permit the faculty of such department to adopt such length of annual college term and such gradation of classes and studies as it might deem for the best interests of the profession and the public, without regard to the number of students that might be induced to attend. This affording the first opportunity that had been presented for establishing a medical college on the plan so earnestly advocated by Dr. N. S. Davis, he resigned his position as Professor of Principles and Practice of Medicine in the Rush Medical College, in which he had gained a good reputation, for the purpose of giving his influence to the new enterprise. He was accompanied by Dr. William H. Byford, thus leaving the chairs of practice of medicine and obstetrics and diseases of women vacant, in addition to the previous vacancies in materia medica and therapeutics, and in physiology and pathology. This led to well nigh an entire rearrangement of the faculty, the only chairs that had remained unchanged from the beginning of the college being those of principles and practice of surgery and of chemistry and pharmacy. At the opening of the annual college term for 1859-60 the newly arranged faculty was constituted as follows: Principles and practice of surgery and of clinical surgery, Daniel Brainard; chemistry and pharmacy, James V. Z. Blaney; principles and practice of medicine and clinical medicine, J. Adams Allen; obstetrics and diseases of women, De Laskie Miller; materia medica and therapeutics, Ephraim Ingals; anatomy, R. L. Rea;

physiology and pathology, A. S. Hudson; surgical anatomy and surgical pathology, Joseph W. Freer; demonstrator of anatomy, Edwin Powell.

Of the new men embraced in this arrangement, Dr. J. Adams Allen, born and educated in Vermont, and possessed of natural endowments of a high order, had already demostrated his ability and popularity as a lecturer while occupying the chair of physiology and pathology in the medical department of the University of Michigan; and Dr. Robert L. Rea, born in Virginia, but educated principally in the common schools and academy of Fayette County, Ind., graduated in medicine from the Ohio Medical College, in Cincinnati, in 1855, in which he served as demonstrator of anatomy two years, when he entered upon the general practice of his profession at Oxford, O., and gave annual courses of lectures on anatomy and physiology at the Western Female Seminary, in that place, and had thus gained a reputation for more than ordinary skill and thoroughness in the teaching of anatomy. The remaining new members of the faculty were men of integrity, fair education and established reputations as general practitioners, but untried as teachers in any department of the profession; yet each performed his duties with fidelity, and soon gained a deserved degree of influence and popularity. The history of the college from this time onward has been characterized by greater stability and a high degree of material prosperity. The organization of the new medical college, to which allusion

has been made, by requiring attendance on a much longer annual lecture term; a strictly graded course of instruction, with annual examinations; at least one year of attendance on hospital clinical instruction, and a higher rate of lecture fees, afforded but little competition for numbers of students; and yet its presence was a constant stimulus to the Rush Medical Faculty to greater activity and punctuality in the discharge of all college duties and in creating additional means of instruction by additional clinical facilities and adding spring courses, attendance on which was not obligatory, but optional, with the student. It was at a time, also, when the increase of population in all the surrounding States was extraordinarily rapid, with a corresponding increase in the number of medical students; consequently the patronage of the college increased from 119 matriculants for the term of 1859-60 to 374 for that of 1866-67. This required larger college accommodations, and in the summer of 1867 a large new college building was completed on the same lot with the old one at a cost of about $70,000, furnished by members of the faculty. In 1866 the faculty

sustained a serious loss in the death of the Professor of Surgery, Dr. Daniel Brainard, from an attack of cholera a few days after the opening of the college term, as mentioned in Article II. His place was filled by the election of Dr. Moses Gunn, of Detroit, who, as Professor of Surgery in the medical department of the University of Michigan, had already acquired a good reputation

as a successful teacher and practitioner of surgery. He was born in East Bloomfield, N. Y., April 20th, 1822, educated in his native town, and graduated in medicine from the Geneva Medical College in 1846. He was a man of elegant personal appearance, affable in manners and an interesting lecturer. He maintained a good reputation and contributed a full share to the reputation of the college until his death, November 4th, 1887.

In 1868 a professorship of ophthalmology and otology, and one of clinical medicine and diseases of the chest, were added to the curriculum of the college, and Dr. Edward L. Holmes was elected to the first, and Joseph P. Ross to the second.

In 1870 Dr. Ephram Ingals resigned the chair of materia medica and medical jurisprudence, and was succeeded by Dr. James N. Etheridge.

The great Chicago fire occurred in October, 1871, and the Rush Medical College building, erected only four years previously, with all its contents, was reduced to a shapeless mass of ruins.

The destruction took place only a few days after the opening of the annual college term with a full class of students in attendance, many of whom were driven at once to their respective homes. With characteristic activity, however, the faculty found temporary lecture room in the old County Hospital on Eighteenth Street, and soon gathered the larger part of the class together again and resumed their regular instruction, while the new Medical Col

lege faculty, organized in 1859, generously tendered them the use of their ample dissecting room for practical anatomy a part of each day.

Before another annual term they had constructed temporary lecture rooms on a part of the hospital ground, and continued to occupy them until the county commissioners selected grounds for new County Hospital buildings in the west division of the city, when they selected a lot for the college in close proximity to the new hospital grounds, and completed the erection of an ample new college building in 1876, at a cost of about $54,000.

On the final retirement of Professor Blaney, in 1871, Dr. Henry M. Lyman was elected to the chair of chemistry and pharmacy, and continued to occupy the same until 1877, when he was transferred to a chair of physiology and diseases of the nervous system, in which he has continued until the present time. The chair of chemistry, pharmacy and toxicology, vacated in 1877, was filled by the election of Walter S. Haines, of this city.

In 1875 Dr. R. L. Rea resigned the chair of anatomy, and Dr. Charles T. Parkes, demonstrator of anatomy for the preceding seven years, was chosen to fill the vacancy, and continued until the death of Dr. Moses Gunn, in 1887, when he was elected Professor of Principles and Practice of Surgery and Clinical Surgery.

A professorship of skin and venereal diseases was created in 1879, and filled by the election of Dr. James Nevins Hyde; also a professorship of gynæ

cology that was filled by the election of Dr. William H. Byford. In 1882 Dr. Norman Bridge was made Professor of Hygiene, and in 1885 changed to a professorship of Pathology and Adjunct Professor of Principles and Practice of Medicine.

When Dr. Charles T. Parkes was transferred to the chair of surgery the chair of anatomy was filled by the appointment of Dr. Arthur Dean Bevan, who had been connected with the United States Marine Hospital Service. In 1888 Dr. DeLaskie Miller, Professor of Obstetrics and Diseases of Children, was given an emeritus position, and Dr. G. Suydam Knox was selected to succeed him.

At the same time a professorship of principles of surgery and of surgical pathology was created, and filled by the appointment of Dr. Nicholas Senn, of Milwaukee; and two professors of special departments-Truman Brophy, M. D., D.D.S., Professor of Dental Pathology and Surgery; and Dr. E. Fletcher Ingals, Professor of Laryngology-thus making sixteen professorships, to which are added adjuncts, lecturers, clinical assistants, etc., for the college, hospital and dispensary work, numbering nineteen more. But in the entire list now connected with the college teaching are none of those who were connected with it during the first fourteen years of its existence.

After the completion of the present college building and the extensive new Cook County Hospital buildings on the lot adjoining, with the Central Free Dispensary in the lower part of the col

lege building, thus affording abundant facilities for clinical instruction, the patronage of the school again increased rapidly until the college terms (including both winter and spring terms) were attended by 583 matriculates, of whom 185 received the degree of M. D. at the close of the winter term. Since that time the numbers have somewhat diminished, the annual announcement for 1888-89 containing the names of 401 matriculates and 135 graduates.

During the last few years its clinical advantages have been increased by the erection of the Presbyterian Hospital on a part of the college grounds, and during the last year it has become the medical department of the Lake Forest University. In its more recent announcements it strongly recommends its students to pursue the whole period of three years' study in the college by attending both the winter and spring terms each year, and in doing so to grade the studies so as to pursue only a limited number of branches each year, and offers a final examination in the branches of the first and second years at the close of the second, and yet in its positive requirements for graduation only exact three years of study and attendance on two winter terms of college instruction of twentyone weeks each, as the following, taken from the annual announcement for 1888-89, will show.

The following are the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Medicine: First. The candidate must be twenty

one years of age, and must give satisfactory evidence of possessing a good moral character, WHICH INCLUDES UNEXCEPTIONABLE CONDUCT WHILE AT THE COLLEGE.

Second. He must have pursued the study of medicine three years, and have attended at least two full courses of lec-. tures, not delivered in one twelvemonth, of which the first one may have been in some other recognized medical college, but the last must have been in this institution. The lectures of the spring term cannot be considered as a COURSE OF LECTURES in this requirement.

Third. He must have received clinical instruction during at least two college terms.

Fourth. He must have pursued the study of practical anatomy, under the direction of the demonstrator, and to the extent of having dissected each region of the body.

Fifth. He must have taken one course in practical chemistry, under the direction of the Professor of Chemistry.

Sixth. He must have taken one practical course in the laboratory of physiology and pathology.

Seventh. He must notify the Secretary of the faculty of his intention to become a candidate, depositing the amount of the examination fee with the Treasurer, on or before the 20th day of January.

Eighth. Every candidate must undergo a full and satisfactory written or oral examination on each branch taught in the college. N. S. DAVIS.

DR. WILLIAM H. BYFORD, of Chicago, is a noted man. In his own city he is noted by reason of his extensive practice, his successful treatment of certain classes of complicated and dangerous ailments, and his connection with two of the leading medical colleges of the city. He is noted throughout the country as the author of no less than three standard medical works, as an ex-VicePresident of the American Medical Association and ex-President and exVice-President of the American Gynæcological Society. In the city which has for more than thirty years been his home, he is scarcely less noted for the broad liberality of his views and the kindly impulses of his nature than for his success in his chosen field of labor.

While his views upon questions pertaining to the practice of medicine have always been clearly defined and his convictions relative to questions of questions of public policy always positive, he has apparently never had either the time or the inclination to engage in profitless controversy, to criticise the methods of brother practitioners or to find fault with those who held opinions differing from his own.

For fifty years he has been in active life, and nearly all that time engaged in the practice of a profession which brought him into contact with all classes and kinds of people; and yet among all those with whom he has been associated professionally and otherwise, it is not probable that one could be found to-day who would be willing to admit that he bears the distinguished physician any ill will.

At the same time it is reasonably certain that there are some scores of physicians, located in Chicago and other portions of the Western country, some of them now loaded down with professional cares, and others still young in the practice of medicine, who would take great pleasure in testifying to the fact that those young practitioners who had been thrown into contact with him have never found a better friend than Dr. Byford. Himself a self-made man, he has never forgotten his own early struggles, nor has he ever missed an opportunity of giving to others similarly situated, so far as lay in his power, the aid and encouragement which would have been of such inestimable value to him in his early manhood.

Born at Eaton, O., on the 20th day of March, 1817, William H. Byford came into the world as the son of an honest toiler, upon whose health and strength alone depended the comfort and happiness of his family.

Henry T. Byford, the father of William, was a mechanic of very limited means, and thinking to better his condition, he removed soon after the birth of his son from Ohio to New Albany, Ind., where he located in what was then a new and very sparsely settled country. After remaining in New Albany about three years, he moved further West to the village of Hindostan, where he was struggling after the fashion of the pioneers to obtain a modest competency, when death suddenly ended his labors, and left a wife and three orphaned children to care for themselves and each other as best they could.