App. Div.]

SECOND DEPARTMENT, MARCH TERM, 1897.

in finding as a matter of fact that the money belonged to the estate of the decedent.

There is no question that, by the law of this State, whenever a deposit is made in a savings bank by a person in his own name in trust for another, and there are no circumstances rebutting the presumption, it will be conclusively presumed that the depositor has divested himself of the legal and beneficial title to the fund, and has vested himself with the legal title as trustee for the person named as cestui que trust. (Martin v. Funk, 75 N. Y. 134; Boone v. Citizens' Savings Bank, 84 id. 83; Willis v. Smyth, 91 id. 297; Mabie v. Bailey, 95 id. 206; Fowler v. Bowery Savings Bank, 113 id. 450, 453; Beaver v. Beaver, 117 id. 421, 423.)

But it is clearly established that, when the depositor does not make the deposit in trust with the intention of giving to the person named as cestui que trust any beneficial interest in the fund, but for his own benefit, he does not divest himself of his legal title to the deposit, but continues to be the beneficial owner thereof, notwithstanding the form of the deposit. (Cunningham v. Davenport, 147 N. Y. 43; Weber v. Weber, 58 How. Pr. 255; Mabie v. Bailey, 95 N. Y. 210.)

Under these circumstances, we see no reason for differing from the opinion of the referee.

The order of the surrogate is affirmed, with costs.

All concurred.

Order of the surrogate affirmed, with costs.

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK, Respondent, v. EMPIRE LOAN AND INVESTMENT COMPANY, Appellant.

Loan and investment company — when insolvent

liability of the directors for ille

gal payments — it is not extinguished by the charging off of liabilities to shareholders-chen the purposes of a corporation are defeated by insolvency.

The solvency of a building and loan association is not to be nicely calculated to a fraction and based upon the theory that all the remaining assets are absolutely good. It is such a condition of affairs of the association as reduces the available and collectible funds below the level of the amount of stock already paid in.

SECOND DEPARTMENT, MARCH TERM, 1897.

[Vol. 15. Where the losses of such an association are represented by deficits arising from the illegal action of its officers or directors in the payment of salaries to themselves and of other expenses in violation of the articles of association, the action of the members in scaling down the sums due to them at a meeting at which all the members are not present, will be ineffective to destroy the liability of the directors for their misappropriation of its funds certainly so far as the non-assenting members are concerned.

Where there exists a liability of directors because of illegal expenditures of corporate funds, it can be enforced with greater certainty by a receiver than by the corporation.

The object of the existence of a corporation, whose purpose is to accumulate a fund for the purchase of real estate and its improvement, and to enable its members to acquire and improve real estate, and for the benefit of its members who do not obtain advances, is defeated by its insolvency, and the appointment of a receiver in such case is justified.

APPEAL by the defendant, the Empire Loan and Investment Company, from an order of the Supreme Court, made at the Dutchess Special Term and entered in the office of the clerk of the county of Kings on the 30th day of October, 1896, appointing a temporary receiver of the defendant.

Philip Carpenter, for the appellant.

Theodore E. Hancock, Attorney-General, and G. D. B. Hasbrouck, Deputy Attorney-General, for the respondent.

GOODRICH, P. J.:

The complaint alleges, though somewhat inartificially, that the defendant, a building and loan association, is insolvent; also, that it has violated various provisions of its own charter and by-laws and the laws of the State by conducting its business in an unsafe manner; that it is inexpedient and unsafe for it to continue its business, and that the interest of its creditors and shareholders and the public require its dissolution.

It is to be observed that this appeal does not arise upon a motion to correct pleadings. If these are not properly drawn, their insufficiency as pleadings can receive judicial construction either on motion or demurrer, or at the trial, but, in considering whether a receiver should be appointed, the question is simply whether the complaint and moving papers present sufficient facts to justify the

App. Div.]

SECOND DEPARTMENT, MARCH TERM, 1897.

interposition of the court in temporarily taking the assets of the company into its custody, and to prevent continuation or repetition of the alleged unlawful acts of the directors and affairs which have resulted in dissipating the property of the association. Included in the moving papers is an affidavit of Mr. Hall, one of the examiners of the Banking Department, who states that the defendant began business in 1894, and that its first report of its business, filed in the department, showed that it had expended for operating expenses thirty-six per cent of its gross receipts from all sources, counting as an operating expense the interest on the mortgages which it had assumed or money which it had borrowed. It is also stated in this affidavit that the last annual report, filed in 1896, showed that the defendant had expended about forty-one per cent of its gross receipts, and that the examiner reported that during the eight months previous to his examination of September, 1896, it was not doing any new business, but that its expenses of operation had been over $13,000 in excess of the sum which its by-laws authorized.

The insolvency is also predicated upon the report of Mr. Eustace, dated September 29, 1896, and filed with the Banking Department, of which Mr. Eustace was an examiner. This report is, by statute, made a public record. (§ 24 of the Banking Law [Laws of 1892, chap. 689].) It shows that the assets amount to $122,892.74, while the liabilities are $144,599.76, leaving a deficiencey of $21,707.02. By the articles of association the expenses of the corporation and the compensation of all officers and employees are to be paid only from the earnings, and are not to exceed the premium or membership fees collected, and are not to be in excess of one-tenth of one per cent a month per share of the par value of all stock in force; and, while the amount which could be legally used for expenses was $8,341.10, the expenses were actually $21,511.79, leaving the fund overdrawn $13,170.69. The officers' salaries alone amounted to $10,528.99, which exceeded the authorized amount of expense by more than $2,000.

The defendant, however, claims that three items of the liabilities, amounting to $33,875, are for sums due the members of the corporation, and that of this liability, $5,350, which was stock belonging to former officers, had been canceled, leaving what is termed "stock in force," amounting only to $28,525, and that this latter

SECOND DEPARTMENT, MARCH TERM, 1897.

[Vol. 15. amount was scaled down by a resolution passed at a meeting of the members, held October 10, 1896, at which over ninety per cent of the stock was represented, and that the reported deficiency of $21,707.02, with an addition of $240, was charged off the books pro rata against the shares of the members and so canceled. It is also claimed that this action was within the power conferred by the articles of association, and that the result leaves the corporation solvent.

The appellant's counsel insists that the case of The People v. Bankers' Loan & Investment Co. (13 Misc. Rep. 221), decided by the General Term of the Common Pleas, is authority for this action of the directors in charging off the deficit, but in that case it does not appear that the losses which were charged off were deficits arising from the illegal action of the officers or directors in the payment of salaries to themselves and other expenses, in violation of the articles of the association, as is the fact in the present case; in fact, an examination of the papers in the case mentioned discloses the fact that the losses were on property of the corporation outside of the State.

Losses may result from bad debts, and the decision in question seems to relate to that class of cases, but we are referred to no anthority, and find it difficult to discover any principle, which would enable the directors, by charging off pro rata the amounts illegally appropriated or expended by them, to destroy their own liability to an action for the recovery of such unlawful payments. Indeed, it is claimed by the Attorney-General that the facts alleged in the moving papers subject the offenders to a criminal prosecution within the provisions of the banking laws.

Other articles of the association provide for the issuance of certificates of stock, of various descriptions, to members, and the payment thereon of dues by such members, until the payments, together with profits from the business, shall equal $100, the par value of the shares; and that holders of certain classes of shares may, after given periods, withdraw shares by notice to the secretary, and thereby become entitled to receive the amount of dues paid, with six per cent interest, or other amounts for different classes of shares. This would seem to afford a method of constituting the shareholders quasi creditors of the corporation, if they elected to become such.

App. Div.] SECOND DEPARTMENT, MARCH TERM, 1897.

And,

Two questions arise: First, is the defendant insolvent? second, has it violated its charter and failed to accomplish the object of its existence?

That the corporation was insolvent on September twenty-ninth, when the examiner made his report, is prima facie established thereby. The company was not rehabilitated with solvency by the subsequent action of the members' meeting of October tenth, so far as the non-assenting members are concerned, all of whom may have certain rights of action against the executive officers to compel the repayment of salaries and expenses which were received or incurred. by them in violation of the articles of association above referred to. Mere insolvency, nicely calculated to a fraction, and based upon the theory that all of the remaining assets are absolutely good, cannot impair the rights of the non-assenting members.

"The insolvency of such an institution is sui generis. There can be, strictly speaking, no insolvency, for the only creditors are the stockholders, by virtue of their stock. The so-called insolvency is such a condition of the affairs of the association as reduces the available and collectible funds below the level of the amount of stock already paid in. The association is said to be insolvent when it cannot pay back to its stockholders the amount of their actual contributions, dollar for dollar." (Towle v. Am. Building Loan & Inv. Soc., 61 Fed. Rep. 446.)

We are, therefore, forced to the conclusion that the corporation is, in fact, insolvent.

The other question, as to the violation of the charter and the failure of the defendant to fulfill the object of its existence, seems to depend upon several propositions.

One of the articles of association reads as follows: "The objects of the company shall be to accumulate a fund for the purchase of real estate, to erect buildings, or to make other improvements on land, and to pay off incumbrances thereon; to aid its members to acquire real estate, to make improvements thereon and to remove incumbrances therefrom, and for the further purpose of accumulating a fund to be returned to its members who do not obtain. advances, when the funds of the company shall amount to one hundred dollars per share."