125. Contemporary jurists, P. and Sex. Aelius etc., p. 180. 126. M. Fulvius Nobilior and his son Q., p. 181. 127. Contemporary historians, 130. First twenty years, p. 184. 131. Orators: Africanus the Younger, his friends and opponents, p. 184. 132. Historians of this period, esp. Cassius Hemina and Piso Frugi, p. 186. 133. Jurists of the same period, esp. M. Manilius, M. Brutus, and P. Mucius Scaevola, p. 188. 134. L. Accius, p. 190. 135. Period of the Gracchi (a. 620/134-635/119). Ti. and C. Gracchus, p. 193. 136. The other orators of the Gracchan period, esp. C. Carbo, C. Fannius C.f., M. Scaurus, C. Curio, p. 195. 137. Historians of this period, esp. C. Fannius M.f., and Coelius Antipater, p. 197. 138. Antiquarians and scholars of the Gracchan period: esp. Tuditanus and Junius Gracchanus, p. 201. 139. Stoics and jurists of this period, C. Blossius and Q. Tubero, Q. Scaevola Augur, p. 202. 140. The period following the Gracchi (a. 635/119-650/104), general view, 141. Orators of this period: T. Albucius, C. Fimbria, C. Titius and others, p. 204. 142. P. Rutilius Rufus, Q. Lutatius Catulus and Sempronius Valerius Aedituus, Porcius Licinus etc. p. 214. 147. Didactic writers: Q. Valerius, Terentius Libo, Volcacius Sedigitus, p. 215. 148. L. Aelius Stilo and 149. The years 650/104-670/84: general view, p. 217. 150. Poets of this period: A. Furius, Cn. Matius, Laevius, p. 217. 151. Writers of Atellanae : Pomponius and Novius, p. 220. 152. The chief orators of this period: M. Antonius and L. Crassus, p. 221. 153. Orators of the second rank, esp. L. Philippus, Caesar Strabo, C. Cotta, P. Sulpicius, C. Curio, p. 223. 154. The jurists of this period: Q. Scaevola Pontifex and his pupils and fellow-jurists, 155. The Annalists of this period: Quadrigarius, Valerius Antias, Aufidius, p. 227. 156. Sisenna and Licinius Macer, p. 230. 157. Sulla and Lucullus, C. Piso, p. 233. 158. Other historical writers of the Sullan period: L. Manlius, Voltacilius, Tarquitius Priscus, p. 234. 159. Learned writers, teachers, and scholars, esp. Plotius Gallus, Nicanor, Opilius, Gnipho, Cosonius, Ser. Clodius, p. 235. 160. Writers on agriculture and farming: Saserna, Scrofa and others, p. 238. 161. Adherents of philosophical schools, p. 239. 162. The Rhetorica ad Herennium, p. 239. 163. Inscriptions in prose and metre, a. 600/154-670-84, p. 242. PART II. THE GOLDEN AGE OF ROMAN LITERATURE. A. The CICERONIAN AGE, 671/83-711/43. General characterisation and review of the Ciceronian Age, p. 243. poetry, p. 254. 166. The prose works of Varro, p. 256. 167. Varro's work de preservation of Varro's works: the so-called sententiae Varronis, p. 264. 170. Nigidius Figulus, p. 265. 171. Q. Hortensius and other orators, esp. among the optimates, p. 267. 172. Atticus and other historical writers, p. 269. Translators of philosophical writings: Amafinius and others, p. 271. 175. M. Tullius Cicero: his public life, p. 274. statesman, p. 276. 177. Cicero as a writer, p. 277. works, p. 279. 178. Cicero as an orator, p. 280. 180. Fragments of other orations, p. 295. 182. Cicero's rhetorical writings, p. 297. 184. Cicero's philosophical works, p. 302. 185. Cicero as 186. Cicero as an historian, p. 314. 187. Cicero's correspon- 192. Poets of this period: Albucius, Egnatius, D. Laberius, M. Furius Bibaculus, 193. The elder generation, p. 331. 194. C. Julius Caesar: his public life, p. 195. Caesar's character and his writings, p. 332. 196. Caesar's extant commen- tarii, p. 335. 197. Continuation of his commentarii by Hirtius, p. 338. 198. Cornelius Nepos, p. 341. 199. Writers on augury, p. 347. 200. Valerius Cato, Orbilius and other grammarians, p. 319. 201. M. Porcius Cato the Younger, 202. The orators M. Calidius, C. Memmius and others, p. 352. 203. 204. The younger generation, p. 359. 205. C. Sallustius Crispus: his life and writings, p. 361. 206. His literary characteristics, p. 366. 207. The jurists Ofilius, Trebatius, A. Cascellius and others, p. 370. 208. Q. Tubero, Alfenus, Varius, C. Matius, p. 372. 209. Other adherents of Caesar (esp. orators), viz. Q. Cornificius, M. Antonius, L. Balbus: Caelius Rufus, Munatius Plancus and others, 210. Opponents of Caesar, orators and writers: M. and D. Brutus, C. Cassius, Cassius Parmensis, Trebonius, Ampius etc., p. 378. 211. Scholars and teachers: Ateius Philologus and others, p. 381. Varro Atacinus, Publilius Syrus and others, p. 383. and Licinius Calvus, p. 387. 214. Catullus, p. 391. 213. Ticidas, Helvius Cinna p. 399. 217. Epistles, II. THE POETS.—223. L. Varius and Aemilius Macer, p. 423. 224. P. Vergilius Maro: his life and circumstances, p. 425. 225. Vergil's character as a man and as a poet, p. 427. 226. Vergil's poetry: the Bucolica, p. 430. 227. Vergil's Georgica, p. 432. 228. Vergil's Aeneis, p. 434. 229. Lost works of Vergil, 230. The so-called minor poems of Vergil, p. 441. 231. Vergil's postu- mous reputation: the earliest commentators, MSS. and editions, p. 446. Cornelius Gallus, p. 450. 233. Codrus: Bavius and Mevius: Anser, p. 452. 234. Q. Horatius Flaccus: his life and circumstances, p. 453. 235. His cha- racter as a man and a writer, p. 457. 236. His Satires, p. 459. 237. His 247. P. Ovidius Naso: his life and character, p. 492. 249. Ovid's Metamorphoses and Fasti, p. 500. 250. Ovid's poems from exile, p. 504. 251. Apocryphal poems: literature, p. 506. 252. Ovid's circle: Ponticus, Tuticanus, Macer the Younger, Sabinus, Cornelius Severus, Albinovanus Pedo and other epic poets towards the end of the reign of Augustus, 253. Didactic poets: Grattius and Manilius, p. 512. 254. Elegiac and lyric poets, grammarians, etc.: Bassus, Proculus, Alfius Flavus, Gracchus: Priapea III. PROSE WRITERS.-255. The historians Octavius, Volumnius, Bibulus, Dellius, and the autobiographers: Cincius, p. 517. 256. T. Livius: his life and writings, Trogus, (Justinus), p. 531. 259. Fenestella, Arruntius and other historians of the later Augustan period, p. 534. 260. The grammarian Sinnius Capito, p. 537. 261. M. Verrius Flaccus. (Festus. Paulus.) p. 537. 262. C. Julius Hyginus, 263. Other grammarians, scholars and antiquarians of the period, p. 546. 264. Vitruvius Pollio, p. 548. 265. The jurists of the period: Antistius Labeo, Ateius Capito and others, p. 550. 266. Philosophy in the Augustan period: Q. Sextius Niger, Papirius Fabianus and others, p. 553. 267. The orators of the Augustan period: Q. Haterius, Messalinus and Cotta, Aeserninus, T. Labienus, Cassius Severus and others, p. 558. 268. The rhetoricians: Porcius Latro, Arellius Fuscus, Albucius Silus etc., p. 562. 269. Seneca the Elder, p. 567. 1 = ABBREVIATIONS. = = Ber. MBer. SBer. = Berichte, Monatsberichte, Sitzungsberichte (reports, monthly reports, sessional reports) of the philosophical and historical Faculties of the Academies at Berlin, Munich, Vienna and of the sächs. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften at Leipzig. Berlph Wschr. Berliner philologische Wochenschrift. BlfdbayrG. Blätter für das bayerische Gymnasialschulwesen. Herm. Hermes, Zeitschrift für klassische Philologie. JB. Jahresbericht über die Fortschritte der klass. Altertumswissenschaft. JJ. Neue Jahrbücher f. Philol. u. Pädagogik (the [old] Jahrbücher f. Philol. u. Pädag. are distinguished by the addition of the year). JJ. Arch. Archiv für Philologie (edited by JCHRJAHN and others). JJ. Suppl. Supplement bände zu den Jahrbb. für Philol. u. Pädag. (edited by AFLECKEISEN). NArchfädG.- Neues Archiv der Gesellschaft für ältere deutsche Geschichtskunde. Phil. Philologus, Zeitschrift für das klassische Altertum. RhM. Rheinisches Museum für Philologie, new series (the [old] Rhein. Mus. is distinguished by the addition of the year). WschrfklPh.= Wochenschrift für klassische Philologie. ZfAW. Zeitschrift für die Altertumswissenschaft. ZfGW. = [Berliner] Zeitschrift für das Gymnasialwesen. ZföG. Zeitschr. für die österreichischen Gymnasien. ZfRG.Zeitschrift für Rechtsgeschichte, Zeitschrift d. Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte, Romanistiche Abteilung. AL. Anthologia Latina, rec. ARIESE, see § 31, 4. CHATELAIN ECHATELAIN, paléographie des classiques Latins. CIL. Corpus inscriptionum latinarum, see § 40, 1. DIE. Dia lectorum italicarum exempla selecta ed. ESCHNEIDER I, Lpz. 1886. AEBERT, LdMA.= his Allgem. Gesch. der Literatur des Mittelalters im Abendlande. FPR. Fragmenta poetarum Romanorum, coll. et em. EBÄHRENS, see § 19, 4. GL. Grammatici latini ex recensione HKEILII, see § 41, 6. MIGNE his Cursus patrologiae (latinae) completus. ORELLI (OR.-HENZEN) = his Collection of inscriptions, see § 40, 2. PLM. Poetae latini minores, rec. et emend. EBÄHRENS, Lpz. 1879-83 V (the numbers are those of the volume and page. WERNSDORF'S PLM. distinguished by the addition of the name). PM.= Priscae latinitatis monumenta, ed. RITSCHL, see § 40, 1 1. 5. PRE. PAULY'S Realencyclopädie der klass. Alterthumswissenschaft. WILM.=GWILLMANNS' Collection of inscriptions, see § 40, 2. Wordsw. EL.=JWORDSWORTH, Fragments and specimens of early Latin, see § 61, 2. = Numbers to which § is prefixed refer to the Sections of the book. xii PART I: GENERAL VIEW OF THE SUBJECT. 1. The Romans lacked the versatility, manysidedness and imaginative power of the Greeks; their eminent qualities are sober and acute thought, and firmness and perseverance of will. Their intellect was directed to the practical, and sometimes degenerated into egotism and cunning, just as their perseverance often turned into obstinacy and pedantry. In the domain of state and law these qualities accomplished great and enduring results, while they were decidedly unfavourable to art and literature. 1. Cic. Tusc. 1, 2 quae tanta gravitas, quae tanta constantia, magnitudo animi, probitas, fides, quae tam/excellens in omni genere virtus in ullis fuit, ut sit cum maioribus nostris comparanda? (3) doctrina Graecia nos et omni litterarum genere superabat etc. De imp. Pomp. 60 maiores nostros semper in pace consuetudini, in bello utilitati paruisse. Cf. PLIN. NH. 25, 4. TAC. dial. 5 si ad utilitatem vitae omnia consilia factaque nostra dirigenda sunt. QUINTIL. 12, 2, 7 ego illum quem instituo romanum quendam velim esse sapientem, qui non secretis disceptationibus, sed rerum experimentis atque operibus vere civilem virum exhibeat. 2. VARRO RR. 1, 2, 2 vetus proverbium: Romanus sedendo vincit. Liv. 23, 14, 1 insita (Romanorum) animis industria. Liv. 42, 62 romana constantia, cf. 30, 7 and POLYB. 3, 75 extr. 27, 8 ἴδιον τοῦτο πάντῃ παρὰ ̔Ρωμαίοις ἔθος καὶ πάτριόν ἐστι, τὸ κατὰ μὲν τὰς ἐλαττώσεις αὐθαδεστάτους καὶ βαρυτάτους φαίνεσθαι, κατὰ δὲ τὰς ἐπιτυχίας ὡς μετριωτάτους. ib. 1, 39 ὄντες ἐν παντὶ φιλότιμοι διαφερόντως. 3. FRONTO epist. p. 135 Nab. putem, quia reapse nemo est Romae piλóσTOPYOS, ne nomen quidem huic virtuti esse romanum. The romana simplicitas (e.g. in MARTIAL. 11, 20, 10 and SYMMACH. epist. 7, 123; cf. HOR. S. 1, 3, 52) is frequently much less plainness than coarseness. Of the Romana fides also (Liv. 5, 27, 11; cf. more romano in Cic. ad fam. 7, 5, 3. 16, 3. 18, 3) the other nations formed a peculiar opinion. Liv. 9, 11, 7 semper aliquam fraudi speciem iuris imponitis. PLUT. Crass. 31. 4. The younger Africanus ap. MACR. sat. 3, 14, 7 eunt in ludum histrionum, discunt cantare, quae maiores nostri ingenuis probro ducier voluerunt. ib. 10 Cato, R. L. 1 B |