they a little shrinking, our men perceiving it pressed in upon them, and immediately routed this whole body, some flying on one side, and others on the other, of the enemy's reserve; and our men pursuing them, had chase and execution five or six miles.'

unbroken, kept back Whaley, who was his
major, from the chase, and with his own
troops and the other of his regiment, three
troops in all, got into a body. In this re-
serve stood General Cavendish, who one
while faced me, another while faced four of
the Lincoln troops, which was all of ours
that stood upon the place, the rest being
engaged in the chase. At last General Ca-
vendish charged the Lincolneers and routed
them. Immediately I fell on his rear with
my three troops, which did so astonish him,
that he gave over the chase, and would fain
have delivered himself from us.
pressing on, forced down a hill, having good
execution of them, and below the hill drove
the general with some of his soldiers into a
quagmire, where my captain-lieutenant slew
him, with a thrust under his short ribs. The
rest of the body was wholly routed, not one
man staying upon the place.'

But I,

and officers, and about two hundred and fifty common soldiers, and released about two hundred prisoners, many of them belonging to Lord Fairfax. The Earl's house held out a day after the town was taken, and store of treasure was found in it. The Earl was sent in a pinnace to Hull, be-Cromwell, seeing that the reserve was still cause the King's troops were drawing from Newark and other places to recover the town; but some of these troops espying the pinnace, drew up some musqueteers to the Trent side, and firing at her unhappily killed the Earl and his man Savile in their cabin." See Mrs. Hutchinson concerning this. "Colonel Cromwell then drew toward Gainsborough to secure it. After taking Burley House, he marched to Grantham, where he met about three hundred horse and dragooners of Nottingham, and proceeding with them, formed a junction, as had been concerted with the Lincolneers at North Searle. At two in the morning they advanced toward Gainsborough, which was ten miles distant, and some mile and half from the town fell in with a forlorn hope of the enemy, some one hundred horse in number. 'Our dragooners laboured to beat them back, but not alighting of their horses, the enemy charged them, and made them retire unto their main body. Cromwell advanced, and came to the bottom of a steep hill.' 'We could not,' he says, well get up but by some tracts, which our men essaying to do, the body of the enemy endeavoured to hinder, wherein we prevailed, and got the top of the hill. This was done by the Lin- | colneers, who had the vanguard. When we all recovered the top of the hill, we saw a great body of the enemy's horse facing of us, at about a musket-shot or less distance, and a good reserve of a full regiment of horse behind it.' The King's troops advanced to take them at disadvantage, but in such order as we were,' says Cromwell, 'we charged their great body. I having the right wing, we came up horse to horse, where we disputed it with our swords and pistols a pretty time, all keeping close order, so that one could not track the other; at last

"Cromwell having relieved the town with such powder and provision as he brought, thought to pursue his good fortune and fall upon a party of the King's troops, about a mile on the other side of the town, consisting of six troops of horse and three hundred foot. For this purpose he asked Lord Willoughby for four hundred foot, in addition to his own horse, and marched toward them; but fell in with Newcastle's army. Before he could call off his foot they were engaged, and were of course forced to retreat in disorder and with some loss, to the town, where now they are. Our horse also came off with some trouble, being wearied with the long fight and their horses tired, yet faced the enemy's fresh horse, and by several removes got off, without the loss of one man. The honour of this retreat is due to God, as also all the rest. Major Whaley did in this carry himself with all gallantry

RUSHWORTH-WHITAKER.

157

becoming a gentleman and a Christian. cond them, put them into disorder; and Thus have you this true relation as short as Manchester's troops, taking that advantage, I could: what you are to do upon it is next charging all in with them, put them to the to be considered. The Lord direct you what run; leaving their dragoons (which were now to do.' on foot,) behind him. And so, being totally routed, they had the pursuit, and did execution upon them for five miles together. The Earl of Manchester's foot hastened their march to come up to the engagement; but the horse had done the work before they came: the number killed being computed to be about one thousand of the royal party, and on his side very few slain, and none of note.'

"This letter is addressed to the Committee for the Association, sitting at Cambridge, and Cromwell begins by saying, 'Gentlemen, it hath pleased the Lord to give your servant, and soldiers, a notable victory now at Gainsborow.'"-RUSHWORTH, 3 vol. 2, p. 278.

"Oct. 1642.

"The Parliamentary horse said by Sir "Two demi-cannons used by Newcastle William Widdrington to be very good and at the siege of Hull, thirty-six pounders, extraordinarily armed."-RUSHWORTH, 3 were called Gog and Magog, and the Queen's vol. 2, p. 282. pocket pistols. At the fight near Horncastle, 12th October, after the siege was raised, both parties had drawn out all their horse and dragoons from the adjacent garrisons. The King's army had seventy-four colours of horse, and twenty-one of dragoons. Manchester had not above half so many colours, but as many men, for his troops

were fuller. It was late before the foot

"IN the old house of Denton, then the Prince Rupert lodged on his way from property of Ferdinando, Lord Fairfax, the battle of Marston Moor. There was Lancashire to York, immediately before then in the house a very fine portrait of John Fairfax, younger brother of the then could be drawn up. Manchester's horse and lord, who had been slain while defending Frankendale in the Palatinate, 1621. With dragoons went on in several bodies singing this painting the Prince was so much deof psalms. Quarter-master General Vermu- lighted that he forbade any spoil to be comden, with five troops, had the forlorn hope, mitted upon the house; an act of generosity and Colonel Cromwell the van, seconded by Sir T. Fairfax. The Royalist's word was, of art, than by respect for the owner of more likely to be prompted by a fine work Newcastle; that of the Parliamentary par- Denton."-WHITAKER, Loidis and Elty, Truth and Peace, The dragoons gave mete, p. 195. the first charge, and then the horse fell How is it that Whitaker has overlooked in. Colonel Cromwell charged with great the real motive? John Fairfax and his resolution immediately after the dragoons of brother had fallen in the Elector Palatine's the other side had given him their first volley; yet within half pistol shot they saluted him with a second charge. His horse was killed and fell down upon him, and as he rose he was knockt down again by the gentleman that charged him, which was supposed to be Sir Ingram Hopton. But he got up, and recovered a new horse in a soldier's hand, and so mounted again. The van of the Royalists' horse, being driven back upon their own body, that was to se

cause.

Marston Moor.

"SUNDAY, June 30. The besieger hearing towards evening of Prince Rupert's advance, and that his quarters would be at Knaresborough, or at Borough Bridge that night, thought it best to raise the siege, and give him battle with their whole strength. During the night therefore, and in the ensuing

had possessed himself of so much of the moor that not being able to form there, they drew up their men on a large field of rye. This Rupert endeavoured to prevent, because it was an advantageous position, being on a rising ground, but the party which he sent was beat back. Their pioneers now made way to get ground, whereon to extend the wings of their army, and at last their army fronted to the moor from Marston to Topwith, being a mile and half in length.

morning, they broke up from before the quartered themselves that night at Long town, removed all their artillery without Marston, and the places near, but great loss, and took up a position four or five part of their horse stayed all night upon miles from York, upon a great moor S. W. the moor. Early the next day they marched of the river Ouse, called from the neigh- toward Tadcaster, meaning to prevent Rubouring villages sometimes Hessam Moor, pert from furnishing York with provisions but more commonly Marston. Then they out of the East Riding, and also to obstruct drew up in battalia, expecting there to meet his march southward. The Earl of Denthe Prince on his way to York. But Ru- bigh and the Lancashire forces were adpert ordered a party of his horse to face vancing from the West, whence he came. them, near a bridge, where their retreat Before they could reach the town, they was secure, quartered his foot and ordnance heard that the Prince was pressing close that night in the forest of Gortrey, within upon their rear, on the moor near Marston, five miles of the city, and entered the city appearing resolved to fight them. Herehimself with about 200 horse. upon their foot and carriages were ordered "There he had a conference with New-back with all speed, some of them being castle. The marquis entreated him not to advanced four or five miles. The Prince give the enemy battle, when he had every thing to gain by delay, and they every thing to lose. The Scots and English were upon such terms in the Parliamentary army, that if their mutual ill-humour were allowed to work, he had good reason to believe they would separate. But in two days he expected a powerful reinforcement, 3000 men under Colonel Clavering, from the North, and 2000 more from different garrisons. This advice must have prevailed if Prince Rupert at that period of his life had ever listened to reason. He declared that he had positive orders to fight, which, as in duty bound, he must obey. Some of Newcastle's friends advised him not to engage, seeing the command was thus taken from him; but that gallant nobleman replied, that happen what would, he would not shun the action, his only ambition being to live and die a loyal subject to his Majesty. And when the army was drawn up he asked Prince Rupert what service he would be pleased to command him. The Prince said he should begin no action till the morning, and desired him to repose till then. Newcastle accordingly went to rest in his own coach, which was close by, in the field; but he had not long been there before the firing began.

"The Parliamentarians (it is Rushworth's word) finding that the city was relieved,

The Prince having part of his foot beyond Owse was as late as they before he had fully drawn up; but between two and three o'clock both armies were pretty well formed.'

66

Rupert had in the field, including the forces drawn out of the city, about 14,000 foot, and 9,000 horse, and about 25 pieces of cannon. He led the right wing of the horse, (which had in it twelve divisions, consisting of 100 troops, and might be 5,000 men). Sir Charles Lucas and Colonel Hurry commanded the left wing of the horse. Whether Goring, Porter, Tyherd, or all of them commanded the main body, Rushworth could not learn.

66.6

"On the other side, the three conjoined armies (by reason of the parties they had sent forth [as into Lancashire, under Sir John Meldrum, &c.] which were not yet returned, and the men they had lost in this

tedious siege, were so much reduced, that Cromwell's division of 300 horse. Cromthey did not exceed the Prince's in number; well was very hard put to it, being charged but in that respect both armies seemed by Prince Rupert's bravest men, both in pretty equal.' Sir Thomas Fairfax com- front and flank,' and they stood at sword's manded the right wing of horse, consisting point a pretty while, hacking one another.' of 80 troops, being his own and part of the At last Cromwell broke through, and at the Scotch horse. Next in the main battalia same time the rest of his horse of that wing, was the Lord Fairfax, commanding the foot and Lesley's regiments (who behaved very towards the right wing, consisting of all his well) had wholly broken all that right wing own infantry, and two brigades of Scots for of the Prince, and were in chase of them a reserve. And towards the left General beyond their left wing, and Manchester's Leven, with the rest of the Scottish foot, and foot on the right hand of these went on by two brigades of the Earl of Manchester's, their side, almost as fast as they, dispersing with six regiments of Scots, and one of and cutting down his foot. Newcastle's Manchester's brigades for a reserve. The regiment of White Coats were almost left wing of the horse was commanded by wholly cut off; for they scorned to fly, and Manchester, and his Lieutenant General, were slain in rank and file, and the rest of Cromwell, consisting of the Earl's whole that part of their army which escaped killcavalry, and three regiments of the Scottish ing, or being taken prisoners, fled in conhorse under Lesley, in all about 70 troops. fusion towards York. The Prince's army extended in the front somewhat farther than theirs, and therefore on their left, to secure the flank, the Scottish dragoons were placed, under Colonel Frizel. "The Field-word given by the Prince was God and the King; by the other party, God with Us.

"About three the great ordnance on both sides began to play, with little effect. About five there was a general silence on each side, expecting who should begin the charge, 'for that there was a small ditch and a bank between the two armies, (though they had drawn up their wings within musquet shot) which either side must pass if they would charge the other, which would be a disadvantage, and apt to disorder them that should first attempt it. In this posture they continued a considerable time, so that on each side it was believed there would be no action that night. But about seven in the evening the Parliament's Generals resolved to fall on, and then the signal being given, the Earl of Manchester's foot, and the Scots of the main body advanced in a running march, soon made their way over the ditch, and gave a smart charge.'

"The front divisions of horse mutually charged. Prince Rupert in person charging

'for

"But Hurry with the Prince's left wing defeated the Parliament's right; though Sir T. Fairfax, with Colonel Lambert, and 5 or 6 troops, charged through them, and went to their own left wing, the rest of his troops were defeated. Lord Fairfax's brigade was furiously assaulted, and at the same time disordered by some of Sir T. Fairfax's new-raised regiments, who wheeled about, and being hotly pursued, fled back upon them and the reserve of Scottish foot, broke them wholly, and trod many of them under foot. So that their right wing, and part of their main body were routed, and fled several miles toward Tadcaster and Cawood, giving out that all was lost.'

"The Royalists were pursuing, and just ready to seize all the carriages, when Cromwell with his horse and Manchester's foot came back from the chase; both sides were now not a little surprised to see they must fight it over again, for that victory which each thought they had already gained. However the Royalists marched with great resolution down the corn fields, the face of the battle being now exactly counterchanged; for the King's forces stood on the same ground, and with the same front

RUSHWORTH-WARWICK-ESSEX.