6. The first non-official (cf. Liv. 5, 50, 7. PLUT. Camill. S) funeral oration on a woman (his mother) was pronounced by Lutatius Catulus (cos. 652/102), Cic. de or. 2, 44. After that time this became customary (SUET. Iul. 6), at least for women whose sons had risen to high positions (PLUT. Caes. 5). Cf. § 267, 4. 356, 5.

7. SCHWEGLER, RG. 1, 16. HGRAFF, de Rom. laudationibus, Dorpat 1862. EHÜBNER, Herm. 1, 440. CMARTHA, l'oraison funèbre chez les Rom., in his études morales, Par. 1883.

82. There were also, in the very earliest times, songs in praise of the departed-some of them sung at the funeral procession to the accompaniment of a tibia (neniae), others at festival banquets by boys and later on by the guests in alternation, also to a tibia. Both these customs are of great antiquity, and the first, though in a degenerate form, existed also until later times; the second was dying out as early as several generations before the time of Cato the Elder.

1. TAC. A. 3, 5 Veterum instituta, . . meditata ad memoriam virtutis carmina etc. 2. FEST. 161. 163 nenia est carmen quod in funere laudandi gratia canitur ad tibiam; cf. Cic. leg. 2, 62 nenia, quo vocabulo etiam apud Graecos cantus lugubres nominantur (Poll. 4, 79 τὸ δὲ νηνίατον ἔστι μὲν Φρύγιον κτλ.). QUINTIL. 8, 2, 8. Originally they seem to have been sung at the funeral banquets and by the members of the family (cf. SUET. Aug. 100), later on, they were recited before the mourners' house, in the funeral procession, and at the place of burning by hired wailing-women, praeficae (so NAEVIUS in Ribbeck Com. 29 haec... praeficast, quae sic mortuum collaudat; PLAUT. truc. 2, 6, 14 praefica, quae alios collaudat etc. VARRO, LL. 7, 70 mulier. quae ante domum mortui laudes eius caneret and other passages), hence they became insipid and soon got into bad repute (nenia, ineptum et inconditum carmen etc. Non. 145, cf. PLAUT. asin. 4, 1, 63. truc. 2, 1, 3. PETRON. 47.58. CAPITOL. Clod. Alb. 12 neniis quibusdam anilibus occupatus, and other passages in TEUFFEL, PRE. 5, 395). JWEHR, de Rom. nenia (in the ярожεμπтɩкòv for ECURTIUS, Gött. 1868, p. 11).

...

3. Cic. Brut. 75 utinam exstarent illa carmina quae multis saeclis ante suam aetatem in epulis esse cantitata (deinceps, Tusc. 4, 3) a singulis convivis (a later custom adopted from the Greeks, MOMMSEN RG. 1o, 222, 452) de clarorum virorum laudibus in Originibus scriptum reliquit Cato! Cf. Tusc. 1.1. and 1, 3. Val. Max. 2, 1, 10. On the other hand, VARRO says ap. Non. s. v. assa voce: in conviviis pueri modesti ut cantarent carmina antiqua, in quibus laudes erant maiorum, et assa voce et cum tibicine. Cf. also HOR. C. 4, 15, 25 virtute functos more patrum duces . . . canemus, and 1, 12. This is referred to Numa in Cic. de or. 3, 197. QUINT. 1, 10, 20. Songs in praise of Romulus and Remus are mentioned by DIONYS. 1, 79 (from Fabius Pictor: ὡς ἐν τοῖς πατρίοις ὕμνοις ὑπὸ Ῥωμαίων ἔτι καὶ νῦν ᾄδεται). PLUT. Num. 5; of Coriolanus, by DIONYS. 8, 62. Cf. CZELL, Ferienschrr. 2, 170. 193.

...

4. Perizonius (Animadvv. histor. cap. 6) held these laudatory songs to have been one source of the Roman legendary history. RIBBECK, Gesch. d. röm. Dicht. 1,8. Niebuhr was of opinion that these songs formed a continuous epic poem, and hence originated the theory that this epic poem was the source of our extant version of Roman history, which he thought would account for its poetical charac

ter. On this view (which goes much too far and is now rightly discarded) see SCHWEGLER, RG. 1, 53. But on the other hand

WCORSSEN, Origg. 112. 162.

MAKREPELKA Phil. 37, 450.

83. We have relics of a similar kind in the inscriptions on votive offerings, pillars, tombs and vessels, of which we possess a large number belonging to the first centuries of the Republic, partly through literary and partly through epigraphic records. Of the first kind are 1) the inscription on the linen coat-of-mail of Tolumnius dedicated by A. Cornelius Cossus a. 317/437 (326/428?) and seen even by Augustus; 2) the tabula triumphalis of the dictator T. Quinctius of the year 374/380; 3) the sepulchral inscription of A. Atilius Calatinus (cos. 496/258). Of the second class: 4) the dedication on a golden fibula, probably of the 3rd century U.c., found in a grave at Praeneste; 5) the inscription of Dvenos, of the 5th century U.c.; 6) the dedication of the Marsian Caso Cantovios, probably dating from the second Samnite war (428/326–450/304); 7) the three oldest of the epitaphs of the Scipios, the inscription in memory of L. Cornelius Cn. f. Scipio (cos. 456/298), his son L. Cornelius Cn. f. Scipio (cos. 495/259) and the elogium of the latter in saturnian lines; 8) the inscription on the columna rostrata erected to C. Duilius in honour of his naval victory over the Carthaginians a. 494/260; 9) the inscription on the oldest milestone preserved, about 500/254.-Of other inscriptions the epitaphs of the Furii at Tusculum, several Praenestine inscriptions on cists and mirrors, as well as dedications from the grove near Pisaurum etc., may belong to the 5th century u.c. 1. Liv. 4, 20.

2. Liv. 6, 29. FESTUS 363 (Saturnian).

3. Cic. Cato 61 carmen incisum in sepulcro; cf. fin. 2, 116 (saturnian).

4. 'manios med fhefhaked numasioi' (right to left) i.e. Manius me fecit Numerio. Discovered 1886; FDÜMMLER, Röm. Mitteil. des deutsch. arch. Inst. 1887, 40. GLIGNANA, ib. 139. BÜCHELER, RhM. 42, 317. EWÖLFFLIN, Arch. f. lat. Lexikogr. 4, 143.

5. On a small earthen vessel intended for funeral offerings on the Novendial, found in Rome (1880) near the Quirinal, is a curious ritualistic instruction written from right to left, with saturnian assonances; HDRESSEL, ann. d. inst. arch. 52, 158. BÜCHELER, RhM. 36, 235. The text is given with critical notes in ESCHNEIDER'S DIE. 1, 19. Other short dedications on very ancient vases from southern Etruria CIL. 1, 43 seqq. DIE. 1, 20 sqq.

6. On this alternate (Bovσrpo&ŋdòv) inscription (lines 1. 3. 4 from left to right, lines 2. 5 from right to left) on a bronze tablet, found in 1877 in the Fucine lake, cf. FBÜCHELER, RhM. 33, 489. HJORDAN, Herm. 15, 5.

7. The epitaphs of the Scipios were discovered on the via Appia, a. 1614 and R. L.

I

1780, and have often been printed and explained. They are now found in Priscae Lat. Monum. t. 37-42. CIL. 1, 29-39 (also 6, 1284-1294). WILM. 1, 537. DIE. 1, 88-93. Those belonging to the time anterior to 514/240 are in the CIL. 1 no. 29. 31. 32. On these epitaphs see RITSCHL, opusc. 4, 213. MOMMSEN, RhM. 9, 462. RG. 16, 452. FBÜCHELER, JJ. 87, 328; anthol. epigr. spec. 2, 6. LMÜLLER, d. saturn. Vers 102 al. The Grecian tendencies of the Scipios show themselves also in the adoption of metrical epitaphs.

8. FRITSCHL, Inscriptio quae fertur columnae rostratae Duillianae, opusc. 4. 183. 204; PLMon. t. 95; also CIL. 1, 195. 6, 1300. WORDSW. EL. 170. DIE. 1, 391. The present text of the inscription cannot be the original, but dates from the time of the Empire; at the very best, it is the original text renewed and to a certain extent modernised (Ritschl, opusc. 4, 234), but the many forms of exaggerated archaism, standing side by side with later forms, as well as numerous material difficulties and its general prolixity, render Mommsen's view (CIL. 1, p. 40) more probable, viz. that the column originally had either no inscription at all, or only a very short and simple one, and that the extant inscription was made, when the monument itself was restored under Claudius, in accordance with accessible historical sources and with intentional imitation of the archaic style (esp. following the inscription of L. Aemilius Regillus relating to his naval victory at Myonnesos, Liv. 40, 52).

9. This milestone (milliarium) from the via Appia, now at Mesa, is published CIL. 10, p. 1019, no. 6838. DIE. 1, 283.

10. The tituli Furiorum CIL. 1, 65 DIE. 1, 60; the Praenestine CIL. 1, 54 DIE. 1, 41; those of Pisaurum CIL. 1, 167 DIE. 1, 68.—The inscriptions on coins, vessels, monuments etc. of this period, so far as preserved, have been collected in the CIL. vol. 1, where the pars prior (p. 1-40) contains the Inscriptiones vetustissimae, bello Hannibalico quae videntur anteriores. See also the selection: DIE. 1, 1-89. On the elogia § 81, 2.

84. The custom of a victorious army singing at their general's triumph ditties either praising or rallying him (carmina triumphalia), frequently in alternating form, is likewise very ancient.

1. Liv. 3, 29. 4, 20. 53. 5, 49. 7, 10. 17. 38. 10, 30. 39, 7. 45, 38. 43. DIONYS. 2, 34. 7, 72. APP. Pun. 66. PLUT. Aemil. P. 34 (8 σTρards ᾄδων τὰ μὲν ᾠδάς τινας πατρίους ἀναμεμιγμένας γέλωτι, τὰ δὲ παιᾶνας ἐπινικίους καὶ τῶν διαπεπραγμένων ἐπαίνους). Marcell. 8. DIO 43, 20. VELLEI. 2, 67. SUET. Iul. 49. 51. MARTIAL. 1, 4, 3 sq. PANEGYR. incert. 9, 18 extr.-For the amoebaean form (alternis versibus) see Liv. 4, 53. PLIN. NH. 19, 144. Cf. also § 3, 3. 11, 2 and 3.-The burden io triumphe, VARRO LL. 6, 68. TIB. 2, 5, 118. Liv. 3, 29. Cf. HOR. C. 4, 2, 49 sq. Ov. trist. 4, 2, 51.

2. Cf. FPR. 330.-ZELL, Ferienschr. 2, 148. GHBERNSTEIN, versus ludicri in Rom. Caesares priores compositi, Halle 1810. GUICHERIT, de carminibus Marciorum (§ 66, 2) et de carm. triumphal. milit. Rom., Leid. 1846.

85. The old weather-rules, incantations and magic lines and similar things bore likewise a popular character and were, as a rule, in saturnian rhythm.

1. FEST. 93 in antiquo carmine: hiberno pulvere, verno luto grandia farra,

9

...

camille, metes. Cf. MACR. sat. 5, 20, 18 in libro vetustissimorum carminum invenitur hoc rusticum vetus canticum: hiberno etc. SERV. Georg. 1, 101. PLIN. NH. 17, 14 and 28, 29 carmina quaedam exstant contra grandines contraque morborum genera etc. Ib. 27, 131 (in free trochaic measure: reseda, morbos reseda! scisne, scisne, quís hic pullus égerit radices? néc caput nec pédes habeat). CATO RR. 160. VARRO RR. 1, 2, 27 (charm against the gout) terra pestem teneto, salus hic maneto (saturnian). VERG. A. 4, 487. Buc. 8, 80. HOR. E. 2, 1, 138. TIB. 1, 2, 53. MOMMSEN RG. 18, 221. 459. Cf. § 11. Also BÜCHELER, RhM. 34, 343. BERGK, op. 1, 556.

D) LEGAL MONUMENTS AND LITERATURE.

86. The constantly increasing legal insecurity and inferiority in which the Plebeians found themselves, when compared with the Patricians, after the abolition of the royal power, led after many struggles at the beginning of the 4th century u.c. to the design and introduction of a common law of the country, by which the existing customs, most of them merely traditional and not fixed in writing, were at length systematised, and materially improved by the recently gained experience and the knowledge acquired of foreign states and laws; a process resulting in the legislation of the XII tables. Thus the civil law was regulated both theoretically and practically, laws of a religious and criminal character and some referring to the police being also included. These laws were at an early time commented upon, in order to keep them in harmony with practical law and the development of the language.

1. a. 300/454 lex Terentilia and the departure of three ambassadors for Greece. They returned a. 302/452, a legislative committee was then appointed (Xviri legibus scribundis), which commenced its functions in May 303; at first 10 tables were drawn up, and a. 304 two others were added. Hermodoros of Ephesus is said to have assisted them.

2. The legislation of Solon was fixed on as the model, Cic. leg. 2, 59. 64. Dig. 10, 1, 13. 47, 22, 4. PLUT. Sol. 21. 23. FHOFMANN Beitr. z. Gesch. d. griech. und röm. Rechts (Wien 1870), p. 1 sqq.

3. The XII tabulae were fons omnis publici privatique iuris, Liv. 3. 34. Cf. DIONYS. 10, 3. AUSON. op. 26, 61. Tac. A. 3, 27. The two last tables are fre- / quently excluded from the usual praise, Cic. de rep. 2, 61. 63.

107

4. DIOD. 12, 26 ẞpaxéws xai ȧmeρíTTWS σVYKELμÉVN. GELL. NA. 20, 1, 4 eleganti 236 atque absoluta brevitate verborum scriptae, but also quaedam obscurissima aut durissima etc.

163

5. They were graven on bronze (Liv. 3, 57. DIONYS. 10, 57. DIOD. 12, 26). After the retreat of the Gauls (365/389) the consular tribunes ordered foedera ac leges (erant autem eae XII tabulae .) conquiri quae comparerent (Liv. 6, 1). Until the time of Cicero they were learnt by heart in the schools, Cic. leg. 2, 9. 59. In Diodoros' time (12, 26 διέμεινε θαυμαζομένη μέχρι τῶν καθ ̓ ἡμᾶς καιρῶν) and

that of A. Gellius (20, 1) they were still in existence. As for the time of Cyprian, nothing certain appears from his rhetorical expression: ad Donat. 10 incisae sint licet leges XII tabulis et publico aere praefixo iura praescripta sint,— inter leges ipsas delinquitur, inter iura peccatur).

6. Commentators: Sex. Aelius Catus (Cic. leg. 2, 59. Top. 10. POMPON. dig. 1, 2, 2. § 38), L. Acilius (Cic. leg. 1.1.), L. Aelius Stilo (§ 148, 1 sqq.), Ser. Sulpicius Rufus (dig. 50, 16, 237. FEST. 210, 322 cf. 174. 321. 376), Antistius Labeo (GEll. NA. 1, 12, 18. 7, 15, 1. 20, 1, 13), Valerius (FEST. 321. cf. 253. 355. RSCHÖLL, XII tabb. p. 35), Gaius (of whose commentary 20 fragments have been preserved in the Digests).

7. Since Gothofredus (see Orro's Thesaur. iur. rom. 3, 1), the fragments of the XII tables have been collected and explained esp. by HEDIRKSEN, Kritik u. Herstellung des Textes der Zwölftafelfragmente, Lpz. 1824. Legis XII tabb. reliquiae, ed. prolegomena add. RSCHÖLL, Lps. 1866. MVOIGT, d. XII Tafeln, Gesch. u. Syst. usw. nebst den Fragmenten, Lpz. 1884 II. BRUNS, fontes 5 14.On the legislation of the XII tables see esp. SCHWEGLER, RG. 3, 1.—OKARLowa, röm. Rechtsgesch. 1, 108.

87. The concession of the XII tables soon lost part of its value to the Plebeians by the cleverness with which the Patricians succeeded in obtaining the exclusive right of explaining and applying them. Especially their knowledge of the precise forms of legal proceedings (legis actiones), as well as of the days on which they were religiously admissible, was withheld from the Plebeians.

1. Interpretatio legum, auctoritas prudentum, disputatio fori (ius civile in a limited sense), POMPON, dig. 1, 2, 2. § 5. Et interpretandi scientia et actiones apud collegium pontificum erant, ib. § 6; cf. VAL. MAX. 2, 5, 2.

2. The legis actiones are partly older than the XII tables, esp. those per sacramentum and probably also the one per iudicis (arbitrive) postulationem; less probably those per condictionem, per manus iniectionem, per pignoris capionem. PRE. 4, 902. ASCHMIDT, de originibus legis actionum, Frieb. 1857. FLV KELLER, röm. Civilproc., v. AWACH, Lpz. 1883 (and the literature there quoted).

3. PLIN. NH. 33, 17 diebus fastis, quos populus a paucis principum quotidie petebat, cf. Cic. Mur. 25. Cf. § 74.

88. This state of things was improved by Cn. Flavius Anni f. as curule aedile a. 450/304 publishing, with the assistance of Ap. Claudius, a calendar of the religious festivals and the legis actiones: Fasti and ius Flavianum.

1. Liv. 9, 46 Cn. Flavius

civile ius repositum in penetralibus pontificum evulgavit fastosque circa forum in albo proposuit ut quando lege agi posset sciretur, PLIN. NH. 33, 17 Appii Caeci (see § 90) scriba, cuius hortatu exceperat eos dies consultando assidue sagaci ingenio. VAL. MAX. 2, 5, 2.

2. Legis actiones composuit, Cic. Att. 6, 1, 8; cf. de or. 1, 186. POMPON. dig. 1, 2, 2. 7. Hic liber, qui actiones continet, appellatur ius civile Flavianum, POMPON. 1.1.