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convincingly demonstrated by BÜCHELER, RhM. 36, 334 from the SCHOL. BERN. Verg. georg. 2, 119'acanthi' Gnifo commentatur annalium libro X etc., cf. with Liv. 31, 45. Perhaps from the same work was derived the comment (now used in a wrong application) in CHARISIUS GL. 1, 205, 1.—-Cf. also WELCKER, kl. Schr. 1, 436; cf. ep. Cycl. 1 84. See also § 162, 5.

6. SUET. gramm. 8 M. Pompilius Andronicus, natione Syrus, studio Epicureae 265 sectae desidiosior in professione grammaticae habebatur. itaque cum se in urbe non solum Antonio Gniphoni sed ceteris etiam deterioribus postponi videret Cumas transiit ibique in otio vixit et multa composuit. He was driven by poverty to sell his chief work annalium Ennii elenchi (see § 101, 4), quos libros Orbilius redemisse se dicit vulgandosque curasse nomine auctoris.-Concerning his book-making a quite uncertain conjecture is advanced by THGOMPERZ, Wien. Stud. 2, 139.

7. Q. Cosconius, quoted as an authority in Suetonius' vita Terentii (p. 32, 13 Rffsch.); see § 108, 6. He is no doubt the same as the grammarian mentioned by VARRO LL. 6, 36 and 89 (Cosconius in actionibus). RITSCHL, Op. 3, 256. Cf. MHERTZ, JJ. 85, 52.

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8. VICTORINUS GL. 6, 209, 9 Cornelius Epicadus (cf. § 41, 4. 157, 2) in eo libro quem de metris scripsit. CHARIS. GL. 1, 110, 3 Epicadus de cognominibus. From an antiquarian work by him seems to be derived MACR. 1, 11, 47 (de sigillaribus Epicadus refert Herculem etc.); cf. HPETER, hist. rell. 1, CCLXXVII.

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9. Ser. Clodius, eques rom. and son-in-law of L. Aelius; see § 148, 1. PLIN. NH. 25, 24 tradit M. Varro Ser. Clodium eq. rom. etc. SUET. gramm. 3 cum librum soceri nondum editum fraude intercepisset, ob hoc repudiatus secessit ab urbe. After his death his half-brother Papirius Paetus presented Cicero with the papers and books left by him; see ad Att. 1, 20, 7 (Ser. Claudius) and 2, 1, 12 (both a. 694/60). Cf. ad fam. 9, 16, 4 (to Paetus) Servius, frater tuus, quem litteratissimum fuisse iudico, facile diceret hic versus Plauti non est. hic est,' quod tritas aures haberet notandis generibus poetarum et consuetudine legendi. VARRO LL. 7, 106 (cf. 70 and 66) mentions him after Aurelius (above n. 4), whose whole direction he appears to have shared, being also a glossographer (VARRO 1.1. cf. GELL. 13, 23, 19 in commentario Ser. Claudii. SERV. Aen. 1, 52 and 2, 229 Clodius commentariorum. 1, 176 Clodius scribit, commentariorum IVo), as the author of a catalogue of the genuine plays of Plautus (GELL. 3, 3, 1). Cf. RITSCHL, Parerga 242. 365.

10. Staberius Eros

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emptus de catasta (cf. PLIN. NH. 35, 199). . . temporibus Sullanis proscriptorum liberos gratis in disciplinam recepit, SUET. gramm. 13. FRONTO p. 20 quorum libri (those of the old Roman authors) pretiosiores habentur .. si sunt a Lampadione (§ 138, 4) aut Staberio (scripti). PRISCIAN. GL. 2, 385 Staberius de proportione. He lived to be the master of Brutus and Cassius (SUET. 1.1.). It was probably a mere fiction that Publilius, Manilius and he came to Italy eadem nave (PLIN. l.l., who exaggerates in calling him conditor grammaticae, see § 212, 3).

11. FESTUS 347 v. senacula: Nicostratus in libro qui inscribitur de senatu haben

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do. Cf. LMERCKLIN, Phil. 4, 428.-MACR. sat. 3, 12, 7 est Octavii Hersenni (men- 5 tioned between Varro and Antonius Gnipho) liber qui inscribitur de sacris saliaribus Tiburtium, in quo .. docet etc.

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12. VARRO LL. 5, 88 cohortem in villa Hypsicrates dicit esse graece xóρтov. Cf. PAULUS Festi 8 v. aurum, where erroneously Hippocrates. GELL. 16, 12, 6 id dixisse ait (Cloatius Verus) Hypsicraten quempiam grammaticum, cuius libri sane nobiles sunt super his quae a Graecis accepta sunt.

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13. SUET. gramm. 1 quod nonnulli tradunt duos libros de litteris syllabisque, item de metris ab eodem Ennio (the poet, § 104, 5 ad fin.) editos, iure arguit L. Cotta (is he the same mentioned § 197, 9?) non poetae, sed posterioris Enni esse, cuius etiam de augurandi disciplina volumina feruntur. Did this grammarian Ennius also develope shorthand writing? see § 104, 5. FESTUs 352 v. topper; Ennius vero sic: topper fortasse valet in Enni et Pacuvi scriptis. VARRO LL. 5, 86 (foedus, quod fidus Ennius scribit dictum) probably relates to him, and 5, 55 nominatae, ut ait Ennius, Tatienses a Tatio. See also § 41, 2, 1. 12. Cf. besides CHARIS. GL. 1, 98 erumnam Ennius (M. Ennius? ARIESE, JJ. 93, 465) ait per e solum scribi posse. MHErtz, Sinnius Cap. 9; anal. ad carm. Hor. hist. 3, 9. RIRBECK, JJ. 75, 314.

14. VARRO LL. 5, 55 sed omnia haec vocabula (i.e. Titienses Ramnenses Luceres) Tusca, ut Volnius, qui tragoedias tuscas scripsit, dicebat. Probably a grammarian, a native of Etruria, who, in order to demonstrate the literary capabilities of his decaying mother-tongue, composed tragedies in it. OMÜLLER, Etr. 22, 293.-On Cincius see above § 117, 4.

160. About the middle of the 7th century the two Sasernae and, towards the end of the same century, Tremellius Scrofa, wrote on husbandry and domestic economy.

1. Saserna is a cognomen of the gens Hostilia (PRE. 3, 1530, 13). COLUM. 1, 1, 12 (cf. § 54, 2) post hunc (Catonem) duos Sasernas, patrem et filium, qui eam diligentius erudierunt. VARRO RR. 1, 2, 22 sequar Sasernarum, patris et filii, libros. Sasernae in the ind. auct. of PLIN. NH. bk. 10 Sasernae pater et filius, ib. bk. 14. 15. 17. 18, cf. bk. 11 (Saserna) and 17, 199 arbusti ratio mirum in modum damnata Sasernae patri filioque, celebrata Scrofae, vetustissimis post Catonem peritissimisque. See VARRO RR. 1, 16, 5 Sasernae liber praecipit. 1, 18, 2 Saserna scribit. 2, 9, 6 quod in agri cultura (this is the title of the work) Saserna praecepit. COLUMELLA 1, 1, 4 • id non spernendus auctor rei rusticae Saserna videtur adcredidisse. nam in eo libro quem de agricultura scriptum reliquit etc. Perhaps the son may have completed and published the work left by his father in a fragmentary state. This treated (like Cato de r. r.) of various matters not directly connected with the theme but of importance to farmers, over which Varro frequently makes merry, e.g. RR, 1, 2, 22 sqq.

2. VARRO R.R. 1, 2, 10 collegam (of Varro), XXvir qui fuit ad agros dividundos Campanos (a. 695/59) . . Cn. Tremellium Scrofam, virum omnibus virtutibus politum, qui de agri cultura Romanus peritissimus existimatur. 2, 1, 11 Scrofa noster, cui haec aetas defert rerum rusticarum omnium palmam. He also wrote on this subject; see n. 1. COLUM. 2, 1, 2 Tremelli auctoritatem revereri, qui cum plurima rusticarum rerum praecepta simul eleganter et scite memoriae prodiderit etc. Cf. ib. 1, 1, 12 Scrofa Tremellius qui rusticationem eloquentem reddidit. 2, 1, 4. Tremellius evidently attached much importance to elegant diction; hence the work of the practical Saserna was distasteful to him: VARRO RR. 1, 2, 25 Scrofa (Sasernarum) libros despiciebat. In VARRO RR. Scrofa, in bks. 1 and 2, takes the chief part in the dialogue. He is mentioned, always as Scrofa, by PLINY in the ind. auct. to the NH. bk. 11. 14. 15. 17. 18. PRE. 6, 2085, 5. He was also on terms of friendliness with Cicero and Atticus, who were nearly of the same age with himself. He attained the praetorship (VARRO RR. 2, 4, 2) and was probably propraetor in Gallia Narbonensis (cf. VARRO 1, 7, 8 and MоMMSEN in Reitzenstein 1.1. 13).

3. It is quite uncertain whether the very experienced landowner C. Licinius

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Stolo, who with Tremellius (n. 2) takes part in the discourse in VARRO RR. bk. 1 and who is mentioned with Cato, Saserna, Tremellius and Vergil by COLUMELLA 1, praef. 32 (see § 54, 2. 293, 4), wrote about husbandry. He was younger than Tremellius: VARRO RR. 1, 3 (Stolo to Tremellius) tu et aetate et honore et scientia quod praestas, dicere debes. RREITZENSTEIN, de scriptt. rei rust. inter Cat. et Colum., Berl. 1884, p. 8.

4. Otherwise unknown is Mamilius Sura, quoted by PLIN. NH. in the ind. auct. to bk. 8. 10. 11. 17-19, but in the text itself mentioned only at 18, 143 (Cato Sura Mamilius ... Varro). He is hardly to be connected with Aemilius Sura (see § 277, 5).-On M. Ambivius, Licinius Menas, and C. Matius see § 54, 3.

161. The whole period from 650/104 to 675/79 offered little leisure for philosophical studies; those, however, who pursued them, were as a matter of course Stoics, when jurists,, and adherents of the New Academy, when orators, or perhaps also Peripatetics. The Epicurean system found adherents only among those who kept aloof from public life.

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1. Cic. de or. 3, 78 quid... C. Velleius afferre potest quam ob rem voluptas sit summum bonum quod ego non possim vel tutari . . vel refellere... hac dicendi arte in qua Velleius est rudis? . . . quid est quod aut Sex. Pompeius (§ 154, 5) aut duo Balbi aut . . . qui cum Panaetio vixit M. Vigellius de virtute homines stoici possint dicere? de nat. deor. 1,15 cum C. Velleio senatore, ad quem tum Epicurei primas ex nostris deferebant. etiam Q. Lucilius Balbus, qui tantos progressus habebat in Stoicis ut cum excellentibus in eo genere Graecis compararetur. In the same period we meet with Q. Catulus (§ 142, 4), C. Cotta (§ 153, 4) and L. Lucullus (§ 157, 4) adherents of Antiochos (Academy), somewhat later M. Piso (cos. 693/61), an older contemporary of Cicero (Cic. Brut. 230, cf. Ascon. in Pis. p. 15 Or. 14 K-S.) through the agency of the Peripatetic Staseas (Cic. de or. 1, 104) an adherent of this system (Cic. de n. deor. 1, 16. ad Att. 13, 19, 4); in a similar manner the triumvir M. Crassus was won over by Alexander Polyhistor (PLUT. Crass. 3). Besides those already mentioned, esp. Q. Scaevola (§ 154, 1), and of the earlier ones P. Rutilius Rufus (§ 142, 2) and L. Stilo (§ 148, 1), declared for the Stoa. Epicureans were, besides Velleius, T. Albucius (§ 141, 3) and Pompilius Andronicus (§ 159, 6). The author of the Rhetorica ad Herennium (§ 162, 2) also shows interest in philosophy.

2. The earliest Epicurean writers among the Romans, Amafinius, Rabirius, Catius, seem to belong to the time of Cicero, to judge from the manner in which they are spoken of by Cic. acad. post. 1, 2, 5. See below § 173.

162. An important literary production of Sulla's time survives in the four books of Rhetorica ad C. Herennium, a complete manual drawn from Greek sources; but the author looks at all things from the Roman point of view, omits all that the Roman regarded as unpractical refinement, and himself generally supplies the illustrations for the rhetorical figures. The mode of treating the subject-matter shows clear and independent thought as well as an original mind. The exposition is impeded by the

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language. The author, an irreconcilable enemy of the nobility, would seem to have enjoyed an independent position in life. Tradition wrongly ascribes the work to Cicero. The name of the author was probably Cornificius.

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1. For the characteristic features of the work see esp. 1, 1, illa quae graeci scriptores inanis adrogantiae causa sibi adsumpserunt reliquimus; quae videbantur ad rationem dicendi pertinere sumpsimus; non enim spe quaestus aut gloria commoti venimus ad scribendum, quemadmodum ceteri, etc.; 4, 1 quibus in rebus opus fuit exemplis uti nostris exemplis usi sumus et id fecimus praeter consuetudinem Graecorum qui de hac re scripserunt. (Cf. in general the whole preface to bk. 4.) But the author has nevertheless made use of his recollections of speeches which he had read and heard for his illustrations. (See HJORDAN, Herm. 8, 75.) 4, 10 nomina rerum graeca convortimus. B. I. and II general observations and de inventione; bk. III de dispositione, pronuntatione, memoria; bk. IV. de elocutione (cf. 3, 1 in quarto libro, quem, ut arbitror, tibi librum celeriter absolutum mittemus). The author was an admirer of M. Antonius (see § 152, 1). / 2,

2. For the personal position of the author see 1, 1 etsi negotiis familiaribus impediti vix satis otium studio suppeditare possumus, et id ipsum quod datur oti lubentius in philosophia consumere consuevimus, tamen tua nos, C. Herenni, voluntas commovit ut de ratione dicendi conscriberemus. 4,69 simul lubenter exercemur (Herennius and the author) propter amicitiam, cuius initium cognatio fecit, cetera philosophiae ratio confirmavit. 3, 3 si quando de re militari aut de administratione reip. scribere velimus. 4,17 haec qua ratione vitare possimus in arte grammatica dicemus. The author sides with the popular party. Cf. the catalogue of iniquities with which he upbraids the nobility in the last illustration of the adnominatio 4,31, or the description of the murder of Ti. Gracchus 4, 68 as an example of the demonstratio. WWFOWLER, 1.1. RVSCALA, JJ. 131, 221.-The second (very corrupt) example of brevitas (4, 68) is generally taken to refer to Sulla (see also WEIDNER On Cic. art. rhet. p. xvii.). According to this we should have to bring down the date of its composition, at least for the last book, to about 674/80, a supposition which involves us in great difficulties. These are removed if this exemplum (in accordance with the opinion of JORDAN, KRÖHNERT, BOCHMANN 1.1. WWFOWLER, Journ. of phil. 10, 197) is regarded as pointing to Marius. The deaths of Sulpicius 666/88 (see § 153, 5) and of Marius 668/86 are then the latest events mentioned in this Rhet. ad Her. We may perhaps conclude from 1, 20 that the work was written before 672/82. Cicero read it as early as 670/84 (see n. .3).

3. Numerous parts of the work are literally used by Cicero in his juvenile rhetorical treatise (de inventione); see § 182, 1, 3. The tripartite division of the insinuatio, e.g., described as new and original ad Her. 1, 16, is simply assumed 13 by Cic. de inv. 1, 23. The very discrepancies found in many principal points

(CLKAYSER, ed. p. 1x. and Münchner Gel. Anz. 1852, 482), prove this agreement to have arisen from more than mere coincidence of the authorities used by both writers.

4. The form is clumsy, especially in the mode of connecting the sentences, in the use of particles, etc. The baldness of the style is shown chiefly in the frequent repetition of the same phrase. Cf. also EWÖLFFLIN, Phil. 34, 142. 144 and PHTHIELMANN, de sermonis proprietatibus apud Cornific. et in primi

Cic. libris, Strassb. 1879; Herm. 14, 629.

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5. In the MSS., including the earliest, the work is attributed to Cicero; the fact that Jerome, Fortunatianus, Priscian and others took the treatise for a production of Cicero (KAYSER, ed. p. 12) only shows how uncritical they were. The assumption that Cornificius was the author, brought into vogue by CLKAYSER (Münchner Gel. Anz. 1852, 492 and in his edition), is supported by Quintilian. Cf. the latter 3, 1, 21 where, after mentioning Cicero, he says: scripsit de eadem materia (Rhetorica) non pauca Cornificius, aliqua Stertinius. He quotes various passages from Cornificius' work, esp. Latin renderings for Greek artistic terms (cf. n. 1), which are found in the Rhet. ad Her. in precisely the same manner. Thus QUINT. 5, 19, 2 ideo illud Cornificius contrarium appellat · ad Her. 4, 25.QUINT. 9, 2, 27 oratio libera, quam Cornificius licentiam vocat = Her. 4, 48.—9, 3, 71 /2/ Cornificius hanc traductionem vocat Her. 4, 20.-9, 3, 91 et hoc Cornificius atque Rutilius σχῆμα λέξεως putant Her. 4, 35.-9, 3, 98 adicit his... Cornificius interrogationem etc. = Her. 4, 22-41. In other places Quintilian borrows illustrations from the same work without naming it, e.g. 9, 3, 81, (= Her. 4, 20). 56 (= Her. 4, 34). 70 (= Her. 4, 29). 72 (= Her. 4, 30). We know of several Cornificii in the time of Cicero, e.g. one who a. 680/74 was scriba to the praetor Verres (Verr. acc. 1, 150), a senator P. Cornificius (Ascon. in Mil. p.. 37 Or. 32 K-S.) and Q. Cornificius, a. 685/69 tr. pleb. (Verr. act. prima 30 Q. Manlium et Q. Cornificium, duos severissimos atque integerrimos iudices, quod tribuni pl. tum erunt, iudices non habebimus; cf. Ascon. in tog. cand. p. 82 Or. 73 K-S. vir sobrius ac sanctus), 690/64 Cicero's competitor for the consulship (Cic. ad Att. 1, 1, 1) and mentioned as senator in SALL. Cat. 47, 4 and Cic. ad Att. 1, 13, 3. KAYSER (ed. p. 6) declares in favour of the last-named as the author of this work.

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6. The work was much used, copied and interpolated in the Middle Ages; for the MSS. containing it see KAYSER's ed. p. xv.. The lacunae in the earliest and best (Paris. 7714 s. IX, Wirceb. s. IX [-X], Bern. 433, Paris. 7231 s. X: facsimile of the Paris. 7714 and of the Bern. in CHATELAIN t. 16) are more or less supplied in the later MSS. (the best is Bamberg. 423, s. XII). On a (worthless) Durhamiensis s. XIII see FBJEVONS, Journ. of phil. 12, 209. Against CHALM, analecta Tull. I, Münch. 1852 and RhM. 15, 536, who looks upon the additions of the later MSS. as mere interpolations, cf. LSPENGEL, RhM. 16, 391; JSIMON, die Hss. der Rhet. ad Her., Schweinf. 1863, 64 II; JVDESTINON, de codd. Cornific. ratione, Kiel 1874.-ROSTMANN, de additamentis in Rhet. ad Her. antiquioribus, Bresl. 1876. KHOFFMANN, de verborum transpositionibus in Cornif. ad Her. libris, Münch. 1879. 7. Editions by PBURMANN (with Cic. de inv.), Leid. 1761, and esp. Cornifici Rhetoricorum ad C. Herennium libri IV, rec. et interpretatus est CLKayser, Lps. 1854. Also in collective edd. of Cicero and in edd. of his writings on rhetoric. (§ 177, 5).—CHANSEL, JJ. 93, 851. OSIEVERS, RhM. 28, 568. PLANGEN, Phil. 36, 445. 577. 37, 385. CGERMANN, emendd. Cornif., Darmst. 1880. CLKAYSER, Münchn. Gel. A. 1852, Nr. 59; Heidelb. JJ. 1854, 411; Phil. 12, 271. AKAMMRATH, de rhett. ad Her. auctore, Holzminden 1858. MOMMSEN, RG. 26, 456. FBLASS, d. griech. Bereds. von Alex. bis August (Berl. 1865), 121. RKRÖNHERT, de rhet. ad Her., Königsb. 1873. HNETZKER, Hermag. Cic. Cornificius quae docuerint de statibus, Kiel 1879; d. constitutio legitima des Cornif., JJ. 133, 411. FROCH, de Cornif. et Cic. artis Rhet. praeceptoribus, Bad. (Austria) 1884. HEBOCHMANN, de Cornificii rerum rom. scientia, Lpz. 1875.

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163. Among the prose inscriptions of the years 600/145 to 670/84 we should especially mention the public documents, such as the tabula Bantina, lex repetundarum, lex agraria etc. The

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