700/54. Here there is no doubt that we possess all that was ever published.

1. On the MSS. see § 187, 5.-The confusion in book 2, which arose from a transposition of every two double leaves of the original MS., was set right by MOMMSEN, ZfAW. 1844, 591.-Editions by JHOFFA (Heidelb. 1843); also with the letters ad Brut. by PMANUTIUS (Frankf. 1580 and subsequently) and cum notis variorum; acc. Q. Cic. de petit. cons. c. comm. Valerii Palermi, Hagae Com. 1725.

2. Ep. 1, 1 of a. 694/60, which amounts to a long and elaborate essay (on provincial administration), a sort of complimentary return for his brother's epistle de petitione (§ 190, 4).

4) Correspondence between M. Brutus and Cicero, very incompletely preserved.

1. This correspondence at one time comprised 9 books, and the one now extant as b. 1 was originally the ninth and last. NoN. 421, 31 Cic. ad Brutum lib. VIIII. ' L. Clodius, tr. pl. des. etc.'=our Cic. ad Brut. 1, 1, 1. For book 1 (properly 9) the principal MSS. are the Medic. 49, 18 (in this the subscriptio reads: Ad Brutum epistolarum liber primus explicit. incipit ad Q. epistolarum primus) and the MS. which Cratander used; see § 187, 5.-To this first book (18 letters) Cratander in 1528 added seven letters quod a Ciceroniana dictione abhorrere non videbantur et in vetusto codice primum locum obtinerent, which since Schütz have been denoted as the second book. No MS. of them is known to exist. AVSTRENG, de Cic. ad Brut. epistt. libro II, Helsingfors 1885. Cratander's words show that in the cod. vetustus the 7 new letters preceded the so-called b. 1, hence it is probable that originally they also belonged to b. 9 (or b. 8). In agreement with this is the fact that the letters of the so-called second book relate to the time before the battle of Mutina, those of the first to the time succeeding it. Another fragment from b. 8 in Non. 527, 25, who 296, 8 also quotes book 7. See a quotation from b. 1 ap. SERV. Aen. 8, 395. LGURLITT, JJ. 131, 561. KWERMUTH, quaestt. de Cic. epp. ad Brut. 1. IX, Basel 1887 (together with LGURLITT, Berl. philol. Wochenschr. 1887, 1086).- For editions see above no. 3, 1.

2. AMM. MARC. 29, 5, 24 quotes ad Brut. 1, 2, 5 as Ciceronian (Tullianum illud). PLUT. Brut. 53 τὸ ἐπιστόλιον (Βρούτου), εἴπερ ἄρα τῶν γνησίων ἐστί: but on the genuineness of this (non-extant) letter in particular and of the Ciceronian epistle ad Brut. 1, 9 see MOMMSEN, Herm. 15, 102. The spuriousness of both books was first maintained by JTUNSTALL (epistola ad C. Middleton, Cambr. 1741, and Observations etc., Lond. 1745), and esp. by TMARKLAND (Remarks etc. Lond. 1745), while their authenticity was successfully defended by CMIDDLETON (the epp. of Cic. and Brut. with a dissertation, Lond. 1743) and recently by KFHERMANN; cf. his vindiciae latinitatis epp. Cic. ad Br., Gött. 1844; Gött. gel. Anz. 1844, 1934. 1845, 961. 1310; defence of the authenticity of the letters etc., Abh. der Gött. Ges. d. Wiss. 2, 189. 3, 143; Vindiciarum Brutinarum epimetrum, Gött. 1845. Against Hermann AWZUMPт, de Cic. et Bruti mutuis epp. quae vulgo feruntur, Berl. 1845; Berl. Jahrb. 1845. 2, no. 91 sqq. and recently FBECHER, de Cic. quae feruntur ad Brut. epistulis, Jena 1876; RhM. 37, 576; Phil. Suppl. 4, 502; Phil. 44, 471. PMEYER, üb. d. Frage der Echtheit des Briefwechsels Cic. ad Brut., Zürich 1881; Phil. Wochenschr. 1883, 1313; WschrfklPh. 1884, 423. However, these attempts to disprove the Ciceronian origin of these letters have been confuted on all points, and their authenticity is more firmly established than ever. The objections

raised against this collection are of small consequence, chiefly contradictions between Cicero's confidential judgments on certain persons and the assertions made by him in public or at other times. The simple style of the Brutus letters, which are quite free from turgid rhetoric, does not favour the assumption of forgery and quite agrees with Brutus' Attic tendency. Cf. § 210, 1 sqq. Cf. e.g. MADVIG, adv. 3, 197. CGCOBET, Mnemos. N. S. 7, 262. OESCHMIDT, JJ. 127, 559. 129, 617; WschrfklPh. 1884, 261. ERUETE (§ 187, 2 ad fin.); Phil. Rundsch. 1884, 593. LGURLITT, Phil. Anz. 1883, 720; Phil. Suppl. 4, 551; JJ. 121, 610. 129, 855. KSCHIRMER, Phil. Anz. 13, 765; die Sprache des Brutus in den bei Cic. überlieferten Briefen, Metz 1884.

3. Only the two letters 1, 16 and 17 are very suspicious and are probably a production of the rhetorical school. KNIPPERDEY, Abh. d. sächs. Ges. d. Wiss. 5, 71. RHEINE, de Cic. et Bruti epistulis mutuis, Lps. 1875. OESCHMIDT, de epist. Cass. (§ 188, 1, 4) 57 and esp. LGURLITT, Phil. Suppl. 5, 591 (who however should not have impugned 1, 15, 3-11).

5) There is no doubt as to the spuriousness of the letter ad Octavianum.

1. The letter is found e.g. in the Med. 49, 18 (§ 187, 5), in Berol. 252 (Erford.) s. XII (§ 179, 13, 2), it was to be found in Cratander's MS. (above no. 4, 1) and is printed in the editions of Cicero; e.g. in BAITER-KAYSER 10, 465. CBERNS in the commentatt. phil. semin. Lips. (Lps. 1874) 177.

189. Cicero practised poetry incidentally from his early years, chiefly with a view to forming his style. His talent for literary form made metrical composition very easy to him. At a riper age he composed an epic on Marius, but he was strangely blinded by his burning desire for fame, which induced him to make himself and his life the subject of epics, greatly to the disadvantage of his reputation.

1. On Cicero as a poet cf. SEN. exc. controv. 3 praef. 8 Ciceronem eloquentia sua in carminibus destituit. SEN. de ira 3, 37, 5. TAC. dial. 21. Juv. 10, 124 'o fortunatam natam me consule Romam!' Antoni gladios potuit contemnere, si sic omnia dixisset. MART. 2, 89, 3 Carmina quod scribis Musis et Apolline nullo Laudari debes : hoc Ciceronis habes. PLUT. Cic. 40 (on improvising). SCHOL. BOB. 305 Or. DRUMANN, GR. 6, 681. FMFRANTZEN, de Cic. poeta, Abo 1800. VHEUSDE, Cic. piλoπ\áтwv (Utr. 1836) 25. 34. RIBBECK, röm. Dicht. 1, 296. HSCHENKL, de Cic. poeta, in the Jahresber. des Vereins 'Mittelschule,' Vienna 1886. MGROLLMUs, de Cic. poeta I: de inscriptt., argumentis, tempp. singulorum carmm., Königsb. 1887. JKUBIK (§ 177, 2) 241. The fragments e.g. in BAITER-KAYSER 11, 89. CFWMÜLLER 4, 3, 350. FPR. 298.

2. On his youthful attempts, the Pontios Glaukos and his translation of Aratos, see § 177a, 1. The date of some of his other works is uncertain. IUL. CAPITOL. Gordian. 3, 2 adulescens cum esset Gordianus. . . poemata scripsit. . . et quidem cuncta illa quae Cicero edidit Marium (n. 3) et Aratum et Halcyonas (cf. NoN. 65 Cicero † alcyon, 2 hex. follow) et Uxorium (carpet-knight?) et Nilum (Casaubon: Limona see below). quae quidem ad hoc scripsit ut Ciceronis poemata nimis antiqua viderentur.-SERV. buc. 1, 57 Cicero in elegia quae † talia masta inscribitur (an hexameter follows; Thalia maesta HEINSIUS, Oavμaσrá MHERTZ, Italia maesta LURLICHs, Eos 1, 151).—Cicero also made metrical translations of portions

of Homer (de div. 2, 63. de fin. 5, 49), Aischylos (Tusc. 2, 23), Sophokles (ib. 2, 20) and others.-SUET. vita Ter. p. 34, 2 R. Cicero in Limone (Accμúv=Pratum; PLIN. NH. praef. 24. GELL. NA. praef. 6. SUID. s. v. IIάupilos

...

ἔγραψε λειμώνα· ἔστι δὲ ποικίλων περιοχή): here follow four hexameters on Terence as a felicitous adapter of Menander; accordingly their contents must have been literary criticism, cf. RITSCHL. op. 3, 263.—Epigrams: PLIN. ep. 7, 4, 3 (epigramma [lascivum lusum; cf. Auson. op. 28, 4, 9 p. 146 Sch.] Ciceronis in Tironem suum; cf. GROLLMUS 1.1. 49). QUINT. 8, 6, 73.

3. QUINT. 11, 1, 24 in carminibus utinam pepercisset (had indulged less in selflaudation), quae non desierunt carpere maligni. Here should be mentioned his three books de suo consulatu in epic metre. SCHOL. BOB. 267, 19 Or. Att. 2, 3, 3; cf. 1, 19, 10 (poema expectato ne quod genus a me ipso laudis meae praetermittatur). de div. 1, 17-22: here is a considerable fragment, a speech of Urania, which shows how the contemporary subject-matter was tastelessly decked out with tawdry mythology. From this work or the following are derived the two famous lines (n. 1): 0 fortunatam natam me consule Romam (QUINT. 9, 4, 41 and elsewhere) and Cedant arma togae, concedat laurea laudi (off. 1, 77 and elsewhere) DRUMANN, GR. 5, 601. JMÄHLY, Phil. 25, 544. RIBBECK, röm. Dicht. 1, 296.-Also the epic de temporibus meis, likewise in three books (composed about 699/55). Cf. fam. 1, 9, 23 (still unpublished a. 700/54). ad Q. fr. 3, 1, 24. 2, 13, 2. 2, 15, 5. Att. 4, 8. 3. DRUMANN, GR. 6, 20. -Cicero wrote besides, a. 700/54, an eulogistic poem on Caesar as the conqueror of Britain; ad Q. fr. 3, 1, 11 (poema ad Caesarem). Cf. 2, 13, 2. 3, 4, 4. 3, 8, 3. 3, 9, 6 (quod me hortaris ut absolvam, habeo absolutum suave, mihi quidem uti videtur, πos ad Caesarem). Cf. DRUMANN GR. 3, 322. Lastly, the epic poem Marius, Att. 12, 49, 1. leg. 1, 1 is probably of the same period. The latter passage shows clearly that the date of its composition (702/52) was not long after that of the Marius. MHAUPT, op. 1, 211. GROLLMUS 1.1. 22 holds a different opinion. At all events the subject, the glorification of the popular leader, does not oblige us to suppose an earlier date for the poem (so RIBBECK 1.1.). It was just in 700/54 sqq. that Cicero was courting Caesar's favour, often in an undignified fashion. It is quite probable that at that time a panegyric on Marius, his countryman, his relative, Caesar's predecessor in the leadership of the popular party and who was also closely connected with Caesar by marriage, would appear expedient to Cicero, who always loads Marius with praise; and he was an expert writer, who could easily surmount the difficulties of the task. The passage in a letter (Att. 2, 15, 3 a. 695/59) is no evidence for an earlier date.

4. Most recent collections of the Ciceronian fragments in BAITER-KAYSER vol. 11 (1868) and CFWMÜLLER 4, 3 (1879), 231. CHALM, Beitr. z. Berichtig. u. Ergänzung der ciceron. Fragm., Lpz. 1862 (= Münch. SBer. 1862 2, 1). JMÄHLY, ZföG. 21, 821. FHOPPE, zu den Fragmenten u. der Sprache Cic.s, Gumbinnen 1875.

190. Cicero's younger brother, Quintus (a. 652/102–711/43), took much interest in literature, especially in poetry, and seems to have resembled his brother in facility of composition, but he never attained any distinction. He undertook an annalistic work, and translated tragedies of Sophokles and the like. We possess by him the commentariolum petitionis, a missive addressed to his brother Marcus, composed early in 690/64, and a few letters.

1. The official career of Q. Cicero seems to justify the assumption of 652/102 as the year in which he was born. He was aedile 689/65, praetor 692/62, governed Asia from 693/61 to 696/58, was Pompey's legate in Sardinia 698/56, Caesar's in Gaul and Britain 700/54-702/52, his brother's in Cilicia 703/51; he was with the latter proscribed, and killed together with his son 711/43; see DRUMANN, GR. 6, 719. WPÜтz, de Q. Cic. vita et scriptis, Düren 1833. CHBLAse, de Q. Cic. vita, Bedburg 1847. PRE. 6, 2234. FBÜCHELER, Q. Cic. reliqq. p. 1-24.

rogas

2. SCHOL. BOB. on Cic. pArch. p. 354 Or. : fuit enim Q. Tullius non solum epici verum etiam tragici carminis scriptor. Cic. Att. 2, 16, 4 (a. 695/59): Q. frater me rogat ut annales suos (hardly in a metrical form) emendem et edam. ad Q. fr. 2, 11, 4 (a. 700/54) Callisthenem et Philistum . . . in quibus te video volutatum sed quod adscribis: aggrederisne ad historiam? me auctore potes. 2, 15, 4 (a. 700/54) o iucundas mihi tuas e Britannia litteras! te vero iñóðeσw scribendi egregiam habere video. quos tu situs, quas naturas rerum et locorum, quos mores, quas gentes, quas pugnas, quem vero ipsum imperatorem habes! (Hence we may conclude that it was intended to become an epic poem.) ego te libenter adiuvabo et tibi versus quos mittam. 3, 4, 4 (a. 700/54) sine ulla mehercule ironia loquor, tibi istius generis in scribendo priores partes tribuo quam mihi. Cf. 3, 5 and 6, 7 (a. 700/54) quattuor tragoedias XVI diebus absolvisse cum scribas tu quidquam ab alio mutuaris? et málos (see USENER, RhM. 22, 459) quaeris cum Electram et trodam (Troadas SCHÜTZ. Troilum? Aëropam BÜCHELER) scripseris? . . sed et istas et Erigonam mihi velim mittas. ib. 3, 1, 13 in ea (epistula) nihil erat novi praeter Erigonam, quam si accepero scribam ad te quid sentiam; nec dubito quin mihi placitura sit. 3, 9, 6 ne accidat quod Erigonae tuae, cui soli Caesare imperatore iter ex Gallia tutum non fuit. There was an 'Hpyórn by Sophokles. Cic. de fin. 5, 3 tum Quintus: ... Sophocles ..., quem scis quam admirer quamque eo delecter. ad Q. fr. 2, 15, 3 (a. 700/54) Συνδείπνους Σοφοκλέους, quamquam a te factam fabellam (a satyric drama? see RIBBECK, röm. Trag. 620) video esse festive, nullo modo probavi. fam. 16, 8, 2 ego (Q.) certe singulos eius (Euripides) versus singula testimonia puto. RIBBECK, röm. Dicht. 1, 190.

3. Three letters of Q. Cicero to Tiro, fam. 16, 8 (a. 705/49). 26. 27 (a. 710/44) and one (ib. 16, 16) to his brother Marcus (694/60?). Together in BUCHELER (n. 4) p. 64. Cf. also Crc. ad Q. fr. 2, 14, 2 in brevi epistula прayμатiкŵs valde scripsisti. 3, 1,19 epistulam tuam aristophaneo modo valde et suavem et gravem.

4. The missive to his brother Marcus, when he was a candidate for the consulate a. 690/64, throws light on the place-hunting, which was then carried on very vigorously; the writer perhaps making use of Theophrastos #epi piλoriμlas (Cic. ad Att. 2, 3, 3). Its plan is correct but pedantic, the diction is dry and insipid (BÜCHELER, p. 3, 7 sq.). The similarity to the speech in toga candida, to the one for Murena, and to the first letter from M. to his brother Quintus (1, 1) is remarkable. For these and other arguments against the authorship of Q. (and for the letter having been written by a rhetorician of the first century after Christ) see AEUSSNER, commentariolum petitionis examinatum atque emendatum, Würzb. 1872. See however against this view HWIRZ, philol. Anz. 5 (1873), 499 and RYTYRRELL, the letters of Q. Cic., Hermathena 5 (1877), 40; and his edition of the Ciceronian letters (§ 187, 8) 1, p. LXV. The best MSS. are Harleian. 2682 s. XI (see EBÄHRENS, misc. crit. 23) and Berol. 252 s. XII (see BÜCHELER p. 11). Printed as an appendix to the letters ad Q. fratr. Separate editions by VALERIUS PALERMUS (§ 188, 3, 1), CGSCHWARZ (cum animadv., Altorf 1719), JHOFFA (perpet. adnot. illustr., Lps. 1837). JWTIJDEMANN, in Q. Cic. de pet. cons. adnotatt., Leid. 1838 sq. Q.

Cic. rell. recogn. FBÜCHELER, Lps. 1869. The text in EuSSNER 1.1. p. 24; scholia critica ib. p. 36.

5. AUSONIUS ecl. 17 p. 16 Sch. gives after one of his own poems for the sake of comparison 16 (20) hexameters by Q. Cicero on the twelve signs of the Zodiac; the same in BÜCHELER 1.1. 68. AL. 642. FPR. 315. BAITER-KAYSER'S Cic. 11, 138. CFWMÜLLER 4, 3, 405.-The epigram on women, which late MSS. (AL. 268. PLM. 4,359) attribute to a certain Cicero, properly belongs to Pentadius (§ 398, 5).

191. Cicero's freedman and friend, M. Tullius Tiro, long survived his patron and carefully cultivated his memory. He wrote his biography, published his orations and letters, and perhaps also collected his witticisms. He wrote comprehensive works himself of a grammatical character, and seems to have also dabbled in poetry. His name has become well known through the notae Tironianae.

1. Cic. fam. 16, 4, 3 innumerabilia tua sunt in me officia: domestica, forensia; urbana, provincialia; in re privata, in publica; in studiis, in litteris nostris. 16, 17, 1 kavшv esse meorum scriptorum soles. Cf. Att. 7, 5, 2. GELL. 6,3, 8 Tiro Tullius, M. Ciceronis libertus, sane quidem fuit ingenio homo eleganti et haudquaquam rerum litterarumque veterum indoctus, eoque ab ineunte aetate liberaliter instituto adminiculatore et quasi administro in studiis litterarum Cicero usus est. ib. 13, 9, 1. 15, 16, 2. He was manumitted a. 700/54 (Cic. fam. 16, 16). A. 704/50 he was adulescens (ad Att. 6. 7, 2). HIERONYM. on Euseb. Chron. ad a. Abr. 2013 (Freher. 2012)=750/4 M. Tullius Tiro, Ciceronis libertus, qui primus notas commentus est, in Puteolano praedio (cf. Cic. fam. 16, 21, 7) usque ad centesimum annum consenescit. JCD'EngelBRONNER, de Tirone, Amst. 1804. ALION, Tironiana, in Seebode's Arch. 1824, 246 and (cf. § 220, 9) Gött. 1846. DRUMANN, GR. 6, 405. PRE. 6, 2207. PMITZSCHKE, M. Tull. Tiro, Berl. 1875.

2. AscoN. p. 49 Or. 43 K.-S. ut legimus apud Tironem libertum Ciceronis in libro IIII de vita eius. His work bore the character of an apology for Cicero, and sought to clear his memory from detraction. PLUTARCH, who cites it (Cic. 41. 49), has no doubt availed himself of it in part of his Bios Kiképwvos: see HPETER, Quellen Plutarchs 129. TAC. dial. 17. GELL. 4, 10, 6. ib. 15, 16, 2 a Tirone librorum patroni sui studiosissimo. HPETER, hist. fragm. 212. A MS. of Cic.'s orations revised by him is mentioned GELL. 1, 7, 1 (in oratione Cic. V in Verr., libro spectatae fidei, Tironiana cura atque disciplina facto) and 13, 21, 16 (in uno atque in altero antiquissimae fidei libro Tironiano). A memento of this activity is preserved in the subscriptio of Statilius Maximus (§ 374, 5). QUINT. 10, 7, 31 (§ 180, 3). On his activity as the editor of collections of Cicero's correspondence see § 187, 3 and 4. He was also the reputed author of a collection of ioci Ciceronis. QUINT, 6, 3, 5 utinam libertus eius Tiro aut alius quisquis fuit, qui tris hac de re libros edidit, parcius dictorum numero indulsissent etc. MACROB. S. 2, 1, 12 liberti eius libros quos is de iocis patroni composuit. SCHOL. BOB. in Sest. p. 309 Or. hoc etiam dictum... Tullius Tiro . . . inter iocos Ciceronis adnumerat. Cf. § 186, 6.

3. GELL. 6, 3, 10 (Tiro) epistulam conscripsit ad Q. Axium, familiarem patroni sui, confidenter nimis et calide, in qua sibimet visus est orationem (of Cato the Elder) pro Rhodiensibus acri subtilique iudicio percensuisse (no doubt in maiorem gloriam patroni). 10, 1, 7 quod . . . Tiro Tullius in epistula quadam enarratius scripsit ad hunc fere modum. 13, 9, 2 (Tullius Tiro) libros complures de usu atque

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