ations, and it was circulated in numerous copies. The originator of this text was perhaps Antonio Beccadelli of Palermo: see on him GVOIGT, Wiederbel. d. klass. Altert. 12, 480, and on his Plautine studies GSCHEPSS, BlfdbayrGW. 16, 97. To these interpolated MSS. belongs the Lipsiensis (F). Cf. RITSCHL, Op. 2, 23; and on the MSS. of Camerarius ib. 103. 125. 3, 80. 105. 5, 59. Ed. of the Trin. p. VIII.

1

9. Opposed to all these MSS., which are collectively based on the same original (and therefore show the same gaps and corruptions, e.g. Trin. 944-8), is the palimpsest (from Bobbio) of the Ambrosian library in Milan (cod. Ambros. G. 32 sup. s. IV/V), which however omits 7 of the plays entirely, while the others are in part very incomplete. Cf. AMAI, M. Acci Plauti fragmenta inedita etc., Mediol. 1815 (also in OSANN, Anal. crit. p. 205). Facsimile in Zangemeister-Wattenbach, Ex. codd. latt. t. 6 and in CHATELAIN 1.1. t. 1.-FRITSCHL, Op. 2, 167 and Proleg. z. Trin. 1 cap. I, VI, VII; Trin. 2 p. VII. GEPPERT, üb. d. cod. Ambros. u. s. Einfluss auf die plautinische Kritik, Lpz. 1847; Mitteilungen aus dem cod. Ambros. (Plautin. Stud. 2 Hft., Berl. 1871). WSTUDEMUND RhM. 21, 574 and Würzb. Festgruss (1868) 39; by whom the publication of the MS. has long been promised. New collation of A by GLöwe in the second edition of Plautus by Ritschl (n. 11) : cf. also Löwe's coniectan. Plaut. ad cod. Ambros. maximam partem spectantia, Lps. 1877; cf. the same in Götz' edition of the Epid. p. v. See also HUSENER JJ. 91, 263.

10. In comparison with the text given in the Ambros. that of the Palatini, often greatly varying from it, possesses a decidedly high independent value, though it has probably been overrated recently in depreciation of the Ambros., e.g. by RITSCHL on the Trin. 2 p. xI.; op. 3, 791. BERGK, Beitr. z. lat. Gramm. 1, 129. AFLECKEISEN, JJ. 101, 709. BBAIER, de Pl. fabb. recensionibus ambros. et palat., Bresl. 1884 (and OSEYFFERT, Berl.ph Wschr. 1886, 716). ELEIDOLPH, Commentatt. Ienens. 2, 208. In certain formulas the divergence between the two texts is almost uniform; STUDEMUND, RhM. 21, 606. Cf. FSCHÖLL, divin. in Truc., Lpz. 1876. MNIEMEYER, de Pl. fabb. recensione duplici, Berl. 1877. On the antiquity, origin, and relative value of the two texts see conjectures in LEIDOLPH 1.1. 210.— Scanty traces of stichometric arrangement in the Trin. and Truc. RITSCHL on the Trin. p. LXV and KDZIATZKO, JJ. 127, 2 61.

11. Critical account of the editions and text of Plautus (down to Bothe) by RITSCHL, Op. 2, 1. The later Palatine MSS. were first employed by their owner Joach. Camerarius (chamberlain): separate editions by him from 1530; complete edition Bâle 1552; supplement to this 1553; see for Camerarius' editions of Plautus RITSCHL, op. 3, 67 and GGötz, RhM. 41, 629. DLAMBINUS' commentary (and text) was published in Paris 1576, FTAUBMANN's commentary Wittenb. 1605, subsequently (with more ample notices from the MSS. of Camerarius, since transferred to Heidelberg, and others) in 1612, and best (ex recogn. Iani Gruteri) in 1621.-Ed. JPнPAREUS, Francof. 1610; together with the (for the period) excellent collection of variants from the Palatine MSS. Neapoli Nemetum (Neustadt in the Palatinate) 1619-Francof. 1623; and (without the collection of variants, but with a more complete enumeration of the fragments) Francof. 1641. By the same PAREUS lexicon Plautinum, Hanoviae 1634.-Ex rec. FGuieti ed. (unreliable) MDEMAROLLES, Par. 1658 (see EBENOIST, le Plaute de FGuyet, Mėl. Graux, Par. 1884, 461).-The vulgate (and verse-numeration) accepted down to Ritschl was founded on the edition of JFGRONOV (Leiden 1664. 1669. 1684; c. praef. ERNESTI, Lps. 1760 II).-Ed. FHBOTHE, Berl. 1809-11 IV, and vols. 1 and 2 of the Poetae scen. lat. Halberst. 1821=Stuttg. 1829 sq. IV.—Cum nott. varr. cur. JNAUDET, Par. 1830 IV (vol. 4 index).—Rec. interpr. est CWWEISE, Quedlinb.

1837. 1847 (with list of words, 2 ed. 1886) II, and Lpz. ap. Tauchnitz.-Epochmaking: ex rec. et cum apparatu critico FRITSCHELII, Tom. I (Prolegomena, Trin., Mil., Bacch.). II (Stich. Pseud. Men. Most.). III (Persa, Merc.), Bonn 1848-54. Simultaneously an edition of the text. (Cf. AFLECKEISEN, JJ. 60, 234. 61, 17. THBERGK, kl. Schr. 1, 1. 29. 106.) Second revision begun by RITSCHL, continued by GLöwe, GGötz, FSCHÖLL: I Trin. (1884) Epid. Curc. Asin. Truc. 1871— 1881. II Aul. Amph. Merc. Stich. Poen. 1882-1884. III 1 Bacch. 1886. 2 Capt. 1887. Rud. 1887.-Ex recogn. AFLECKEISENI, Lps. 1859 II (10 plays). Rec. et enarr. JLUSSING, Kopenh. 1875–1886 V (III, 1 Cas. Cist., has not yet appeared). Recogn. FLEO I (Amph. As. Aul. Bacch.), Berl. 1885.-Plaute. Morceaux choisis publ. par EBENOIST, Paris 2 1877.

12. Germ. transll.: KÖPKE, Berl. 1809. 1826 II. ROST (9 plays), Lpz. 1836 ; MRAPP, Stuttg. 1838 sqq.; WHERTZBERG (Trin. Mil. Capt. Rud.), Stuttg. 1861; WBinder, Stuttg. 1862 sqq.; JJCDONNER, Heidelb. 1864 sqq. III. Eng. BONNELL THORNTON, Lond. 1769.

13. Textual criticism e.g.: PSCHROEDER, Bentley's Emendatt. z. Pl., Heilbr. 1880. EASONNENSCHEIN, Bentley's Plautine emendations (Anecd. Oxon. 1 [1883], 178); cf. above § 97, 4, 1. FRITSCHL, Op. 2, 274. 3, 166 and elsewhere. AFLECKEISEN, exercit. Plaut., Gött. 1842; Phil. 2, 57; krit. Miscellen, Dresd. 1864; JJ. 95, 625; 107, 501 and elsewhere. JBRIX, emendatt. Plaut., Brieg 1847. Hirschb. 1854; JJ. 101, 761. 131, 193 and elsewhere. THBERGK, Op. 1, 1. 673 and elsewhere. ASPENGEL, T. Maccius Plautus; Kritik, Prosodie, Metrik, Gött. 1865 (see on this esp. STUDEMUND, JJ.93,49). KHWEISE, d. Komödien d. Pl., beleuchtet, Quedlinb. 1866. AKIESSLING, in d. Symb. phil. Bonn, 833; RhM. 24, 115; analecta pl., Greifsw. 1878. 81 II. SBUGGE, Tidskr. f. Philol. (Kopenh. 1867 sq.) 6, 1. 7, 1; Phil. 30, 636. 31, 247; opusc. philol. ad Madvig. (1876) 153. WSTUDEMUND, Festgruss zur Würzb. Philologenvers. (Würzb. 1868) 38; emendatt. Plaut., Greifsw. 1871 and elsewhere. OSEYFFERT, Phil. 25, 439. 27, 432 29, 385; studia Pl. (Progr. d. Sophien-Gymn.), Berl. 1874. ALORENZ, Phil. 27, 543. 28, 183. CEGEPPERT, plaut. Studien, Berl. 1870, 71 II. ALUCHS, Herm. 6, 264. 8, 105. 18, 497. GGötz, acta Lips. 6, 235. GLöwe, coniectan. Pl., Lps. 1877. JLUSSING, Nord. Tidskr. f. Fil. 5, 54. PLANGEN, Beitr. z. Krit. u. Erkl. d. Pl. Lpz. 1880; analecta Pl., Münst. 1882. 83 III; plautinische Studien, Berl. 1887. HSCHENKL, Wien. SBer. 98, 609. AWEIDNER, adverss. Pl., Darmst. 1882. FLEO, RhM. 38, 1. 311; Herm. 18, 558. WABRAHAM, JJ. Suppl. 14, 179. ALORENZ, Berichte über die pl. Literatur seit 1873, JB. 1873, 341. 1874/75 1, 606. 1876 2, 1. 1878 2, 1. 1879 2, 1. 1880 2, 1. 1881 2, 1 and OSEYFFERT, ib. 1882 2, 33. 1886 2, 1.

M.

100. Q. Ennius, born a. 515/239 at Rudiae in Calabria, served in the Roman army 550/204 in Sardinia, where M. Porcius Cato fell in with him and took him to Rome. Here he too gained his livelihood by teaching Greek, and translating Greek plays for the Roman stage, and won the favour of the elder Africanus. Fulvius Nobilior, cos. 565/189, took the poet with him into his province of Aetolia, as a witness and herald of his deeds. His son obtained for Ennius the Roman citizenship a. 570/184, by giving him a lot (at Potentia or Pisaurum) with the approval of the people, as triumvir coloniae deducendae. Ennius died of gout a. 585/169.

1. The year of his birth is attested by Varro, GELL. NA. 17, 21, 43 (see § 101, 8); cf. Cic. Brut. 72. Tusc. 1, 3; see n. 2.-The poet himself mentions his birth-place ap. Cic. de or. 3, 168 Nos sumu' Romani, qui fuimus ante Rudini : cf. Cic. Arch. 22 Ennium Rudinum hominem. AusON. grammaticom. 17.

.

Calabris in

HOR. C. 4, 8, 20 Calabrae Pierides. Ov. AA. 3, 409 Ennius
montibus ortus. SIL. IT. 12, 893 Ennius
antiqua Messapi ab origine regis
Miserunt Calabri: Rudiae genuere vetustae, Nunc Rudiae solo memorabile
nomen alumno. SERV. Aen. 7, 691 ab hoc (Messapo) Ennius dicit se originem ducere.
SUID. v. Έννιος ποιητὴς Μεσσάπιος. Therefore Rudiae (now Rugge) near Lupiae
(the modern Lecce) in Calabria. Another Rudiae near Canusium in Apulia was
by STRABO 6, p. 281 and MELA 2, 66 erroneously considered to be the birth-place
of Ennius. Discussions on this question: ECOCCHIA, riv. di filol. 13 (1884), 31.
LMANTEGAZZA, Bergamo 1885. FTAMBORRINO, Ostuni 1885.-FEST. 293 quam con-
suetudinem (non geminandi litteras, § 104, 5) Ennius mutavisse fertur, utpote Graecus
graeco more usus. SUET. gramm. 1 antiquissimi doctorum, qui iidem et poetae et
semigraeci erant, Livium et Ennium dico etc. GELL. 17, 17, 1 Q. Ennius tria corda
habere sese dicebat, quod loqui graece et osce et latine sciret. He does not here
specify the language of his native country, Messapian: the area of Oscan
extended as far as Apulia and Lucania.

2. CORN. NEP. Cato 1, 4 praetor provinciam obtinuit Sardiniam, ex qua quaestor
superiore tempore ex Africa decedens Q. Ennium poetam deduxerat. Cf. HIERON. ad
Euseb. Chron. a. 1777=514/240 Q. Ennius poeta Tarenti (a mistake) nascitur, qui
a Catone quaestore Romam translatus habitavit in monte Aventino parco admodum
sumptu contentus et unius (? cf. Cic. de or. 2, 276) ancillae ministerio (cf. VARRO LL. 5,
163
ligionem Porcius-Licinus § 146, 4-designat quom de Ennio scribens
dicit eum coluisse Tutilinae loca). FRITTER, ZfAW. 1840, 370.

...

3. Cic. Arch. 22 carus fuit Africano superiori noster Ennius; itaque etiam in sepulcro Scipionum putatur is esse constitutus ex marmore. Liv. 38, 56 Romae extra portam Capenam in Scipionum monumento tres statuae sunt, quarum duae P. et L. Scipionum dicuntur esse, tertia poetae Q. Ennii. Cf. WELCKER, Trag. 1360. Portrait of Ennius with the inscription Q. E.? Bernoulli, röm. Ikonogr. 1, 234.Familiar relations with Scipio Nasica, Cic. de or. 2, 276.

4. Cic. Arch. 27 ille qui cum Aetolis Ennio comite bellavit Fulvius. Tusc. 1, 3 oratio Catonis, in qua obiecit ut probrum M. Nobiliori quod is in provinciam poetas duxisset. duxerat autem consul ille in Aetoliam, ut scimus, Ennium. AUR. VICT. illustr. 52, 3 quam victoriam (of Fulvius over the Aetolians) per se magnificam, Q. Ennius, amicus eius, insigni laude celebravit. SYMMACH. ep. 1, 21 Q. Ennio ex aetolicis manubiis captiva chlamys tantum muneri data Fulvium decolorat (cf. BERGK, Beitr. z. lat. Gramm. 1, 33, 1).

5. Cic. Arch. 22 ergo illum

Rudinum hominem, maiores nostri in

civitatem receperunt. Brut. 79 Q. Nobiliorem M. f., (§ 126, 2)
qui etiam
Q. Ennium, qui cum patre eius in Aetolia militaverat (inaccurate), civitate donavit,
cum triumvir coloniam deduxisset. (570/184, see Liv. 39, 44). Cf. FRITTER, 1.1. 383.
This explains Ennius' line: nos sumu' Romani etc. Cic. de or. 3, 168 (see n. 1).

6. Cic. Cato mai. 14 annos septuaginta natus-tot enim vixit Ennius-ita ferebat duo quae maxima putantur onera, paupertatem et senectutem, ut eis paene delectari videretur. Brut. 78 hoc (C. Sulpicius Gallus) praetore ludos Apollini faciente, cum Thyesten fabulam docuisset, Q. Marcio Cn. Servilio coss. (585/169) mortem obiit Ennius. HIERON. ad Euseb. Chr. ad a. 1849-586/168: Ennius poeta septuagenario maior articulari morbo perit (cf. ENNIUS ap. Priscian. GL. 2, 434 numquam poetor nisi si

podager; cf. also HOR. E. 1, 19, 7 Ennius ipse pater numquam nisi potus ad arma prosiluit dicenda; SEREN. SAMMON. 713 Ennius ipse pater, dum pocula siccat iniqua, hoc vitio tales fertur meruisse dolores), sepultusque (? cf. n. 3) in Scipionis monumento, via Appia intra primum ab urbe miliarium. quidam ossa eius Rudiam ex Ianiculo translata adfirmant (it may be, because a monument was there erected to him). His epitaph (see however § 115, 2) ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 34 aspicite, o cives, senis Enni imaginis formam. hic vestrum panxit maxima facta patrum etc., cf. ib. 1, 117. Cato mai. 73.

101. His greatest renown Ennius gained as an epic poet, by his eighteen books of Annales, which related the traditional Roman history, from Aeneas' arrival in Italy down to the poet's own time, in chronological order, now recording the events in the dry tone of the chronicler, now depicting incidents such as were effective for poetry with forcible pathos and felicitous colouring. The work was meant to be a pendant to the Homeric poems, and was also considered as such by the Romans-though there can be no doubt that its artistic value was but very small. It was important on account of the introduction of the epic line of the Greeks into Roman literature, besides many other details in which the Homeric style was imitated. The poet appears to have composed this work in advanced age and published it gradually in separate parts.

1. VAHLEN, üb. d. Ann. d. Enn., Abh. d. Berl. Akad. 1886, and the literature quoted § 104, 6.

2. DIOMED. GL. 1, 484 epos latinum primus digne scripsit Ennius, qui res Romanorum decem et octo complexus est libris, qui vel annales (in)scribuntur, quod singulorum fere annorum actus contineant, sicut publici annales quos pontifices scribaeque conficiunt, vel Romais (according to REIFFERSCHEID JJ. 79, 157, a title invented in the Augustan time; MSS. Romanis), quod Romanorum res gestas declarant.

3. B. I-III: Introduction and Regal Period. IV-VI: foundation of the Republic, conquest of Italy, Pyrrhus. VII: the first Punic war, in a brief summary, as the subject had already been treated by Naevius, who was spoken of in the proem in a somewhat contemptuous manner; see Cic. Brut. 75. In book 7 a personal description, in which, in Stilo's opinion, Ennius portrayed himself. (GELL. 12, 4). VIII and IX: the war with Hannibal. X-XII: the Macedonian war and its results (to the year 558/196). With the twelfth book there was probably a winding-up of the previous contents; in the epilogue the poet spoke of himself: see GELL. 17, 21, 43 consules Q. Valerius et C. Manilius, quibus natum esse Q. Ennium poetam M. Varro scripsit eumque cum septimum et sexagesimum annum haberet (therefore a. 582/172, three years before his death) duodecimum annalem scripsisse, idque ipsum Ennium in eodem libro dicere (see on this VAHLEN, die Ann. des Enn. 1886). Then a fresh continuation; XIII and XIV: the war with Antiochus (to the year 564/190). XV: Fulvius Nobilior in Aetolia (a. 565/189). Lastly a concluding group, opening also with a special proem, XVI-XVIII. PLIN. NH. 7, 101 (concerning fortitudo which had become a theme

for poetica fabulositas): Q. Ennius T. Caecilium Teucrum fratremque eius praecipue miratus propter eos sextum decumum adiecit annalem. Cf. BERGK, opusc. 1, 252. LHAVET, l'histoire rom. dans le dernier tiers des Ann. d'Enn., Mél. de l'école des hautes études 1878, 21. VAHLEN, d. Ann. d. Enn. 25. It cannot be ascertained from the fragments to what date the Annales were brought down. The latest event which they mention is the censorship of Fulvius and Lepidus 573/181 (Cic. de prov. cons. 20). The Annales were probably brought out gradually (in series of six consisting respectively of three books [?]).—Cf. on reminiscences of Ennius in Livy HHAGEN, JJ. 109, 271. WSIEGLIN, Chronol. der Belager. v. Sagunt, Lpz. 1878. BÄRWINKEL, Ennius u. Livius, Sondershausen 1883.

4. SUET. gramm. 2 Q. Vargunteius (cf. § 41, 1) annales Ennii, quos certis diebus in magna frequentia pronuntiabat. Cf. ib. 8 M. Pompilius Andronicus adeo inops atque egens ut coactus sit praecipuum illud opusculum suum Annalium Ennii elenchorum XVI milibus nummum cuidam vendere. For Gnipho's commentary on the Ann. see § 159, 5. Cic. opt. gen. or. 2 licet dicere Ennium summum epicum poetam, si cui ita videtur. MARTIAL. 5, 10, 7 Ennius est lectus salvo tibi, Roma, Marone et sua riserunt saecula Maeoniden. In a Pompeian mural inscription is the beginning of a line from the Annales CIL.-4, 3135 (see BÜCHELER, RhM. 27, 474). VITRUV. 9, praef. 16 qui litterarum iucunditatibus instinctas habent mentes non possunt non in suis pectoribus dedicatum habere sicut deorum sic Ennii poetae simulacrum. QUINT. 10, 1, 88 Ennium sicut sacros vetustate lucos adoremus, in quibus grandia et antiqua robora iam non tantam habent speciem quantam religionem. Cf. 2, 17,24 dicet notum illud (words of Ennius): Dum clavom rectum teneam; cf. 9, 4, 115. VULCAC. GALL. Avid. Cass. 5, 7 scis versum a bono poeta dictum et omnibus frequentatum: Moribus antiquis etc. GELL. 18, 5, 2 (Antonio) Iuliano nuntiatur anagnosten quendam, non indoctum hominem, voce admodum scita et canora Enni Annales legere ad populum in theatro (at Puteoli). ib. 3 Ennianistam appellari volebat. 4 quem cum iam inter ingentes clamores legentem invenissemus etc. 7 cumque aliquot eorum qui aderant quadrupes equus' apud suum quisque grammaticum legisse se dicerent, etc. ib. 11 is mentioned a liber summae atque reverendae vetustatis (the Ann. of E.), quem fere constabat Lampadionis (§ 138, 4) manu emendatum. SPART. Hadr. 16,6 Ciceroni Catonem, Vergilio Ennium, Sallustio Coelium praetulit. MACR. sat. 6, 9, 9 quia saeculum nostrum ab Ennio et omni bibliotheca vetere descivit, multa ignoramus quae non laterent si veterum lectio nobis esset familiaris.

se ille

102. Tragedies held the place of second importance amongst Ennius' productions. He seems to have translated Euripides in preference to other poets, perhaps attracted by his free thinking and his rhetorical and sententious manner. He also wrote praetextae and comedies, though he did not distinguish himself in this department.

1. We possess fragments of Achilles and (cf. KLUSSMANN in Jahn's Archiv 11, 325. OJAHN, Hermes 3, 191) Achilles Aristarchi, Aiax, Alcumeo, Alexander, Andromacha aechmalotis, Andromeda, Athamas (? FALANGE, quaest. metr. 16, 30; BSCHMIDT, RhM. 16, 599), Cresphontes, Erechtheus, Eumenides, Hectoris lutra (BERGK, op. 1, 295) Hecuba (FOsann, anal. crit. 126), Iphigenia, Medea exsul (cf. HPLANCK, Ennii Medea illustr., Gött. 1807. FOSANN, 1.1. 79. JVAHLEN, Berl. ind. lect. 1877), Medea Atheniensis, Melanippa, Nemea Phoenix, Telamo, Telephus,