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with the applause and the gifts of their fellow-citizens. Numerous medals were struck in commemoration of the peace. On one was inscribed in Latin: When God is angry there is war, when appeased peace." It is thus that men attribute to an unseen power the evil results of their own savage passions; the lesson of every war is that it ought to be the last.

Holland, the last refuge of European freedom was thus permitted a few years of repose from the malice of its royal foes. Four years later began the great war that the kings of France and England planned, hoping once more to overwhelm the republic in endless ruin. Amsterdam, amidst the inundations and the friendly waves, kept alive the spirit of freedom. The kings were driven back discomfited. William of Orange appeared the representative in many traits of character of the genius of his native land. And fifteen years later he carried to England the Dutch principles of honesty and toleration, and laid the foundation of the future greatness of the English race in Europe and America.

By the treaty of Breda, Nicolls too was relieved of his many cares. He was recalled with kind and flattering words from the King and his ministers. Francis Lovelace was appointed governor in his place. He remained. for some time in New York, with his usual good nature, to aid Lovelace in his new duties. He rewarded some of his subordinates with gifts.

of islands and tracts of land. With Lovelace he visited Albany in July. He arranged the affairs of the Delaware province. He granted thirty

lots of land to each soldier of the garrison of Esopus. He did some favors for Stuyvesant; at last when he was to leave forever the city he had named and declared a body politic, of which he had been the gentle conqueror, the lenient master, he was evidently followed by the good will of the citizens. They parted from him with respect and regret. In August, 1668, Nicolls sailed for England, to resume his place by the side of his master the duke, and probably to regret at times the simplicity and the sterner virtues of the people he had left behind.

We should be glad if we were able to enter the city of New York and discover the amusements, the labors and the manners of its people. It could not have made any advance in the four years of Nicolls's rule. It wanted the free impulse, the sentiment of personal independence that had made Connecticut and Massachusetts already populous provinces, while New York had only a thin and scattered population. In the New England colonies there were already forty thousand inhabitants; in New York only five or six. Under the rule of the West India Company it had been allowed none of those privileges of self government that in Holland, the Fatherland, were the choicest treasures of the people. Its lands

had been distributed into great estates, under patroons who aspired to be feudal lords and who drove off immigration, and nearly all lost their possessions. The Dutch governors had been autocrats: the people had neither rights nor power. Under the rigid instructions of the Duke of York that system had been necessarily continued by Nicolls, and the people felt and complained that they were enslaved. Immigration turned away to Connecticut and New Jersey. In seven years, Andros tells us later, not twenty families had come to New York from England or Ireland.

The trade of the city was chiefly in wheat, furs, and provisions; it sent its ships to the West Indies and brought back rum and molasses. Wines were imported from Madeira. But ships came seldom from England. Formerly it had exported large quantities of tobacco from the Southern colonies to Holland; but this trade died out. Its imports of "Indian goods" must have been considerable. They consisted of blankets, woolens, guns, powder, lead; in return they were paid for in beavers and other furs. It was chiefly by the fur trade and the activity of the Indians that New York and Albany were said to live. Six or seven sloops sailed between the towns up and down the Hudson and carried the peltry and Indian goods. It was a far longer and more dangerous voyage in those early days than is now the voyage to Europe.

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laer's Hook; two of the sons of Peter Stuyvesant held two fine lots of land below Trinity Church which he had given them. Van Der Grist's house was on Broadway, just below. The ground where Trinity Church now stands was known as the "Governor's Garden." Wall street was only a line of palisades, Lovelace afterwards purchased the farm of Domine Bogardus; it came into the possession of the crown, and was then given to Trinity Church. Of the scanty English population many names survive. Matthias Nicolls, the Secretary, left some descendants. Willett, the first mayor of New York, was very much liked by his contemporaries, and the name is still well known. John Lawrence, a merchant from Long Island, held various important offices, and left several descendants, Allard Anthony, the Dutch Schout and English Sheriff, is commemorated in Anthony

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have come to the city from the banks of the Hudson.

Nicolls returned to England to mingle in the pleasures and pains. that followed the royal court. It is hardly likely that he could have found any satisfaction in them. He may have gone in retirement to Ampthill, his ancestral seat. He never married. He had two brothers who died before him. One of his uncles was Dean of Chester, and several of his relatives were noted scholWhen the second Dutch war broke out, he went on board the fleet, served on the Royal Prince, and was killed at the battle of Solebay, May 28, 1672. He was then forty-seven years old. In his will, which is dated on board the Royal Prince, May 11, 1672, he gives various legacies to his cousins and seems to have not been

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in want of money. He was buried at Ampthill. He will be remembered as the first English governor of New York, the first to point out the rare advantages of its situation and foretell the future greatness of the metropolis of the New World.

A DIRECTORY FOR THE CITY OF NEW YORK IN 1665.

'T MARCKTVELT (east side of Bowling Green, now the beginning of Broadway).

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THE CINGEL, or Outside CITY WALL (north side of Wall street).

John Johnson Van Langendyck,

John Teunizen Molenaar,
John Videt,

Abraham Kermer,

Gertie Schoorsteenvegers,

Guliam d'Honneur,
Henry Obe,

Balthazar De Haart,

Charles Van Bruggh,
Garret Jansen Stavast,
Hans Stein,

Jacob Jansen,

Dirck De Wolspinder,

Barent Eghbertzen,

Peter Jansen,

Dirck Van Clyf.

DE WAAL (South side of Wall street).

Sybrant Jansen Galina,

Cornelius Jansen Van Hoorn,

Adolph Pietersen,

Jacob Hendricksen Varravanger,

Renier Rycken,

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'T WATER (now west side of Whitehall from State to Pearl street, and north side of Pearl from Whitehall to Broad, then facing the river).

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