which has now been in force since January 1, 1895, is as follows:

"Appointments and promotions in the Civil Service of the State and of all the civil divisions thereof, including towns and villages, shall be made according to merit and fitness, to be ascertained, so far as practicable, by examinations, which, so far as practicable, shall be competitive; provided, however, that soldiers and sailors of the late Civil War shall be entitled to preference in appointment and promotion, without regard to their standing on any list from which appointments or promotions shall be made."

The courts of the State have construed this provision very broadly, and as a result all non-competitive examinations, except for positions in State hospitals and asylums, have been abolished. Prior to 1895 a great majority of the places in the entire service were non-competitive, and but slightly removed from political influence.

The original bill applied merely to the various State departments and to cities having 50,000 inhabitants or over. The promulgation of rules in any such city was optional with the Mayor. In 1884 the bill was amended to make the provision with regard to cities mandatory, and extending its operation to cities of every class. Before this had been done, however, rules had been adopted by the Mayors of New-York, Brooklyn and Buffalo. Mayor Edson in New-York City appointed as Civil Service Commissioners Messrs. Everett P. Wheeler, E. L. Godkin and E. Randolph Robinson, all of whom had been actively identified with the reform movement. The original rules were drawn under their supervision and the original classification perfected by them. After five years' service they were replaced in 1889 by Tammany Commissioners. During the five years following, the administration of the rules was more or less imperfect. Under Mayor Strong, however, the old Commission was restored, and the board increased to five members, the new members being Charles W. Watson and J. Van Vechten Olcott. Vacancies afterward occurred through the resignation of Mr. Godkin and the death of Mr. Robinson. In 1896 the application of the rules was greatly extended, until, excepting heads of departments, there were not more than sixty positions not filled through competition, either in the case of promotion or original appointment. The system of labor registration was also adopted. There are 20,000 positions in the municipal civil service, of which 5,000 in the educational department are subject to a separate system. Of those remaining 5,000 are laborers employed under the registration system. The competitive schedules embrace positions of every character, both clerical, technical and professional. Examinations are conducted by a board of nine examiners, who are themselves selected through examination. The examinations, without exception, are of the most practical character. Promotions are made after competition among those desiring to compete in the next lower grade. The higher places must be filled by promotion, unless the appointing officer certifies to the Civil Service

In all of the principal foreign countries an entrance examination, both mental and physical, is required before appointment in the civil service. The tenure of office is, as a rule, permanent, or during good behavior, and after the employe has become incapacitated by reason of age, length of service or physical infirmity, he is retired with a pension, the amount of which varies, in proportion to length of service, from one-sixth to four-fifths of actual salary. In some countries it is optional with the employe to retire after fifteen years of service, while in other countries from thirty to thirty-five years of service are required before retirement. The salaries paid to clerks and other subordinate employes are lower than those paid by the United States Government; but in the principal countries the salaries of higher officials-such as heads of bureaus and chiefs of divisions-are, as a rule, higher than those paid in the United States. The hours of labor vary in the different countries. In the far Northern as well as in the tropical and semitropical countries the hours of labor are short; in nearly all of the countries, as well as in the United States, the hours of postal employes are longer than those of other governmental employes. The time allowed for lunch, the amount of annual leave with pay, and the amount of sick leave with pay, vary in the different countries; in some the time for lunch or rest, or amount of annual leave, is fixed according to the grade of the employe, the higher grade of employes being allowed more time than those of inferior rank; many of the countries are more liberal in regard to sick leave than the United States. An unusually large number of holidays is allowed, especially in Oriental countries; these holidays are, as a rule, religious ones-Christmas and New Year's being generally observed in the European countries; in some countries, however, national events are also celebrated. In some countries females are not employed at all, while their employment in other countries is, as a rule, limited to work of teachers, telegraph operators and positions in the postal service. In Morocco salaries are made up from bribes and presents, and employes hold their places SO long as they can squeeze enough money out of subordinates to satisfy their superiors.

a

record of any of the States having common law jurisdiction and a seal and clerk, at least two years before his admission, that it is, bona-fide, his intention to become a citizen of the United States, and to renounce forever all allegiance and fidelity to any foreign State or ruler, and particularly to the one of which he may be at the time a citizen or subject.

OATH ON APPLICATION FOR ADMISSION.-At the time of his application for admission he must also declare on oath, before some one of the courts above specified, "that he will support the Constitution of the United States, and that he absolutely and entirely renounces and abjures all allegiance and fidelity to every foreign prince, potentate, State or Sovereignty, and particularly, by name, to the prince, potentate, State or SOVereignty of which he was before a citizen or subject."

It

CONDITIONS OF CITIZENSHIP. must appear to the satisfaction of the court to which the alien has applied for final admission that he has resided continuously within the United States for at least five years, and in the State or Territory where the court is held at least one year, and that during that time "he has behaved as a man of good moral character, attached to the principles of the Constitution of the United States, and well disposed to the good order and happiness of the same.'

"

TITLES OF NOBILITY.-If the applicant bears any hereditary title or belongs to any order of nobility, he must make an expres enunciation at the time of his application.

SOLDIERS AND NAVY SAILORS.-Any alien twenty-one years old and upward who has been honorably discharged, having served five consecutive years, from the Army, Navy or Marine Corps of the United States, may become a citizen on his petition, without anv previous declaration of intention, provided the court admitting such alien shall, in addition to proof of good moral character, be satisfied of the proof of the service and honorable discharge of such alien.

MINORS.-Any alien under the age of twenty-one, who has resided in the United. States three years next preceding his twenty-first birthday, and has continued to reside therein up to the time he makes application to be admitted a citizen, may, after he arrives at the age of twenty-one, and after he has resided five years within the United States, including the three years of his minority, be admitted a citizen; but he must make a declaration on oath and prove to the satisfaction of the court that for the two years next preceding it has been his bona-fide intention to become a citizen.

CHILDREN OF NATURALIZED CITIZENS.-The children of persons who have been duly naturalized, being under twentyone at the time of the naturalization of their parents, shall, if dwelling in the United States, be considered as citizens.

CITIZENS' CHILDREN BORN ABROAD.-The children of persons who now are or have been citizens of the United States are considered as citizens,

though they may be born out of the limits and jurisdiction of the United States.

CHINESE.-The naturalization of Chinamen is prohibited by Section 14, Chapter 126, Laws of 1882.

PROTECTION OF NATURALIZED CITIZENS.-Section 2,000 of the Revised Statutes of the United States expressly dclares that "all naturalized citizens of the United States while in foreign countries are entitled to and shall receive from this Government the same protection of person and property which is accorded to native-born citizens."

THE RIGHT OF SUFFRAGE.-The right to vote is conferred by the State, naturalization by the United States. In several States aliens who have declared their intentions enjoy the right to vote equally with naturalized or native-born citizens. But the Federal Naturalization laws apply to the whole Union alike, and no alien may be naturalized until after five years' residence, except an honorably discharged soldier or a person whose parents have been naturalized while he was under twenty-one years of age, as above recited. Even after five years' residence and due naturalization he is not entitled to vote unless the laws of the State confer the privilege upon him.

TRADE-MARK LAWS.

The following classes may obtain registration:

1. (a) Any person, firm or corporation domiciled in the United States or located in any foreign country which, by treaty, convention or law, affords similar privileges to citizens of the United States, and who is entitled to the exclusive use of any trade-mark and uses the same in commerce with foreign nations or with Indian tribes.

(b) Any citizen or resident of this country wishing the protection of his trademark in any foreign country the laws of which require registration in the United States as a condition precedent.

2. Every applicant for registration of a trade-mark must cause to be recorded in the Patent Office

(a) The name, domicile and place

of

business or location of the firm or corporation desiring the protection of the trade-mark, and the residence and ci__ zenship of individual applicants.

(b) The class of merchandise and the particular description of goods comprised in such class to which the trade-mark has been appropriated.

(c) A description of the trade-mark itself, with fac-similes thereof, and the mode in which it has been applied and used.

(d) The length of time during which the trade-mark has been used by the applicant on the class of goods described.

3. A fee of $25 is required on filing each application.

An application will consist of a statement or specification, a declaration or oath, and the fac-simile. It shall contain a full and clear specification of the trademark, particularly discriminating between its essential and non-essential features. It should also state for what time the trademark has been used by the applicant, the class of merchandise, and the particular

goods comprised in such class to which the trade-mark is appropriated, and the manner in which the trade-mark has been applied to the goods.

nor

No trade-mark will be registered unless it shall be made to appear that the same is used as such by the applicant in commerce between the United States and some foreign nation or Indian tribe, or is within the provisions of a treaty, convention or declaration with a foreign Power, which is merely the name of the applicant nor which is identical with a known or registered trade-mark owned by another and appropriated to the same class of merchandise, or which nearly resembles some other person's lawful trade-mark as to be likely to cause confusion in the mind of the public or to deceive purchasers, or which is merely descriptive in nature.

of

All letters should be addressed to the Commissioner D. C.

Patents,

Washington,

PENSION LAWS, ETC.

To obtain a pension the applicant must file a claim with the Commissioner of Pensions, Washington, D. C. In a claim by the soldier he should set forth all his military or naval service, giving dates of enlistment and discharge. He should also set forth the name or nature of all disabilities for which pension is claimed, giving the time when, the place where and the circumstances under which each was contracted. The prime requirement to establish a claim under the act of July 14, 1862, usually termed the general law, is to show that the disability for which pension is claimed had its origin while in the service and line of duty; that it has existed as a disabling cause from date of discharge, and now exists in a degree pensionable under the law. In a claim under the act of June 27, 1890, the essential requirements are: A service of ninety days or more, an honorable discharge therefrom, and proof that the disability for which pension is claimed is not due to claimant's own vicious habits, but it need not necessarily be of service origin. In a widow's claim it is necessary to show her legal marriage to the soldier, the date of his death, and, under the general law, that it was due to some cause of service origin. She must also show that she has remained his widow. If there are children of the soldier under sixteen years of age at the date of his death, their names should be given and the date of birth of each clearly shown. If any have died the date should

be proved. In a widow's claim under the act of June 27, 1890, the requirement as to service is the same as under an invalid claim, and in addition thereto she must show a legal marriage to the soldier prior to the passage of the act, the fact of soldier's death (but it need not be shown to be due to service), her continued widowhood and that she is without other means of support than her daily labor. A minor child's title to pension accrues only on the death or remarriage of the widow, which fact must be shown, in addition to the requirements in widow's claim. A dependent mother must show her relationship to the soldier, his celibacy, that he contributed to her support, that his death was due to some cause of service origin, the date of his death, and, under the general law, that she was dependent upon him at the date of his death. Under the act of June 27, 1890, it is only necessary to show dependence at date of filing claim and since then. A dependent father must show relationship by legal marriage to soldier's mother, the date of soldier's birth and of the mother's death, in addition to the requirements in the mother's claim.

Applications rejected by a Board of Pension Surgeons may be reconsidered on the evidence of two physicians that disability exists. Pensions for privates range from $2 to $30 a month in most cases, though $72 a month is granted to those who have lost both feet or both eyes, and $100 a month to those who have lost both hands.

The number of pensioners on the rolls June 30, 1897, in each State and Territory was as follows:

United States. Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut

Georgia Idaho

Illinois

410,016 53

1,375,150 30

430,056 68

3,930

502,977 11

In addition to the above there were 4,062 living in foreign countries, to whom $619,945 88 was paid. Of these 1,981 were in Canada, 788 in Great Britain, 621 in Germany, 68 in Switzerland, 57 in France and 99 in Mexico. The several pension agencies are located as follows: Augusta, Me.: Boston, Mass.; Buffalo, N. Y.; Chicago, Ill.; Columbus, Ohio; Concord, N. H.; Des Moines, Iowa: Detroit, Mich.; Indianapolis, Ind.; Knoxville, Tenn.; Louisville, Ky.; Milwaukee, Wis.; NewYork, N. Y.; Philadelphia, Penn.; Pittsburg, Penn.; San Francisco, Cal.; Topeka, Kan.: Washington, D. C. There were added to the rolls during the year the names of 50,101 new pensioners, and the names of 3,971 who had previously been dropped were restored. During the same period the names of 41,122 persons were dropped for various causes.

The total of 976,014 pensioners on the rolls June 30, 1897, were classified as follows:

.110,593 13,831

663

Navy invalid pensioners. Navy widows, minor children, etc. 5,766 The following are the names of surviving widows and daughters of Revolutionary soldiers on the pension rolls June 30, 1897, and their places of residence: Lovey Aldrich, Los Angeles, Cal.; Hannah Newell Barrett, Boston, Mass.; Juliette Betts, Norwalk, Conn.; Susannah Chadwick, Emporium, Penn.; Nancy Cloud, Chum, Va.; Esther S. Damon, Plymouth Union, Vt.; Sarah C. Hurlburt, Little Marsh, Penn.; Nancy Jones, Jonesboro, Tenn.: Hannah Lyons, Marblehead, Mass.; Rebecca Mayo, Newbern, Va.; Eliza Sanford, Bloomfield, N. J.; Ann M. Slaughter, The Plains, Va.; Mary Snead, Parksley, Va.; Rhoda Au

gusta Thompson, Woodbury, Conn.; Augusta Tuller, Bridgeport, Conn.; Nancy A. Weatherman, Elk Mills, Tenn.

The following are the surviving soldiers and sailors of the War of 1812 on the pension rolls June 30, 1897, with their ages and residence: Hosea Brown, 105, Grant's Pass, Ore. : Hiram Cronk, 97, North Western, N. Y.; Elijah Glenn, 101, Newark, N. J.; James Hooper, 94, Baltimore, Md.; John Lumberson, 91; Baltimore, Md.; Eleazor Smith, 101, Danbury, N. H.; Isaiah B. Sexton, 92, Sparta, Mich. The amounts paid last year for pensions to the survivors and widows of the War of 1812, the Mexican War and the Indian wars of 1832-'42 were: War of 1812, $389,731 95; Mexican War. $2,097,752 09; Indian wars, $669,663 17.

PASSPORT REGULATIONS.

The law forbids the granting of a passport to any person who is not a citizen of the United States. Passports are of three different forms: (1) For native citizen; (2) naturalized citizen; (3) for person claiming citizenship through the naturalization of husband or parent. Under the

law passports can be issued in the United States only by the Secretary of State. In a foreign country they may be issued by the chief diplomatic representative of the United States; or, in the absence of a diplomatic representative, by a consulgeneral; or, in the absence of both, by a consul. A citizen of the United States desiring to procure a passport must make a written application, in the form of an affidavit, to the Secretary of State. If he is temporarily abroad, he must apply to the nearest diplomatic representative of the United States; or, in the absence of a diplomatic representative, to the highest consular officer of the United States.

made before a United States.

The necessary affidavit may be consular officer of the In this country the affidavit must be attested by an officer duly authorized to administer oaths, If he has be

no seal, his official character must authenticated by certificate of the proper legal officer. If the applicant signs by mark, two attesting witnesses to his signature are required. Every applicant is required to state the date and place of his birth, his occupation, and the place of his permanent residence, and to declare that he goes abroad for temporary SOjourn and intends to return to the United States with the purpose of residing and performing the duties of citizenship there

in.

Every application must be accompanied by a description of the person applying, stating age, height, color of eyes, hair, etc.; and be accompanied by a certificate from at least one credible witness that the applicant is the person he represents himself to be, and that the facts stated in the affidavit are true to the best of the witness's knowledge and belief. Every applicant must also take the oath of allegiance to the Government of the United States. In the case of a naturalized citizen the certificate of naturalization, or a certified copy of the court record thereof, must accompany the application, together with a sworn statement from what port the person emigrated to this