.

Silas Wells, of Miami County, always wore a gingham coat, and went by the name of "Gingham." His eccentricity is kept in remembrance by the town of Ginghamsburg. At Junction City three railroads cross; at Gore, a little corner of Hocking County is neatly inserted into Perry; Stringtown may have suggested the title of a recent novel. Our most successful manufacture has been Columbiana County-a compound of Columbus and Anna. A waggish legislator, when the name was under consideration, suggested that "Maria" be added, to read "Columbi-Anna-Maria."

By a treaty at Fort Industry, now Toledo, July, 1805, the Indian title to the Firelands was extinguished, and Connecticut gave them to such of her citizens as had been burnt out by the British during the Revolution. They were erected into Huron and Erie Counties, and Norwalk was appropriately named for the town that had suffered the most. The Indians were quiet until about 1810, when, fomented by Tecumseh and his brother, the Prophet, aggressions began again. Harrison's victory at Tippecanoe destroyed the power of the Prophet, but Tecumseh joined the British in the war of 1812, and showed himself a better man than his associates. The latter part of that war is marked by some brilliant victories. several within our borders: the stubborn defense of Fort Meigs; Croghan's gallantry at Fort Stephenson, this fight commemorated by Croghansville and Ballsville, which, with the Fort, have long been swallowed up by Fremont; and Perry's victory off Ottawa County, which is marked by a southern county and the town of Perrysburg, just below Fort Meigs.

The war deprived the Indians of the remainder of their lands in Ohio. In 1818, the northwest portion of the State was purchased, certain reservations being given to them. These were subsequently ceded to the United States, the latest by the Wyandots in 1842, and the last of the Ohio Indians were moved beyond the Mississippi.*

Among the Delaware Indians who were moved to Kansas in 1829 was Chief Johnny Cake. At the beginning of the Civil War he was more than once a caller at my father's house in Leavenworth. On one occasion the baby shook hands with him and said, "How do you do, Mr. Patty-cake?" at which the Indian's gravity was overcome and he laughed heartily.

Eighteen new counties were now formed, mostly from this territory, and were opened up for settlement. Of these counties, Seneca, Wyandot, and Ottawa ("a trader") were named for the tribes having reservations therein. The Shawanese were given theirs in Auglaize County. (The town of Shawnee is near their old haunts in the Hocking Valley.) The region was largely black swamp covered with a heavy forest growth except for the clearings about the Indian villages. Cutting down the forests and draining the swamps has given some of the richest land in the State; it required very hard work from the settler, but without annoyance from the Indians.

Rising parallel with the Lake along almost the entire northern border are ancient lake beaches which have afforded the best natural roads in the State, and which have been used in succession by buffaloes and Indians, and for the wagons of white men, at a time when the region was elsewhere impassable. These ridges are called in Lorain County North, Center and Butternut Ridges, five, seven and nine miles from the Lake, the Central ridge running almost the length of the Lake. Sand, Oak and Sugar Ridge are local names. Near the town of Ridgeville, in Lorain County, there are four ridges; in other places they are broken up into knolls or disappear entirely.

These counties have the latest and the friendliest association with the Indians, and many interesting local traditions. Wauseon, "far off," and Ottokee, are towns in Fulton County named for two great chiefs, by a man who loved them as brothers. There are several Roundhead townships. Zanesfield was owned by Isaac Zane, a Virginia captive, raised and married among the Wyandots; Wapakoneta, in Auglaize County, succeeded a Shawanese village of the same name, built by refugees from the Piqua towns. Lewistown, an Indian village, named for Capt. John Lewis, a Shawanee, was the center of the Seneca reservation. The Lewistown reservoir is his memorial to-day.

The last war known to Ohio soil, until the Morgan raid, which left no names behind it, was the Ohio and Michigan Boundary War in 1835. It was settled by a decision of Congress in favor of Ohio. Toledo was the center of activities and

the victory named the county for Governor Lucas. It is largely due to the oratory of Samuel Vinton, in the House, and Thomas Ewing, in the Senate, that we can have to-day a State D. A. R. Conference in Toledo.

The time limit of this paper has compelled a bare recital of the naming of our early towns while omitting a description of their settlement. The dangers and privations of the pioneers in this State are well known to us, but the horrors are somewhat worn off by time. We have a feeling that if they did not exactly enjoy their hardships, at least they were constituted differently from ourselves. One who was scalped as a child, but lived to marry and settle on our frontier, would naturally be somewhat inured to suffering and immune from nervous prostration. But there were as tender and beautiful women who crossed the river in those early days as among the ones who are enjoying the civilization that their heroism won. They followed their husbands as Rachel followed Jacob-and what brought them? Poverty, restlessness, the call of the wild, which at times dim and far off we still can hear, a desire for a democracy purer and stronger than the old colonies could produce brought them here. We do well to honor our forefathers of the Revolution, but Ohio Daughters are twice happy, for it is a mighty poor pioneer that doesn't make a glorious ancestor.

Our knowledge of the French in the Ohio Country is spectacular and evanescent. The associations of the British produce neither admiration for their courage, nor respect for their humanity. But we had a foe, during forty years of the occupation of Ohio, whose savage virtues at times shone brighter than our civilization. It is our boast that every foot of soil was honorably purchased from the Indians; but they sold with the bayonet at their throats, or to get them rum which white men had made a necessity to them. The Shawnee chief's message to Governor Gordon when leaving the Potomac, was: "The Delaware Indians some time ago bid us depart for they was Dry and wanted to drink ye land away, whereupon we told them since some of you are gone to Ohio we will go there also; we hope you will not drink that away, too." Yet afterwards in Ohio the other tribes bitterly blamed the Shawanese, who were as guests in the land, for being

Vol. XIV - 19.

the first to sell. White men easily become savages, but the Indian has not been civilized. Their tribes have all been honored in our nomenclature; some of the greatest chiefs have not; but there are many, like Tecumseh and Little Turtle, whose valour and high character wculd ennoble even a ridiculous name. Their deeds. too, are our heritage. But for us their tribes will pass away and leave not even the mounds of the earlier races. Let us hold fast what we have of their memories in this State, and, especially, let us not dissever

"Old places and old names;" but
"Guard the old landmarks truly,
On the old altars duly

Keep bright the ancient flames."

SONG WRITERS OF OHIO.

WILL LAMARTINE THOMPSON.

Author of "Gathering Shells from the Seashore."

C. B. GALBREATH.

The world no longer takes things for granted. The days of "original research" are upon us. The strenuous quest for the eternal verities works results at once constructive and iconoclastic. It reveals marvels and dissipates old illusions. The method of the analyst is merciless, as frigid as justice, as "uncompromising as truth." Woe to the tradition or the ideal that rests on sandy foundation.

Theories of beauty in the abstract are older than the science of ethics. Beauty in the concrete, if it be at all existent, is relative. We are variously impressed as we view the pages of art and nature. The things that to-day satisfy the soul with their sweet harmonies, may pall upon the aesthetic sense to-morrow. Rare indeed are the things attractive to all eyes and in all seasons beautiful.

The sentimental Frenchman, so runs the history or the legend, when his eye beheld the river that forms the southern boundary of our state, called it La Belle Riviere,-"The River Beautiful." The hand of man had not marred its banks; industrial civilization had not polluted its waters. It meandered in stately grandeur through the solitude primeval. We are told. that the Frenchman was mistaken — that even then it was somber rather than beautiful.

Passing over the varied comments of early explorers and the fervid tributes of some of our later poets, it may be observed that the great English novelist, who first visited America in a somewhat critical mood, found the Ohio "a fine, broad river, always, but in some parts much wider than in others; and then there is usually a green island, covered with trees, dividing it