filii eius, ex quibus ceteri oriuntur (MOMMSEN ordiuntur). But as his son became more famous in that field, the citation in FESTUS 157 (Cato in commentariis iuris civilis) as well as Cic. de or. 2, 142 should be rather explained of him; see § 125, 6. The quotations undoubtedly belonging to the praecepta tend to show them as a kind of Vademecum for a young Roman, though with a peculiar colouring from the author's strong personality; they attest (as do the dicta) his wonderful talent for hitting the mark (e.g. rem tene, verba sequentur; nihil agendo homines male agere discunt) and are composed in a categorical style, almost like oracles. (PLIN. NH. 7, 171. COLUM. 11, 1, 26.)

3. Both the expressions liber and carmen render it improbable that the liber Catonis qui inscriptus est carmen de moribus (GELL. 11, 2, 2; cf. Non. 465) 32 ́e. formed part of the praecepta. If it was in metre (see § 61, 1), it was far more probably in saturnian verses (RITSCHL, op. 4, 297. VAHLEN, ZföG. 10, 469. JORDAN 1.1. p. c), against which however we have the fact that the scanty fragments are trochaic septenarii (EKÄRCHER, Phil. 8, 727; 9, 412. ABÖскн, kl. Schrr. 6, 296), sotadeans (AFLECKEISEN, Catonianae poesis reliquiae, Lps. 1854) or even anapaests (BÄHRENS, FPR. 25, 57). LMÜLLER (d. saturn. Vers. 95) supposes Gellius to have made use of a late prose paraphrase (cf. § 103, 6).

4. Cato's letters to his son are mentioned by Cic. (off. 1, 10), and PLUTARCH (Cato mai. 20. Quaest. rom. 39), but the quotations do not show that they were part of the praecepta. It is uncertain whether Cato published letters addressed to others. JORDAN p. 83 sq. cf. p. civ sq.

5. Cic. off. 1, 104 multa multorum facete dicta, ut ea quae a sene Catone collecta sunt, quae vocant ȧæоpléɣμата. PLUT. Cato mai. 2 extr. μeOnpunvevμéva (from the Greek) πολλὰ κατὰ λέξιν ἐν τοῖς ἀποφθέγμασι καὶ ταῖς γνωμολογίαις (witty sayings and maxims, perhaps two different varieties of the same class) TéTAKTAL. See JORDAN p. cvi and 83, RhM. 14, 261 and JJ. 73, 384.

6. Cato's own dicta seem to have been collected soon after his death from personal recollection as well as from his writings (esp. speeches). Cicero and Cornelius Nepos must have known of such a collection; most have, however, been preserved by Plutarch; see the collection in JORDAN p. 97; cf. p. cvi sq. Thirteen sententiae Catonis from collections of apophthegms, see ap. WOLFFLIN, Senecae monita (§ 289, 10) p. 26.—At a much later time, nice discriminations of synonymous expressions were excerpted from his writings (esp. from the speeches) by grammarians, a proceeding which led to the mistake that he himself had written about Synonyms (differentiarum liber): JORDAN p. CVII sq. Cf. § 42, 4-On the disticha Catonis see § 398, 1.

122. Of all Cato's writings only his work de agri cultura — has been preserved entire. The first systematic part is followed, in a somewhat discursive manner, by a large number of receipts, rules for housekeeping, formulas for sales and leases, for sacrifices and domestic medicine. A special charm lies in the homely severity and simplicity of this work, and in its honourable zeal for improvement, which always asserts itself in a tone of authority: short sentences thrown out like aphorisms, but of great precision, succeed one another. The text in question has lost almost all its archaic style, and shows many signs of confusion, but notwith

R.L.

N

173

standing it represents Cato's work as a whole, and not a later revision.

1. The text is found in the scriptores R.R.; see § 54, 7; and esp. Catonis de agri cultura liber, Varronis rerum rusticarum 1. III. ex. rec. HKEILII I, Lps. 1884. The MS. text of Cato and Varro de R.R. preserved to us is founded on an old long lost MS. in the Library of S. Marco at Florence (Marcianus, § 380, 2), which APolitianus and PVictorius were able to use. Of this there is preserved Politianus' collation (now in Paris) and transcripts of the Marcianus, the earliest Paris. 6842 A s. XII/XIII, also Laur. 30, 10 s. xiv, Laur. 51, 4 s. xv, and others. KEIL'S praef. to his edition.-Translated by GGROSSE (Halle 1787). GANTER (Donauesch. 1844).—That it was preserved in its original form (Klotz supposes it to have been formed gradually from notes made incidentally for private use) is maintained by KLOTZ (on Cato's work de r. r. in Jahn's Archiv 10, 5; cf. his history of Latin literature 1, 22), LDietze (n. 4) p. 4 sq., HJordan, DLit.-Z. 1882, 1529. 1885, 157, OSCHÖNDÖRFFER, de genuina Catonis de agri cultura forma I: de syntaxi Cat. Königsb. 1885; for the opposite view of a modernised revision HKEIL, obss. in Catonis et Varronis de r. r. (Halle 1849), esp. p. 65. Textual criticism KEIL 1.1. and MBer. der Berl. Akad. 1852, 160 sq. HUSENER, RhM. 19, 141.

2. Name of the work in the MS. text: de agri cultura. Thus also VARRO RR. 1, 2, 28 in magni illius Catonis libro qui de agri cultura est editus. M. AUREL. to Fronto p. 69 legi ex agri cultura Catonis. On the other hand ap. Cic. Cato 54 in eo libro quem de rebus rusticis scripsi. Cf. GELL. 3, 14, 17 (de agric.), with 10, 26, 8 (de re rust.). KWNITZSCH, ZfAW. 1845, 493 attempted to prove that the work was intended as a guide for the cultivation of one particular estate, that of C. Manlius near Casinum and Venafrum: but the few indications which favour this view are contradicted by the mass of evidence. See also RREITZENSTEIN, de scriptt. R. R. p. 61. On the plants mentioned in the work see MEYER, Gesch. der Botanik 1, 341. On two magical formulas in it ТHBERGK, Op. 1, 556.

3. Ch. 143 is eminently characteristic of the spirit and tone of the whole; it treats of the vilica, e.g. ea te metuat facito. ne nimium luxuriosa siet. vicinas aliasque mulieres quam minimum utatur, neve domum neve ad sese recipiat. ad cenam ne quo eat neve ambulatrix siet. rem divinam ni faciat scito dominum pro tota familia rem divinam facere. munda siet. villam conversam mundeque habeat etc. 4. Language: FRONTO p. 114 verbis Cato multiiugis (§ 37, 5), p. 155 partim iligneis nucibus Catonis. QUINT. 2, 5, 21. Verrius Flaccus wrote de obscuris Catonis (GELL. 17, 6, 2 quotes b. 2). LDIETZE, de sermone Catoniano, Anklam 1871. GCortese: see § 118, 1. EHAULER, Arch. f. Lexikogr. 1, 582. SCHÖNDÖRFFer: n.1.

123. Of the contemporaries of Cato we know as orators Q. Fabius Maximus (Cunctator), Q. Caecilius Metellus, M. Cornelius Cethegus, P. Licinius Crassus (Dives), Africanus the Elder, the father of the two Gracchi, as well as L. Papirius and L. Paulus.

1. Q. Fabius Q. f. Q. n. Maximus Verrucosus, cos. 521/233, 526/228, 539/215, 540/214, 545/209; censor 524/230; dictator 537/217; PRE. 6, 2901. Cic. Cato m. 12 multa in eo viro praeclara cognovi, sed nihil est admirabilius quam quo modo ille mortem filii tulit, clari viri et consularis. est in manibus laudatio; quam cum legimus, quem philosophum non contemnimus? PLvr. Fab. 1 διασώζεται αὐτοῦ λόγος ἂν εἶπεν ἐν τῷ δήμῳ τοῦ παιδὸς αὐτοῦ μεθ ̓ ὑπατείαν ἀποθανόντος ἐγκώμιον. ib. 25: τὸ δ' ἐγκώμιον

αὐτὸς εἶπε καταστὰς ἐν ἀγορᾷ καὶ γράψας τὸν λόγον ἐξέδωκεν. Whether the quotation Fabius Maximus: amitti quam apisci' ap. PRISCIAN GL. 2, 380 belongs to it, is not certain: see HERTZ's note. His son (cos. 541/213) died probably not before a. 548/206; see PRE. 6, 2911, n. 32.

2. Q. Caecilius Metellus, cos. 548/206; PRE. 2, 23. PLIN. NH. 7, 139 Q. Metellus in ea oratione quam habuit supremis laudibus patris sui L. Metelli, cos. 503/251 and 507/247; dictator 530/224) scriptum reliquit etc. Cf. Cic. Brut. 57.

MWENDE, de Caeciliis Met. 1 (Bonn 1875), 18.

3. M. Cornelius Cethegus, cos. 550/204, † 558/196; PRE. 2, 686. As an orator he was praised by Q. Ennius, see Cic. Brut. 57-59. Cato 50. Enn. ed. VAHLEN P.

45. IV.

4. P. Licinius Crassus Dives, cos. 549/205, † 571/183; see TEUFFEL, PRE. 4, 1054. Liv. 30, 1, 5 facundissimus habebatur seu causa oranda seu in senatu, ad populum suadendi aut dissuadendi locus esset; iuris pontificii peritissimus. Cf. CIC. de or. 3, 134. Cato 50 et pontificii et civilis iuris studium.

5. Africanus the Elder, cos. 549/205 and 560/194, † 571/183 (see MOMMSEN, Herm. 1, 201); Cic. Brut. 77 ipsum Scipionem accepimus non infantem fuisse. Liv. 39, 52, 3 tribunus pl. M. Naevius (a. 567/187 or 569/185), adversus quem oratio inscripta P. Africani est. Cf. 38, 56. GELL. 4, 18, 6 fertur etiam oratio quae videtur habita eo die a Scipione; et qui dicunt eam non veram etc. Cicero did not accept it as genuine; see off. 3, 4 nulla eius ingenii monumenta mandáta litteris; and no doubt it was of an apocryphal character, see HNISSEN, Krit. Unters. 51. MOMMSEN, Herm. 1, 163. 312. On his son see § 127, 3; on his son-in-law Nasica § 127, 4. Laelius, the friend of Africanus, is also praised as a political orator by SIL. it. 15, 453.

6. Ti. Sempronius P. f. Ti. n. Gracchus, cos. 577/177 and 591/163, censor 585/169; PRE. 6, 978, 35. Cic. Brut. 79 erat isdem temporibus Ti. Gracchus cuius exstat oratio graeca apud Rhodios (a. 589/165 or 593/161), quem civem cum gravem tum etiam eloquentem constat fuisse. Inscription attached to the forma Sardiniae insulae (§ 60, 2) dedicated by him after his triumph in Sardinia, ap. Liv. 41, 28. To him also was attributed (see n. 5) an apocryphal speech in defence of his father-in-law, Africanus the Elder; see Liv. 38, 56, 2 sqq. MOмMSEN, Herm. 1, 163. 212. In the MSS. of Cornelius Nepos (probably from the section de oratoribus romanis) two large fragments of a letter of his wife Cornelia to her son Gaius belonging to a. 630/124 are preserved, nor is there any doubt that there were letters by her current in antiquity (Cic. Brut. 211 legimus epistulas Corneliae, matris Gracchorum: apparet filios non tam in gremio educatos quam in sermone matris. Cf. QUINT. 1, 1, 6. PLUT. C. Gracch. 13 év Toîs émiσTOλías avtîs); but the genuineness of the fragments handed down to us has been doubted (AGLANGE, verm. Schr. 108. JSÖRGEL, Cornelia epistolarum fragmenta genuina esse non posse, BlfbayrGW. 3 (1866), 101. 144), though as it seems without sufficient reason. A rhetor would have made the mother of the Gracchi rather declaim for liberty and for revenge against the murderers of her son's brother (cf. § 45, 6) ; but he would never have succeeded in combining the manly energy of thought of an old Roman with a woman's tenderness and carelessness of style. See also LMERCKLIN, de Corneliae vita, moribus, epistolis, Dorp. 1845. CNIPPERDEY, Op. 95. THBERGK, Phil. 16, 626. HJORDAN, Herm. 15, 530. The base of her statue in Octaviae operibus (PLIN. NH. 34, 31) was found in 1878; it bears the inscription CORNELIA | AFRICANIF | GRACCHORUM (bull. arch. 1878, 209).

7. Cic. Brut. 170 apud maiores nostros video disertissimum habitum ex Latio L. Papirium Fregellanum, Ti. Gracchi P. f. fere aetate; eius etiam oratio est pro Fregellanis coloniisque latinis habita in senatu.

8. L. Aemilius L. f. M. n. Paulus, cos. 572/182 and 586/168, † 594/160; PRE. 12, 368. Cic. Brut. 80 etiam L. Paulus, Africani pater, personam principis civis facile dicendo tuebatur. Cf. Liv. 45, 8. VAL. Max. 5, 10, 2 quem casum (the death of his sons) quo robore animi sustinuerit oratione quam de rebus a se gestis apud populum habuit hanc adiciendo clausulam nulli ambiguum reliquit. Cf. Liv. 45, 41. PLUT. Aem. P. 36. A decree by him (L. Aimilius L. f. inpeirator) dated 19th Jan. 565/189 at the time when he held the supreme command in Spain, utei quei Hastensium servei in Turri Lascutana habitarent leiberei essent, on a bronze tablet found a. 1867 (now at Paris in the Louvre); see CIL. 2, 5041 and EHÜBNER, Herm. 3, 243. WORDSW. EL. 171. DIE. 96.

124. Among Cato's younger contemporaries who were orators in the 6th century U.c. we must specially mention C. Sulpicius Gallus, on account of the extent and accuracy of his learning.

1. C. Sulpicius C. f. C. n. Gallus, cos. 588/166, † 604/150; see Cic. Brut. 90. PRE. 6, 1493. Cic. Brut. 78 de minoribus C. Sulpicius Gallus maxime omnium nobilium graecis litteris studuit, isque et oratorum in numero est habitus et fuit reliquis rebus ornatus atque elegans. Off. 1, 19 videbamus in studio dimetiendi paene caeli atque terrae C. Gallum quam delectabat eum defectiones solis et lunae multo ante nobis praedicere! PLINY in the Ind. auct. of book 2 quotes him as a writer on astronomy, cf. NH. 2, 83 in qua sententia (that touching the mutual distances of the constellations) et Gallus Sulpicius fuit noster. Cf. ib. 2, 53 ab imperatore productus ad praedicendam eclipsim (in the night before the battle of Pydna 586/168), mox et composito volumine.

125. The most remarkable jurists of the 6th century u.c. are the two Aelii, Publius and especially his younger brother Sextus, the first writer of a juridical work. It was entitled Tripertita, and dealt with the XII tables, their explanation, and the formulae of law-suits. Besides these, we have Scipio Nasica, L. Acilius (or Atilius), Q. Fabius Labeo and Cato's son.

1. P. Aelius Q. f. P. n. Paetus, cos. 553/201, censor 555/199, † 580/174, PRE. 12, 332, 5. POMPON. dig. 1, 2, 2, 38 deinde (after Ti. Coruncanius) Sex. Aelius et frater eius, P. Aelius, et P. Atilius maximam scientiam in profitendo habuerunt, ut duo Aelii etiam consules fuerint, Atilius autem primus a populo Sapiens appellatus est.

2. Sex. Aelius Paetus Catus, cos. 556/198, censor 560/194. PRE. 1o, 332, 6. Cic. de or. 1, 212 eum (iuris consultum vere nominari) dicerem qui legum et consuetudinis eius qua privati in civitate uterentur et ad respondendum et ad agendum et ad cavendum peritus esset; et ex eo genere Sex. Aelium, M'. Manilium, P. Mucium nominarem. Brut. 78 Sex. Aelius, iuris quidem civilis omnium peritissimus, sed etiam ad dicendum paratus. Cato 27 nihil Sex. Aelius tale (on old age), nihil multis annis ante Ti. Coruncanius, nihil modo P. Crassus (§ 123, 4), a quibus iura civibus praescribebantur. POMPON. 1.1.: Sex. Aelium etiam Ennius laudavit, et exstat illius liber qui inscribitur Tripertita (fragments ap. HUSCHKE, Iurispr. anteiust. 5 1), qui liber veluti cunabula iuris continet. Tripertita autem dicitur quoniam lege XII tabularum praeposita iungitur interpretatio (cf. RSCHÖLL, legis XII tabb. reliqq. p. 22), deinde subtexitur legis actio. eiusdem esse tres alii libri referuntur, quos tamen quidam negant eiusdem esse, sed hos sectati ad aliquid Aeli Cati (according to HUSCHKE's emendation). Cf. ib.

7 augescente civitate, quia deerant quaedam genera agendi, non post multum temporis spatium (after Cn. Flavius) Sex. Aelius alias actiones composuit et librum populo dedit, qui appellatur (in later time) ius Aelianum. (§ 88, 2.) OKARLOWA, röm. Rechtsgesch. 1,475. Attempt to determine the particular contents of the Tripertita by MVOIGT, Abh. d. Sächs. G. d. Wiss. 7, 327, who also connects with this work the Aeliana studia ap. Cic. de or. 1, 193 (§ 148, 2).

3. POMPON. dig. 1, 2, 2, 37 fuit maximae scientiae (as a jurist). Gaius (?) Scipio Nasica, qui Optimus a senatu appellatus est (a. 550/204; cos. 563/191), cui etiam publice domus in sacra via data est, quo facilius consuli posset. Cf. § 89, 1.

4. L. Atilius is mentioned by POMPONIUS, see n. 1. But Cic. Lael. 6 (the authority followed by Pomp.) we read scimus L. Acilium apud patres nostros appellatum esse Sapientem. . . quia prudens esse in iure civili putabatur. Leg. 2, 59 hoc (lessum in the XII tables) veteres interpretes Sex. Aelius, L. Acilius non satis se intellegere dixerunt.

5. Q. Fabius Labeo, cos. 571/183. PRE. 6, 2912, 37. Cic. Brut. §1 Ser. Fabius Pictor et iuris et litterarum et antiquitatis bene peritus; Quintusque Fabius Labeo fuit ornatus eisdem fere laudibus. SUET. vita Terent. 4 (p. 31 sq. Rffsch.) Santra Terentium putat Q. Fabio Labeone et M. Popillio, consulari utroque ac poeta. Cf. 114, 3.

uti potuisse.

6. M. Porcius Cato (Licinianus), born c. 562/192, † 602/152; PRE. 5, 1910. POMPONIUS See § 121, 2. GELL. 13, 20 (19), 9 ex maiore Catonis filio, qui praetor designatus patre vivo mortuus est et egregios de iuris disciplina libros reliquit. Inst. 1, 11, 12 apud Catonem bene scriptum refert antiquitas etc. ULP. dig. 21, 1, 10, 1 Catonem scribere lego etc. PAUL. ib. 24, 3, 44 pr.: Nerva et Cato responderunt, ut est relatum etc. 45, 1, 4, 1 Cato libro XV scribit etc. He is principally known by the regula Catoniana, concerning legacies (dig. 34, 7).

126. One of the aristocratic adversaries of Cato, M. Fulvius Nobilior, composed and published fasti. His son Quintus, too, showed interest in literature.

1. The father was cos. 565/189 (in Aetolia), censor 575/179. MACR. 1, 12, 16 Fulvius Nobilior in fastis quos in aede Herculis Musarum (probably founded from the Aetolian booty, cf. PLIN. NH. 35, 66. GBDEROSSI, sul tempio d' Ercole e delle Muse nel portico di Filippo, bull. archeol. 1869 p. 3) posuit Romulum dicit Iunium mensem vocasse. Cf. MACR. 1, 13, 12 Fulvius id egisse M'. Acilium cos. dicit a. u. c. a. DLXII, inito mox bello aetolico. VARRO, LL. 6, 33 ut Fulvius scribit et Junius (on the name Aprilis). Censorin. d. n. 20, 2 magis Iunio Gracchano et Fulvio et Varroni et Suetonio aliisque credendum. ib. 4 sive a Numa, ut ait Fulvius, sive, ut Iunius, a Tarquinio. 22, 9 Fulvius et Iunius auctores sunt (on the Roman names of the months). CHARIS. GL. 1, 138 Nobiliore. comparativa Plinius e putat ablativo finiri; antiquos tamen ait per i locutos, quippe fastos omnes et libros a Fulvio Nobiliori' scriptum (?) rettulisse. See § 74, 2 and on his relations with Ennius n. 2 and § 100, 4, 5.

2. Cic. Brut. 79 Q. Nobiliorem M. f. iam patrio instituto deditum studio litterarum, qui etiam Q. Ennium, qui cum patre eius in Aetolia militaverat (see § 100, 4), civitate donavit cum triumvir coloniam deduxisset (a. 570 114), when coloniae duae, Potentia in Picenum, Pisaurum in gallicum agrum deductae sunt, Liv. 39, 44, 10; cf. § 100, 5. LIV. per. 49 Q. Fulvius Nobilior ei (i.e. Cato) saepe ab eo in senatu laceratus respondit