Oels 1853; die hypothetischen Sätze bei Ter., Görlitz 1863. AHEINRICHS, de ablativi apud Ter. usu et ratione, Elbing 1858. 60 II. CSCHLÜTER de accus. et dativi usu Ter., Münster 1874. MSSLAUGHTER, the substantives of Ter., Johns Hopkins Univ. Circ. 6 (1887), 77. PBARTH, d. Eleganz des Ter. im Gebr. d. Adj., JJ. 129, 177. CREIN, de pronominum ap. Ter. collocatione, Lps. 1879. PTHOMAS, la syntaxe du futur passé dans T., Rev. de l'instruct. publ. Belge 19, 365. 20, 235. 325. 21, 2. EHAULER, Terentiana; quaestt. cum specimine lexici, Wien 1862. AGENGELBRECHT, Studia Ter., Wien 1883; Beobachtungen über. d. Sprachgebr. d. latt. Kom., Wiener Stud. 6, 216.-CHRGERDES, de translationibus Ter., Leer 1884. Cf. also n. 7. 7. Metrical (cf. also § 98, 9): The iambic and trochaic verses of Terence occur either in long regular series (stichic) or mixed in rapid and frequent alternation (lyrical). The lyric arrangement is found only at the beginning of scenes. Its laws have not yet been satisfactorily established in detail. But trochaic octonarii are invariably followed by other trochaic lines (Bentley's rule). Metres other than the iambic and trochaic occur only three times and each time in short passages: Andr. 481-485 (4 bacch. tetram. 1 iamb. dim.). 625–638 (1 dactyl. tetram. 9 cret. tetr. 2 iamb. dim. 2 bacch. tetram.). Ad. 610–616 (uncertain: choriambics preceded and followed by short iamb. and troch. series).—CCONRADT, de versuum Ter. structura, Berl. 1870; Herm. 10, 101; die metr. Kompos. der Komöd. des T., Berl. 1876) and on this KDZIATZKO, JenLZ. 1877, 59. ASPENGEL, JB. 1876 2, 372); JJ. 117, 401. BBORN, de diverbii ap. Ter. versibus, Magdeb. 1868. JDRAHEIM, de iamb. et troch. Ter., Herm. 15, 238. OPODIASKI, quo modo Ter. in tetr. iamb. et troch. verborum accentus cum numeris consociaverit, Berl. 1882. WMEYER, Wortaccent (see § 98, 8) 21. Über die Cäsuren des iamb. Trim. u. über DICE FACE DUCE bei Ter. OSCHUBERT, Weim. 1878 (§ 109, 9). FSCHLEE, de versuum in canticis Ter. consecutione, Berl. 1879. KMEISSNER, d. Cantica des Ter. u. ihre Eurhythmie, JJ. Suppl. 12, 465; d. stroph. Gliederung in d. stich. Partien bei Ter., JJ. 129, 289; de iamb. ap. Ter. septenario, Bernb. 1884. 8. Ethical: religious attitude etc. others; see § 98, 4 ad fin. Treatises by KESEBERG, HUBRICH and 112. The first writer of togatae of whom we know is Titinius, of a respectable plebeian family, a contemporary of Terence, whom he seems, however, to have survived. All his plays bear Latin titles and their plots prove them to have been tabernariae. The fragments show a broad and popular tone, a bold, lively and fresh manner reminding one of Plautus, while in consistent delineation of character Titinius was ranked with Terence, and applied his talent likewise, and especially, to the female rôles. 1. VARRO ap. Charis. GL. 1, 241 ñoŋ nullis aliis servare convenit (contigit?) quam Titinio, Terentio, Attae. RITSCHL, Parerga 194 (cf. op. 3, 125) concludes from these words that Titinius was born before Terence; but as the latter commenced to write at an early age, and as the existence of togatae during Ter.'s literary career is improbable and cannot be proved, Tit. may have begun to write after the death of Ter. 2. SEREN. SAMM. med. 1037 sq.: allia praecepit Titini sententia necti, qui veteri claras expressit more togatus. 3. We know of 15 titles; the fragments in RIBBECK, com. p. 133.-On Tit. see NEUKIRCH, fab. tog. 97. RITSCHL., Parerga 194. MOMMSEN, RG. 1o, 905. 113. Turpilius, also a contemporary of Terence, adhered to the palliata; he lived far into the 7th century u.c. He, like Terence, translated Greek plays of the New Comedy into Latin. The general tone in his fragments is more lively than in the lines of Caecilius and Terence; his diction abounds in popular elements, his metres are like those of Terence. 1. HIERON. ad Euseb. chr. a. 1914 (Amand. 1915)=651/103: Turpilius comicus senex admodum Sinuessae moritur.-The fragments in RIBBECK, com. 2 85. 2. Of the 13 titles known to us, all of which are in Greek, six agree with titles of Menander; the Demetrius was adapted from Alexis, Lemniae or Philopator perhaps from Antiphanes. It is probable that T. soon gave up writing for the stage, as the close of the 6th century U.c. coincides with the end of the palliata. RITSCHL, Parerga 188. 114. Other poets of palliatae in this period were Juventius and Valerius and perhaps Vatronius, who was little esteemed; ; Licinius Tegula is mentioned as the author a. 554/200 of a sacred hymn, and we find the two consuls of the year 581/173, Q. Fabius Labeo and M. Popilius Laenas designated as poets. 1. Iuventius comicus in VARRO LL. 7, 65, cf. 6, 50. Iuventius in comoedia, GELL. 18, 12, 2. Iuventius in Anagnorizomene, FEST. 298, rests on mere conjecture. PAUL. (p. 299 M.) incorrectly substituted Terentius.-RIBBECK, Com. p. 82 sq. 2. Valerius in Phormione ap. PRISCIAN. GL. 2, 200, whom several authorities identify with Valerius Valentinus (§ 140, 1). Or perhaps identical with Val. Aedituus? The latter is called ap. GELL. 19, 9, 10 vetus poeta, and is mentioned before Licinius and Catulus. Cf. also § 86, 6 and 146, 2. RIBBECK, com. p. 302 and LXXXVIII.-Concerning Vatronius (the name occurs repeatedly in inscriptions) PLACIDI gl. p. 13 Deuerl.: Burrae Vatroniae, fatuae ac stupidae, a fabula quadam Vatroni auctoris quam Burra (Пúppa was the title of a play by Diphilos) inscripsit vel a meretrice Burra. FBÜCHELER, RhM. 33, 309.-Unappropriated titles of palliatae: Adelphi, Hydria, Georgos; RIBBECK, com. p. 112. Mention of an old (?) comedy in a letter from PCDecembrio to Niccolo Niccoli 1412–20 (printed in MEHUS, epist. Travers. 35, 7 p. 1050) concerning the works which were possessed by the library of Giov. Corvini († 1438) in Milan: ex antiquissimis libris vetustissimi, quos carie semesos ad legendum facesso: . . . comoedia antiqua, quae cuius sit nescio. in ea Lar familiaris (as in Plaut. Aul. and especially in the Querolus § 436, 9) multum loquax est: volt ne parasitus antelucanum cubet, ut plostrum vetus, pelves et rastros quatridentes ruri quam festinissime transferat; is ne volt parere quidem eo quod gallus nondum gallulat. meo denique iudicio vetustissima. Cf. RSABBADINI, della bibliot. di Giov. Corvini e d' una ignota commedia, Livorno 1886. 3. LIVIUS 31, 12 in fin. : decemviri . . . carmen ab ter novenis virginibus cani per urbem iusserunt (in consequence of prodigies) donumque Iunoni Reginae ferri. . . . tum condidit P. Licinius Tegula. Cf. BITSCHL, Parerga 197. 104. See also § 30, 1. 107, 4.-On Fabius and Popillius cf. § 125, 5. carmen 115. Of the metrical inscriptions of the 6th century U.c. only a few of any length are preserved. 1. On the inscrr. in saturnians see § 62, 4. Among the epitaphs of the Scipios (cf. § 83, 7) nos. 30. 33 and 34 belong to this period (CIL. 1, p. 19 sq.). 2. The epitaphs of Naevius (in saturnians § 95, 1), preserved ap. GELL. 1, 24 and Cic. Tusc. 1, 34 (Enn.), of Plautus (in hexameters § 96, 2), Ennius (in elegiac metre § 100, 6 ad fin.) are not, as would appear, by the poets eulogised in them, but were composed at a later time by way of description of their literary characteristics. OJAHN, Herm. 2, 242. Only the epitaph of Pacuvius (ap. GELL. l.l. in iambic senarii § 105, 1) is entirely in keeping (both in form and matter) with the actual contemporary epitaphs, and may very possibly have marked the poet's grave. BÜCHELER, RhM. 37, 521. II. PROSE-WRITERS. 116. Of the earliest Roman historians, who wrote in Greek, (§ 2. 36) the oldest and most important is Q. Fabius Pictor, of the time of the second Punic war (born about 500/254). His ioTopía extended from Aeneas down to his own time, treating of the latter at great length. Polybios and Dionysius frequently find fault with him; but the first uses him as his principal authority in the second Punic war, and Livy seems to follow him in more details than he confesses. Besides the Greek work, there was also a later version in Latin. Works on the ius pontificium are attributed to him with little or no authority. 1. DIONYS. ant. 1, 6 òμolas dè TOÚTOS (the Greek writers on Roman history) καὶ οὐδὲν διαφόρους ἐξέδωκαν ἱστορίας καὶ Ῥωμαίων ὅσοι τὰ παλαιὰ ἔργα τῆς πόλεως ἑλληνικῇ διαλέκτῳ συνέγραψαν, ὧν εἰσι πρεσβύτατοι Κοϊντός τε Φάβιος καὶ Λεύκιος Κίγκιος, ἀμφότεροι κατὰ τοὺς φοινικικοὺς ἀκμάσαντες πολέμους. τούτων δὲ τῶν ἀνδρῶν ἑκάτερος οἷς μὲν αὐτὸς ἔργοις παρεγένετο διὰ τὴν ἐμπειρίαν ἀκριβῶς ἀνέγραψε, τὰ δὲ ἀρχαῖα τὰ μετὰ τὴν κτίσιν τῆς πόλεως γενόμενα κεφαλαιωδῶς ἐπέδραμεν. POLYB. 3, 9 κατὰ τοὺς καιρούς (of the second Punic War) ὁ γράφων (Fab. P.) γέγονε καὶ τοῦ συνεδρίου μετεῖχε Twv 'Pwμaiwv. Liv. 22, 7, 4 (at the battle of the Trasimene lake) Fabium aequalem temporibus huiusce belli potissimum auctorem habui. Cf. EUTROP. 3, 5 L. Aemilio cos. (529/225) ingentes Gallorum copiae Alpes transierunt. sed pro Romanis tota Italia consensit traditumque est a Fabio historico, qui ei bello interfuit etc. So also OROS. 4, 13. cf. PLIN. NH. 10, 71. After the battle of Cannae (538/216) Q. Fabius Pictor Delphos ad oraculum missus est (Liv. 22, 57, 5, cf. 23, 11, 1 sqq.). PLUT. Fab. Max. 18 εἰς Δελφοὺς ἐπέμφθη θεοπρόπος Πίκτωρ συγγενὴς Φαβίου (the Cunctator). Apr. Hann. 27 ἡ βουλὴ Κόϊντον Φάβιον, τὸν συγγραφέα τῶνδε τῶν ἔργων, ἐς Δελφοὺς ἔπεμπε etc. On his father and son see HAAKH in PRE. 6, 2911, 31. 38. On the regard for his own family shown in his work, see MoмMSEN, röm. Forsch. 2, 278. 2. Liv. 1, 44, 2 scriptorum antiquissimus Fabius Pictor. 2, 40, 10 Fabium, longe antiquissimum auctorem. DIONYS. 7, 71 Κοΐντῳ Φαβίῳ βεβαιωτῇ χρώμενος καὶ οὐδεμιᾶς ἔτι δεόμενος πίστεως ἑτέρας. παλαιότατος γὰρ ἀνὴρ τῶν τὰ ῥωμαικὰ συνταξαμένων καὶ πίστιν οὐκ ἐξ ὧν ἤκουσε μόνον ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐξ ὧν αὐτὸς ἔγνω παρεχόμενος. DION. 1, 79 gives the legend of the foundation of Rome after Fabius. See MoмMSEN, röm. Forsch. 2,9. On the other hand DIONYS. 4, 6 and 30 censures his pa@vuía in an insignificant detail. POLYB. 1, 14 says that he undertook the history of the Punic war dià τὸ τοὺς ἐμπειρότατα δοκοῦντας γράφειν ὑπὲρ αὐτοῦ, Φιλῖνον καὶ Φάβιον, μὴ δεόντως ἡμῖν ἀπηγγελκέναι τὴν ἀλήθειαν. ἑκόντας μὲν οὖν ἐψεῦσθαι τοὺς ἄνδρας οὐχ ὑπολαμβάνω, στοχαζόμενος ἐκ τοῦ βίου καὶ τῆς αἱρέσεως αὐτῶν, but Pictor (he says) was misled by his patriotic leaning to the Romans; cf. ib. 1, 58 and below. WÖLFFLIN, Antiochus 37. 39. 53 sq. POLYBIOS 3, 8 and 9 speaks of Pictor in his crotchety manner, influenced also perhaps by the rivalry between the Scipios and the Fabii. THLUCAs, Glogauer Progr. 1854, p. 10. HPETER, hist. rell. 1, LXXXIII. Liv. 1, 55, 8 magis Fabio, praeterquam quod antiquior est, crediderim. quam Pisoni. LIVY quotes him (besides this and the other passages already cited 1, 44, 2. 2, 40, 10. 22, 7, 4) at 8, 30, 9 and 10, 37, 14. It is uncertain whether Livy means especially Pictor when he mentions in a general manner antiquissimos scriptores or priscos annales or vetustiores scriptores; it is even doubtful whether, in large portions of his history, Livy made use of him directly as his chief authority (cf. E. HEYDENREICH, Fab. P. and Livius, Freib. 1878); likewise whether the portions of Diodorus which treat of Roman history are founded on Fabius Pictor (Diodorus mentions no other Roman historian, and mentions even him only once). This last question is answered in the affirmative by NIEBUHR, RG. 2, 192. 630, and MoмMSEN esp., röm. Forsch. 2, 273, has tried to prove it. For the other view see SCHWEGLER, RG. 2, 24. NITZSCH, Annalistik 226. BNIESE, Herm. 13, 412. CPETER zur Kritik d. Quellen d. ält. röm. Gesch. (Halle 1879) 118. EMEYER, RhM. 37, 610. LCOHN, Phil. 42, 1 etc. But Polybios. who frequently mentions Fabius (1, 14, 1 sqq. 1, 15, 12. 1, 58, 5. 3, 8. 3, 9), certainly made use of him. NIESE, Herm. 13, 410. GFUNGER, Herm. 14, 90; Phil. 39, 69. Especially too for the description of the Gallic invasions 2, 18 sqq. and in particular for the enumeration of the Italian forces 2, 24; see MOMMSEN, röm. Forschungen 2, 382. PLIN. NH. mentions Fabius in his ind. auct. to b. 10. 14. 15 and quotes him 10, 71. 14, 89. 3 The fragments of Pictor ap. HPETER, hist. rell. 1, 5. 109; hist. fragm. 6. 74. -WHARLESS, de Fabiis et Aufidiis rer. rom. scriptoribus, Bonn 1853; WNDURIEU, de gente Fabia (Leiden 1856) 165. HNISSEN, RhM. 22, 565. HPETER, hist. rell. 1, LXIX. THPLÜSS, JJ. 99, 239. KWNITZSCH, d. röm. Annalistik (1873) p. 267 and for the other view EHEYDENREICH 1.1. 4. PLUT. Romul. 3 (cf. 8) тà kupiúτara (of early Roman history) πpŵτos eis τοὺς Ἕλληνας ἐξέδωκε Διοκλῆς ὁ Πεπαρήθιος, ᾧ καὶ Φάβιος Πίκτωρ ἐν τοῖς πλείστοις ¿æηkoλoúlŋσe. The agreement in facts between Pictor and his contemporary Diokles may be more justly explained from their using the same sources (SCHWEGLER RG. 1, 412), or perhaps even by assuming that Diokles already made use of the Roman annalists. Cf. HPETER, hist. rell. 1, LXXX. MOMMSEN, röm. Forsch. 2, 279. 5. That Fabius Pictor did not commence his Greek work before the termination of the second Punic war is likely from the nature of the case, and also that he brought it down to the close of that war. The latter is rendered probable by APPIAN. Hann. 27 (see n. 1). 6. Latin passages are repeatedly quoted from Fabius Pictor as his authentic expressions, e.g. spelunca Martis, lupus as a feminine, duovicesimo anno, this last in a longer quotation ap. GELL. 5, 4, 3 (from a copy of the Annals of Fabius bonae atque sincerae vetustatis, of which the correctness was guaranteed by the vendor in libraria apud Sigillaria). Accordingly we are obliged to assume a Latin version. FRONTO, ep. p. 114 Nab. (§ 37, 5) can refer only to this Latin version. This must, however, have been later than the original Greek, as it presupposes a higher development of Latin prose, the earliest work in which is Cato's Origines (hence perhaps in Cic. de or. 2, 51 ut noster Cato, ut Pictor, ut Piso, and ib. 53 talis noster Cato et Pictor et Piso; but de leg. 1, 6, where the historical fact is mentioned, in another order: ad Fabium aut Catonem aut ad Pisonem?). It may be doubted whether the Latin version was made by the author himself, or by another, perhaps also called Fabius. But the supposition that there were two famous annalists of the name of Fabius (Pictor) (HPETER, hist. rell. 1, LXXVI. CLXXVIII. MOMMSEN, röm. Forsch. 2, 378) is not supported thereby. Many scholars take this second to be the jurist Servius Fabius Pictor, others again Fabius Maximus Servilianus (cos. 612/142), of whom it is, at all events, certain that he wrote historical works. A Numerius Fabius Pictor, whose name was founded on the corrupt reading ap. Cic. de div. 1, 43 (Aeneae somnium, quod in † numerum Fabi Pictoris graecis annalibus eiusmodi est) disappears with the emendation by MHERTZ, philol.-klinischer Streifzug 32; RhM. 17, 579; JJ. 99, 768, nostri. But from Cicero's words we may also conclude that the Latin version of Fabius' annals did not contain the dream of Aeneas at all, or at least not at such length, that it was therefore a kind of abridgment. This was also divided (either by the author himself or somebody else) into books; the first book is quoted by NoN. 518, 28; the fourth by GELL. 5, 4, 3.—LHOLZAPFEL, röm. Chronol. 351. WSOLTAU, JJ. 133, 479. 7. The work of a certain Fabius Pictor de iure pontificio is more likely to 345 belong to the jurist Serv. Fabius Pictor, than to the annalist Q. Fabius Pictor, notwithstanding Non. 518 Fabius Pictor Rerum gestarum lib. I. . . Idem iuris pontificii libro III. Cf. § 133, 3. 117. Pictor's younger contemporary, L. Cincius Alimentus, praetor 544/210, wrote a similar work, also in Greek, and as it seems, not without critically availing himself of historical sources. This annalist has, however, become a somewhat uncertain figure by his being frequently confounded with a later writer of the same name. 2 1. Dionys. 1, 74 Λεύκιος Κίγκιος, ἀνὴρ ἐκ τοῦ βουλευτικοῦ συνεδρίου, (places the foundation of Rome) περὶ τὸ τέταρτον ἔτος τῆς δωδεκάτης ὀλυμπιάδος (MOMMSEN, röm. Chronol. 315. PLÜSS p. 34 and JJ. 103, 385). Liv. 21, 38, 3 L. Cincius Alimentus, qui captum se ab Hannibale (at all events after his praetorship, prob. a. 546/208) scribit. 26, 23, 1 praetorum inde comitia habita. P. Manlius Vulso et L. Cincius Alimentus creati sunt. 27, 7, 12 legiones decretae: M. Valerio cum Cincio 2. DIONYS. 1, 6 (see § 116, 1) and ib. 79 πepì dè tŵv èk tŷs 'INías yevoμévwv KóïvTOS μὲν Φάβιος ᾧ Λεύκιός τε Κίγκιος καὶ Κάτων Πόρκιος καὶ Πίσων Καλπούρνιος καὶ τῶν ἄλλων συγγραφέων οἱ πλείους ἠκολούθησαν. Liv. 7, 3, 7 Volsiniis quoque clavos indices numeri annorum fixos in templo Nortiae etruscae deae comparere diligens talium monumentorum auctor Cincius adfirmat. As Livy never elsewhere quotes any but historical works, this passage is probably, as MHERTZ and others think, to be taken as referring to the annalist Cinc. The arguments of MERCKLIN, PLÜSS (p. 17, 25) and HPETER (hist. rell. 1, xv) only show the possibility of an |