronounced, show, strow.

In sew and Shrewsbury, ew sounds like open o.

Ey, accented, has the sound of open a; as in bey, prey, survey: unaccented, it has the sound of open e; as in alley, valley, money. Key and ley are pronounced, kee, lee.

TRIPHTHONGS BEGINNING WITH E.

Eau, a French triphthong, sounds like open o; as in beau, flambeau, portmanteau, bureau: except in beauty, and its compounds, in which it is pronounced like open u.

Eou is a combination of vowels sometimes heard in one syllable, especially after c or g; as in crus-ta-ceous, gorgeous. Walker, in his Rhyming Dictionary, gives one hundred and twenty words ending in eous, in all of which he separates these vowels; as in extra-ne-ous. And why, in his Pronouncing Dictionary, he gave us several such anomalies as fa-ba-ce-ous in four syllables, and her-ba-ceous in three, it is not easy to tell. The best rule is this: after c or g, unite these vowels; after the other consonants, separate them.

Eve is a triphthong having the sound of yu. The vulgar pronunciation yoe should be carefully avoided.

Eye is an improper triphthong, pronounced like open i.

VI. OF THE LETTER F.

The consonant Fhas one unvaried sound, which is heard in fan, effort, staff: except of, which, when simple, is pronounced ov.