1810, MARCH 1.A cortes, or council of the whole nation, met at Cadiz, Spain.

Representatives were present from Mexico.

1810, MARCH.-The legislature of Pennsylvania passed a law forbidding incorporated companies from issuing notes or performing the functions of banks.

1810.- THE first house was built on the site of the city of Rochester, New York.

In 1812 it was laid out as a village by Nathaniel Rochester and two associates. In 1817 it was incorporated, and in 1834 received a city charter.

1810. THE Adirondack Iron and Steel Company was incorporated with a capital of one million dollars.

The first furnace was built in a secluded spot among the Adirondack Hills. Subsequently the first cast steel was made by them.

1810.- ELKANAH WATSON exhibited three merino sheep at Pittsfield, Massachusetts.

1810. THE Census of this year gave returns from eleven states and territories.

It gave two thousand, five hundred and twenty-six saw-mills for common purposes, and twenty-one mahogany-mills: of these, all the mahogany-mills and nineteen hundred and ninety-five of the others belonged to Pennsylvania. The quantity of lumber sawed was ninety-four million feet, of which seventy-four were sawed in Pennsylvania. From New York and several other of the lumber states there was no return. Maryland had three hundred and ninety-nine wheat-mills. The county of Providence, Rhode Island, had twenty-two grist and twenty-eight saw-mills.

1810, MARCH 13.—The legislature of New York organized a commission to examine and report upon the route for inland navigation from the Hudson to the Lakes.

1810.-CONGRESS introduced the rule, at its session this year, of setting apart one day in the week for the consideration of private bills.

1810, MARCH 23. - France issued a decree, known as the Rambouillet Decree, ordering the sale of one hundred and thirty-two American vessels, with their cargoes, which had been seized for violating the French decrees.

The vessels with their cargoes were estimated as worth eight millions of dollars. The proceeds of the sale were to be deposited in the Caisse d'Amortissement. All American vessels, entering subsequently any French port, or port occupied by French arms, were to be treated similarly. The decree was not promulgated until May.

1810, APRIL.- Congress passed a bill excluding French and English war-ships from American waters.

The non-importation act was to expire with the session, and the President was authorized to announce it by proclamation in case either France or England should recall their offensive acts; or if one of them should do so, and the other should not, the non-importation act should in three months be revived against it by proclamation.

1810. CONGRESS appropriated sixty thousand dollars more for the construction of the Cumberland turnpike.

The discussion of schemes for internal improvements began, and it was proposed in Congress that the government should take half the stock in the companies formed for making a canal from Boston to Narragansett Bay; from New York to the Delaware; from the Delaware to the Chesapeake; from the Chesapeake to Albemarle Sound; from New York to Lakes Champlain, Ontario, and Erie; round the Falls of Niagara; from Lake Erie to the Ohio; round the Falls of the Ohio; from the Appomattox to the Roanoke; from the Tennessee to the Tombigbee. Turnpike roads, to form a great mail route from Maine to Georgia, were also proposed.

1810, MAY 22.-Instructions were sent to Pinckney, the minister to England, that if no successor was appointed to Jackson, who had been recalled, he should leave his post and return home.

1810, AUGUST 5.- France announced that the Berlin and Milan decrees were revoked, the revocation to take effect after the 1st of November.

"It being understood,” so the minister notified ours in Paris, "that in consequence of this declaration, the English shall revoke their orders in council, and renounce the new principles of blockade which they have wished to establish, or that the United States, conformably to the act of May, shall cause their rights to be respected by the English."

1810, AUGUST 31.-The English government responded to a demand from the American minister for a repeal of the orders in council, that they would be withdrawn as soon as the French decrees should be actually repealed, and commerce restored to its condition prior to their promulgation.

1810, SEPTEMBER 10.- Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla began his insurrection against the rule of the Spaniards in Mexico. He was a curate of Dolores.

1810. THE population of Mexico was estimated at six millions, of whom more than half were pure Indians.

1810, October 27. - The President issued a proclamation taking possession of the east bank of the Mississippi under the treaty ceding Louisiana.

The province of West Florida had revolted from the jurisdiction of Spain, and, declaring themselves independent, asked aid and protection from the United States. Mobile was still held by a Spanish governor from whom they feared an attack. Claiborne, the governor of Orleans Territory, was sent to take possession of the east bank of the Mississippi, with orders to use the military, if necessary, but

make no resistance against any place held by the Spaniards. A body of the insurgents from Baton Rouge having threatened Mobile, the Spanish governor wrote the government offering to treat for the transfer of the entire province.

1810, NOVEMBER 1.- The President issued a proclamation announcing the repeal of the French decrees, and the consequent cessation of the exclusion of French armed ships from the ports of the United States.

The proclamation was based upon the promise of the French government to repeal the decrees at this date.

1811, JANUARY 3.- Congress, in secret session, passed a resolution of unwillingness to allow a territory like Florida, in which the United States had such an interest, to pass into the possession of any foreign power from the hands of Spain.

The English chargé d'affaires had protested against the occupation of Florida, and his letter, with that of the Spanish governor of Mobile, had been laid before Congress. On the 5th, also in secret session, an act was passed authorizing the President to take possession of East as well as of West Florida, under any arrangement with the local authorities; and if any foreign power attempted to take possession, to repel force by force. The act was not made public for some months.

1811, JANUARY 14.- Congress passed a bill authorizing a convention in the territory of Orleans to form a state constitution.

The constitution was to adopt the trial by jury in criminal cases, and make English the official language. During the debate upon this bill, it was objected to by Quincy, the member of the House from Massachusetts, on the ground that it was unconstitutional, there being no authority in the Constitution for the erection of states out of territory acquired after the acceptance of that instrument. In the course of his remarks he spoke of it as a virtual dissolution of the Union, making it the duty of the objecting states to separate from it, peacefully if they could, but forcibly if they must. For this he was called to order, appealed from the decision of the chair, and was sustained by the House.

1811, FEBRUARY.-Augustus J. Foster was appointed minister plenipotentiary from England to the United States, to take the place of Jackson.

1811, FEBRUARY.-The legislature of New York passed a general law for the incorporation of manufacturing companies.

It remained in force until 1848.

1811.

THE non-importation act caused exchange on England to fall below par.

It went as low as twenty per cent. below. Specie payments being suspended in England, gold flowed to this country.

1811, MARCH 2.-Congress passed an act revising the nonimportation acts of 1809 and 1810, as against Great Britain, and authorizing the President to employ the army, navy, and militia to enforce it.

The time allowed in the President's proclamation for the repeal of the orders in council was about expiring.

1811, MARCH. Fulton and Livingston, at Pittsburg, built the Orleans, the first steamer ever run on the western rivers.

She was built under the superintendence of N. J. Roosevelt, was a sternwheeler, and made her first trip from Pittsburg to New Orleans in the winter of 1812. She was detained by low water at Louisville, and was wrecked at Baton Rouge in 1814.

1811. THERE was disturbance in Massachusetts upon the Waldo Patent.

This was about the last trouble concerning the settlement of the land question in Massachusetts.

1811, MAY 16.- An engagement took place off the coast between the frigate "President," Captain Rodgers, and the English sloop-of-war "Little Belt," Captain Bingham.

A court of inquiry decided that the "Little Belt" fired first. The affair created a great excitement.

1811, JUNE. The Massachusetts legislature passed an act giving tax-payers the right of paying their parish taxes to the minister of such denomination as they chose.

They had been, under the construction of the Supreme Court, obliged to pay them to the Congregational ministers.

1811, JULY 27.- Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla was executed.

He had been captured in March, after having been successful enough to threaten the city of Mexico.

1811, JULY.-There were this month five steamboats running from New York to Albany, and one to New Brunswick. On the Delaware there was one; on Lake Champlain one; on the Ohio one; on the St. Lawrence one.

Steam ferry-boats were also used between New York and Jersey city, or Paulus Hook. Like those still in use, they had rudders at each end, and were designed by Fulton.

1811, SEPTEMBER 7.-Niles's Register appeared in Baltimore, Maryland.

It was published by Hezekiah Niles, the editor of the Baltimore Evening Post. In 1827 his son, William Ogden Niles, became associated with it, and in 1836 continued it alone, his father retiring. It ceased to appear in 1848. It is invaluable for reference concerning the history of the country during the period of its publication.

1811. THE Federal Republican appeared in Baltimore, Mary

land.

It was edited by Alexander Hanson, and violently opposed the war of 1812. It was twice mobbed during the war- once on June 22, 1812, when the office was destroyed, and again July 26, when an armed resistance was made, and several of

the crowd shot, one being killed. The military was called out, and the defenders of the paper were conducted to prison, charged with murder. That night the mob sacked the prison, some of the defenders escaped, and others were beaten by the crowd. General Henry Lee was maimed for life, and General Lingan killed.

1811.- THERE were this year eighty-eight banks in the United States.

Their capital was forty-two million and six hundred thousand dollars, their circulation twenty-two million and seven hundred thousand dollars, and their specie nine million and six hundred thousand dollars.

1811, OCTOBER 5. — The "Merino Society" of the middle states held its first meeting at the farm of its president, Mr. Caldwell, at Haddonfield, New Jersey.

1811, NOVEMBER. outrage was accepted.

The offer of reparation for the Chesapeake

It was made by Foster, and consisted of a renewed disavowal of Berkeley's orders, the restoration of the seamen who had been impressed, and a pecuniary compensation to the families of those who were killed.

1811, NOVEMBER 8.— An encounter with the Indians took place near Terre Haute.

A force under Harrison had advanced towards Tippecanoe - an Indian village settled by Tecumseh and his brother, the prophet, who were engaged in organizing a confederacy of the tribes. The Indians attacked the camp, but were driven back, and Harrison with his force returned to Vincennes.

1811, NOVEMBER. -The President's speech at the opening of Congress was received in Philadelphia in nine hours and a half, and in Boston in sixty-four hours.

It was sent by special express, and was considered an instance of extraordinary dispatch.

1812, JANUARY 1.- The total debt of the United States was forty-five million, thirty-five thousand, one hundred and twentythree dollars and seventy cents.

This included the fifteen millions loaned to pay for Louisiana.

1812, JANUARY.-Congress passed bills for increasing the army, and appropriating $1,900,000 for the purchase of munitions

of war.

Twenty-five thousand regulars were to be enlisted for five years, or until discharged. Bounties were paid of sixteen dollars, three months' extra pay when discharged, and one hundred and sixty acres of land. The President was also authorized to accept within two years fifty thousand volunteers for twelve months, to clothe themselves, but be armed by the United States.

1812, FEBRUARY. At this time Oliver Evans, the first steamengine builder, had ten of his engines in operation, and orders for ten more.

They were from ten to twenty-five horse-power, and were used, one in Florida,